Value Of Human Life Research Articles

The COVID 19 Pandemic as a Moral Test for Society

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic brings up unprecedented challenges. Healthcare practitioners find themselves in an extraordinary, wartime-like situation and are obliged to apply triage on a daily basis. In this context, routine procedures prove insufficient and the redefinition of ethical practice guidelines becomes a necessity – leading not only to a shift in procedures, but also reshaping the very value of human life. This, in turn, triggers an axiological crisis, which exacerbates the tension between paradigms of sanctity and quality of life and the conflicting principles of egalitarianism and utilitarianism. Triage should not be limited to healthcare practice only: the concept can be extended to a macro-level where policymakers decide whether to prioritize human lives over livelihoods and economic health, impacting healthcare system capacity. The complexity of the challenges arising from the pandemic uncovers the urgent need to seek solutions from an integrated approach. In this paper, we offer a transdisciplinary view: we first define technical aspects of triage from the perspective of a healthcare professional. In the second part, we further analyze the problem of medical prioritization in the light of doctrinal findings related to the value of human life, and we show how and to what extent this philosophical debate is reflected in the emerging ethical guidelines in France, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Germany and Austria. Finally, we broaden the concept of triage, adding the “macro-economic” ingredient in our analysis and we present the results for selected European countries with special emphasis on the case of Poland.

The Moral Dilemma of Euthanasia Through the Eyes of the Medical Society in Bulgaria.

With the development of human society, the question of the value and inviolability of human life begins to occupy a central place in the various social strata and social structures. With the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights after the Second World War, the basic postulates protecting the right to inviolability of human life were laid. The question focused on euthanasia has been discussed in several European countries, such as Germany, Ireland, France, and Italy, leading to considerable interest in the medical community in Bulgaria. A prospective study was performed using approved sample cards, analyzing the general knowledge of the medical community in the Republic of Bulgaria about euthanasia and assisted suicide over a period of four months, between January 2023 and May 2023. In this process, 623 people were surveyed, and the questionnaire included several targeted questions through electronically generated samples on the Microsoft Forms platform. The target group had doctors with and without a specialty in various fields of hospital and pre-hospital care, dentists, and students from the fields of medicine and dentistry. The results show that the majority of medical professionals clearly state their positive opinion on the adoption of a law to legalize euthanasia in the Republic of Bulgaria, clearly taking into account the fact that the right to life has always been and always will be the most absolute and fundamental human right. Contrary to the above, it is implied that it is inevitably linked to a quality and fulfilling life without suffering. Identically, they also answered that a person should have the right to know exactly when to end his own life. The medical society in Bulgaria clearly shows its positive opinion regarding the idea that the different forms of euthanasia (active euthanasia and assisted suicide) should be defined as morally and legally permissible. Our research confirms the Bulgarian medical community's opinion that the subject of the problems of euthanasia and its legal regulation are already ripe for public discussion, similar to many other European countries. The actual issue of euthanasia as a conclusion raises several questions related to the process of acceptance of standard algorithms for action in such cases where the same action is legalized by law. It also includes the process of acceptance of strict regulations by the countries for the so-called negative phenomenon "death tourism" and several other administrative actions related to the mandatory registration of every case of euthanasia, the implementation of mandatory consultations with a psychiatrist and psychologist for patients seeking euthanasia as the only possible option, and providing possible alternatives regarding their illness. This is the unchangeable cornerstone for standardizing the legalization process and acceptance of "good death" in Bulgaria. In its essence, euthanasia creates both a social and an ethical conflict in our modern society, appearing at the same time as a kind of "stress test" for the health system.

The Impact of the Loss of a Child in the Prenatal Period on Marital and Family Life and the Religiosity of Women after Miscarriage

Experiencing the death of a child is one of the most difficult things a person can go through. The situation of parents who have lost a child during the prenatal period is burdened with a social taboo. In the public sphere, it is often referred as the “secret problem of women”. The aspect of religiosity is extremely important in experiencing mourning after a miscarriage. The study is of a theoretical–empirical nature. The purpose of this text is to emphasize the value of human life at every stage, including in the situation of miscarriage. Online questionnaire research was conducted on a sample of 77 women, supplemented by content analysis of three of the most popular virtual support groups for parents who have experienced child loss in Poland. The aim of the conducted research was to attempt to illustrate how women cope with the experience of miscarriage and how this experience affects marital and family relationships. The issue of faith and the depth of religious life were highlighted as elements that provide support to parents after miscarriage at various stages of mourning.

PANCHAGAVYA IN HUMAN LIFE AND HEALTH: A REVIEW

Gomutra (cow ghee), gomaya (cow dung), ksheera (cow milk), dadhi (cow curd) and sarpi (cow ghee) cumulatively known as Panchagavya. In India, the cow is worshipped as mother and commonly known as ‘Gaumata’. The ratio of ksheera, dadhi, ghrita, gomutra and gomaya is 16:10:8:2:1 according to Shastra yoga, and in Rastargini, it is 1:1:1:1:1 in panchagavya. panchagavya holds traditional as well as ritual values in human life. Each component of panchagavya also has medicinal properties individually. To assess the role of panchagavya and its therapeutic benefits in our day-to-day life and health and to untapped hidden areas mentioned about panchagavya in Ayurveda. Different Ayurvedic classical textbooks, research papers and journals were referred to. After a review of many Ayurvedic literatures and other data sources, the importance of panchagavya was seen. In Ayurveda, panchagavya has a great role in GIT and skin disorders. Panchagavya is also used in havan karma, which also purifies the environment and devotees. Panchagavya products serve irreplaceable medicinal importance in Ayurveda. It is also used in traditional Hindu rituals. During a pandemic, the importance of panchagavya was noticeable. In Ayurveda, there are many Ayurvedic formulations where gomutra and sarpi are used. For example, gomutra is used as bhavana dravya in Sanjeevani vati.

LIMITS AND EXCLUSIONS OF THE RIGHT TO LIFE UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND TURKISH LAW

While philosophical, moral and religious debates continue in terms of the value and quality of human life, legal systems seek ways to protect individuals from situations that cannot be described as a natural death. Every person has a value from legal and humanitarian view. The right to life can be considered as the most basic right. In short, every human being has the right to live. This right is protected by law. The right to life involves the right not to be deprived of life illegally by states. The governments should take positive steps to protect the lives of everyone in their states. For this purpose, the right to life is accepted as an inviolable right and center of rights both in domestic law and in the European Convention on Human Rights. This article mainly deals with the right to life under the European Convention on Human Rights and Turkish law. In addition, the substance, importance and exceptions of the right to live, the responsibility of the state in the protection of this right and special cases related to the right to life are analysed.

QUARTER LIFE CRISIS DARI SUDUT PANDANG TEOLOGI BIBLIKA MATIUS 6:25-34

At the age of 18-29, humans will face a quarter-life crisis, which is a phase of crisis during the transition to early adulthood. During this period, individuals may experience a loss of confidence in their future life. The quarter-life crisis requires serious attention from pastoral caregivers. This research aims to discover the principles of Biblical Theology in Matthew 6:25-34 to overcome the quarter-life crisis. Using the Pastoral Thematic method, this article finds that there are principles that can be applied in dealing with the quarter-life crisis. There are four reasons underlying these findings: Firstly, God as the center of devotion, creator, sustainer, and provider. Secondly, Anthropology that states the value of human life before God and humans' dependence on God's provision. Thirdly, Faith formed from understanding how much God loves humans and how humans live under God's provision. Fourthly, the Kingdom of God, which sets the standard for the lives of believers, where God is the King who will fulfill all the needs of His subjects. These principles address the tensions faced by early adults when confronting the quarter-life crisis.

DIALECTICAL UNDERSTANDING OF KᾹMA, NISHKᾹMA AND SANKALPA

Kāma or desire is the psychic pursuit of attaining any goal. This psychic pursuit is also known as kāmanā in the text of the Bhagavat Gitā. In most all Indian scriptures kama or kāmanā has been considered as the root cause of suffering and at the same time it is strongly admired that kāma is one of the Purusāthas or the values of human life. The word ‘nishkāma’ is generally construed as desireless action. But this seems absurd how can there be any action or creation without initiating a desire. So, desire is a must. So, the concept ‘nishkāma’ should be interpreted in the broad sense of attachment. We must have desires, but we should control our overriding attachment for such desires which leads to pain and suffering in our practical life. Similarly, the word ‘samkalpa’ has also double meaning as described in our scriptures. Sankalpa may mean as bounden desires which lead to the chain of desires and it also means as strong determined desire for perfection. A dialectical understanding can have an assess for the reconciliation of kāma and nishkāma in order to have the best transformation of sankalpa in our personality.

Bhagavata Gitā and Modern Business Management

The Bhagavata Gitā is one of the source books of philosophic inspiration and a foundational text in ethics. It outlives the speculative interest of the Brahmasutra and the Upanisads and suggests an outline of ideal living. The Bhagavata Gitā is a treatise of Yoga sādhanā pertaining to the discipline of mind. There is a scope of transformation of mind from the state of visāda or disappointment to the state of sanyāsa or detachment in the teachings of the Bhgavata Gitā. The first chapter of the Bhagavata Gitā is known as Visāda Yoga and the last chapter is known as Moksa Sanyāsa Yoga. Every man should be like a karma yogi and every action should be done in the sense of yajna. The Bhagavata Gitā has focused on Purusārthas, the four cardinal values of human life, such as, dhrama, artha, kāma and moksa. Artha and kāma are empirical pursuits which are to be guided by dharma in order to attain the ultimate end of life. Business management is basically the management of artha and kāma through the pursuit of dharma or the principle of righteousness. A true businessman should be like a karma yogi. Business is profit oriented but making profit at any cost is not the ethics of business. The Bhagavata gitā teaches the dexterity in action and steadiness in wisdom. Business is to be managed by proper skill with a mind of equanimity. A true businessman should be stable in mind and be able to take right decision in the right context. The Gitā teaches applied ethics which can be viable in the context of place, time and person. This teaching of the Gitā has direct impact on the modern business management. Artha leads to anartha if it is not managed rationally according to the business skills and responsibilities. Kāma or desire should be regulated so that a businessman should not behave like a greedy person and must have patience for the unexpected consequences. The highest value in the teachings of the Bhagavata Gitā is lokasangraha. Business management should be meant for the welfare of the people transcending the selfish motives for accumulating wealth by faul means. In this paper we would discuss the influence of the teachings of the Bhagavata Gitā on the modern business managaement from different perspectives.

Destructive social movements “Maniacs. Killing cult” and the “World of maniacs and serial killers”: forming a criminal ideology

Objective: analysis of the semantic field of Internet publics of destructive social groups “Maniacs. The cult of murder” and “The world of maniacs and serial killers”, the reasons for the interest of teenagers and young people in these groups, the techniques used by moderators of social network pages to attract supporters and form a cult of violence among them and stimulate the commission of murders based on the research results (multidimensional content analysis of the social network pages content).Methods: general scientific (analysis, system-structural, comparative-legal) and specific scientific methods (multidimensional content analysis of the social network pages content).Results: based on the analysis of more than 17 thousand fragments of correspondence of participants of the movement “Maniacs. The cult of murder” and more than 34 thousand fragments of correspondence of participants of the movement “The world of maniacs and serial killers”, a semantic field was constructed, including the main topics discussed on the pages of the above-mentioned destructive social groups, methods of involving teenagers in a destructive total ideology modeling the most important spheres of life of the movements’ supporters, leveling the value of human life and turning someone else’s death into an ordinary phenomenon. It is concluded that within the framework of the destructive radical nationalist social movement “Maniacs. The cult of murder” an ideology was formed that has the following features: teleology, scientific appearance, wide audience coverage, presence of symbols and attributes, discussion of topics that have a socially negative character, using the language means that are understandable only to the community members.Scientific novelty: the main topics discussed by participants of destructive social movements “Maniacs. The cult of murder” and “The world of maniacs and serial killers” are described and analyzed. It is proved that as a result of immersion into such content, violence and murder cease to cause natural negative emotions, feelings of disgust and empathy for the victim in teenagers. The study showed that the formation and distribution of content in publics currently takes place on behalf of the users, which, on the one hand, allows removing part of the responsibility from the moderators, and on the other hand, turns the pages of movements into a so-called self-reproducing (by terminology of Niklas Luhmann – autopoietic) system capable of self-production, i.e. its existence is ensured by the activity of the users.Practical significance: the article materials can be useful to federal and regional authorities in implementing various aspects of youth policy, preventing sociopathic behavior of young people, ensuring the safety of educational institutions; to parents and family members of problem adolescents; and to scientists researching destructive youth network movements.

Unpackaging gender differences in justifying morally debatable behaviors around the world: The role of personal religiosity and society’s socialization priorities for its children

Women generally report greater religiosity and justify morally debatable behaviors less than men. This study examined if personal religiosity mediates the relationship of gender and justification of different types of morally debatable behaviors across societies with diverse religious heritages. We also explored how a society’s endorsement of preferred qualities in the socialization of children would moderate the links between personal religiosity and justification of morally debatable types of behavior. Using the World Values Survey Wave 7 data (47 societies; 66,992 respondents), we identified three types of justifiable behaviors, namely, behaviors threatening human life and family values, dishonest-illegal, and interpersonally violent behaviors. Controlling for age and education, women scored higher in personal religiosity and justified dishonest-illegal and interpersonally violent behaviors less than men, but behaviors threatening human life and family values more than men. Personal religiosity only partially mediated the link between gender and the justification of behaviors threatening human life and family values, indicating that factors other than personal religiosity account for gender differences in justifying types of morally defensible behavior. The linkage strengths of personal religiosity to behaviors threatening human life and family values and dishonest-illegal behaviors were moderated by societal endorsement of preferred qualities in the socialization of children. Thus, both gender and the socialization of a society’s human capital impact on how different types of morally debatable behaviors are justified around the world. Possible explanations for these results are offered and future research directions suggested.

Exploration of Thermophilic Bacteria: Systematic Literature Review

The selection of enzymes derived from microbes has several advantages compared to those derived from animals and plants. One of the advantages is that the growth of enzymes will occur more quickly in bacteria because the cells rapidly undergo division and cell production will be easier to increase if needed in large quantities and the time needed for enzyme production will be shorter. Thermophilic microorganisms are known as bacteria that are tolerant of high temperatures, but on the other hand these bacteria are also able to survive at these temperatures. Where the purpose of research is to explain exploration of thermophilic bacteria. A review is conducted on the state-of-the-art methods using the preferred reporting items for reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Bacteria have important economic value in human life. Knowledge in this branch of science is useful in medicine, hygiene, food science and nutrition, agriculture, and industry. Based on the results of macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical characterization, it was found that many bacteria with various types recording to their habitat or place of development, exploraton of thermophilic bacteria was carried out so that they could be useful for the industrial world.

TYPOLOGY OF THE POPULATION IN RELATION TO THE VALUE OF HUMAN LIFE: HEALTH-SAVING ASPECT

Behavioral risk factors continue to play a significant role in the health of the population, and individual perception of risk and the value of human life are important markers of social security. The study of the value of life through the prism of risky behavior allows us to assess the attitude of the population to risk both their own and others' lives and health, to identify circumstances that allow this. The use of empirical sociology methods makes it possible to take into account the individual characteristics of respondents (values, attitudes, motives, practices), which is extremely important for explaining and controlling risks. The purpose of this article was to identify the types of population in relation to the value of human life (their own and others') and to determine the characteristics of their health-saving behavior based on the data of a representative sociological survey. The information base was the results of the next stage of sociological monitoring of the physical health of the Vologda Oblast population, conducted in 2022 (N=1500). The methods of sociological survey (questionnaire), factorial, cluster and descriptive analysis were used in the study. In the course of the work, three clusters of the population in relation to the value of human life were identified: "humanists", "defenders" and "materialists with a low value of life and health". The differences of clusters in socio-demographic characteristics and parameters of health–saving behavior - practices and motives of health care, barriers of longevity are revealed. The data obtained on the types of the population in relation to the value of life can serve as a basis for the development of specialized measures for the prevention of behavioral health risk factors, and monitoring of the identified categories of the population will allow tracking changes in their health-saving behavior, which is especially important in conditions of instability and external shocks

A Proposed Pastoral Response to the Increase in the Number of Suicide Cases in the Philippines During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

This paper aims to provide a pastoral response to the increase in the number of suicides in the Philippines during the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper will look into the reasons and statistics related to suicide since there was a sudden spike in number during the pandemic. The See-Discern-Act method is used in this study so that the current social issue will be viewed from the teachings of the Church. First, we will discuss the reports on the cases of mental health issues. This issue has alarmed several professionals that focus on protecting one's mental health. Second, we will discuss key concepts from the Catechism of the Catholic Church to present the view on suicide. Also, John Paul II's Evangelium Vitae will be cited to provide a perspective on the value of human life. The Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church will also be tackled to explain the Church's view on mental health and well-being. Third, we will attempt to unearth the mental well-being of some Filipinos concerning suicide cases in the Philippines in light of the Church's teachings. Hence, our goal is to provide a perspective on this problem using the teachings of the Church on human life so that we may draw a proposed pastoral theological response. Hence, we propose that the Church must provide plans for prevention, intervention, and postvention when it comes to people involved in any suicide case as these actions are aligned with the goal of the Church to take care of those who suffer from mental illness and emphasize the value of human life.

THE SPIRIT OF FREEDOM JUSIP'S FAMOUS WORKS

This article examines universal human values in the legacy of the genealogist, historian, poet and ethnographer Mashhoor Jusip. The next generation needs to recognize universal values in the works of the poet, study them and promote them according to the needs of the time. The article examines the importance and significance of universal values in human life, and analyses the universal values of Mashhur Jusip's heritage from a contemporary perspective. The poet's works prove through examples that they involuntarily induce clear thinking, thinking, and self-education. In the introductory part of the article it was written about when, where and how famous Jusip was born and grew up. It was mentioned that in the world of literature Mashhur Jusip found harmony with the works of Yusup Balasagun, Akhmet Ygunikey, Suleiman Bakyrgani, Rabguzi, Kutyp, Khorezmi, Khusam Katip and Safe Saray. He is looking for the answer to the question of what is valuable in life. In the main part of the article national values in the legacy of Mashhur Jusip are analyzed. In his works he called us to restrain our lust and strive for perfection. It is proved by his works that the poet’s works are not chosen by the nation, but are in the direction of universal values. One of the most important concepts in the philosophy of Mashhur Jusip is to love people. Looking at values from universal perspective, Mashhur Jusip adheres to the point of view that people are all human beings, regardless of their religion, language or nationality. The main part of the article reveals the works from that point of view. In the final part of the article Mashhur Jusip proves that the main idea of his poems is morality, justice, acting wisely, preserving the human nature. He reveals the unique nature of the Kazakh nation and summarizes with his works that he called not to lose that nature, not to lose honour and not to defile honour. The importance and meaning of the national values in the human life is analysed. National value is a precious helpmeet of a nation depicted.

THE FORMATION OF A TOLERANT PERSONALITY IS THE MAIN TASK OF EDUCATION

The article deals with the essential status of the phenomenon of tolerance in the society, when the modern man needs to properly navigate in the space of multiculturalism in order to adequately respond to the changes, to distinguish the negative, destructive from the truly positive, constructive. In this respect, it is easy to get lost if the existing system of education does not direct the spiritual development of man in the right direction, which implies the strength of the spirit in the process of merging with the dynamically changing surrounding reality. A qualitatively new educational system also implies a qualitatively new interpretation of human freedom in the context of tolerance. It means that a person must be free from socio-national stereotypes of the attitude towards other cultures and peoples and to develop, together with qualified teaching staff with sufficient spiritual experience behind them, his/her view of the peoples and cultures of the world, which would not contradict their consideration as rich historical formations. Modern man, first of all, must learn to be responsible for those values that concern not only his everyday life, but also belong to the world’s spirituality. This includes, above all, the values of human life, individual freedom, creative realization, etc. All this can be taught from an early age by a quality educational system oriented toward this direction.

The Value of Human Life in the Nigerian State

The Value of Human Life in the Nigerian State

AN ANALYSIS MORAL VALUE IN NIKOLAI GOGOL OF THE SHORT STORY “THE OVERCOAT”

In this study, the researcher chose the short story of Nikolai Gogol “The Overcoat”. The short story to be analyzed the importance of moral values used theory of Nurgiantoro (1995:324). The formulation of problem in this research is “ What are the moral values as reflected in the short story “The Overcoat”. The research method of this study is descriptive qualitative method. The primary data is text from the short story “The Overcoat”. The secondary data is taken from many literary books and some relevant materials to support and complete the primary data sources. The result of this study is there are some moral values in the short story” The Overcoat”. They are forms of moral values ​​in God, form of moral values in human life with itself, and form of moral values in the social life.

Makna Tarian Jubata Suku Dayak Kanayatn dalam Perspektif Aspek dan Nilai Transendental

The focus of writing this scientific work is examining the meaning of the Jubata Dance of the Dayak Kanayatn Tribe in the Transcendental Aspect Perspective as its scalpel. The purpose of writing a scientific paper is first of all to examine more deeply the meaning of spirituality contained in the Jubata Dance of the Kanayatn Dayak Tribe. The Jubata Dance is a Dayak Kanayatn tradition to express human life on earth. Before the development of technology and communication, the Dayak Kanayatn people showed their lives through dances that contained the meaning of life. In this article the writer uses descriptive method. Apart from book sources, the author interviewed several sources or local people who pay attention to culture (traditional leaders), especially traditional leaders. What has been obtained in this scientific work is finding the values of human life in culture, especially in the cultural arts of the Jubata Dance. The Jubata Dance is believed by the Dayak people as a traditional healing ceremony for diseases, before prescriptions were made by doctors. In addition, the author wants to invite readers, especially young people, to get to know identity through cultural corridors.

Memaknai Pendidikan Keluarga Katolik Ditinjau Dari Dokumen Familiaris Consortio

The focus of the discussion within this research is on understanding moral values in Catholic Family education. In the midst of a world that is shaken by various storms of decline in moral values, such as consumerism, individualism, and hedonism, this has made dangerous impact toward the education of Catholic families. The family, especially the Catholic family, has a role as well as a responsibility to provide direction so that every member in the Catholic family survives from various challenges and threats of moral decline. The Catholic Church, through the Apostolic Exhortation –Familiaris Consortio, has provided direction in the efforts of Christian families to maintain moral values. Familiaris Consortio should be the basis for education meaning by Catholic families so that the Sacrament of Marriage can be interpreted seriously and minimize Catholic marriages that fail in the middle of the journey. This study will be divided into four main discussions that can help Catholic families upgrading moral values in their role in educating. The four discussions are: The situation of the family in today's society, the rights and obligations of parents regarding education, educating in the essential values of human life, and the mission of Education and the Sacrament of Marriage.

Gatekeepers of Extermination: SS Camp Physicians and Their Scope of Action.

The role of camp physicians of the Waffen-SS ("Armed SS," military branch of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel) in the implementation of the Holocaust has been the subject of limited research, even though they occupied a key position in the extermination process. From 1943 and 1944 onward, SS camp physicians made the individual medical decisions on whether each prisoner was fit for work or was immediately subjected to extermination, not only at the Auschwitz labor and extermination camp but also in pure labor camps like Buchenwald and Dachau. This was due to a functional change in the concentration camp system during World War II, where the selection of prisoners, which had previously been carried out by nonmedical SS camp staff, became a main task of the medical camp staff. The initiative to transfer sole responsibility for the selections came from the physicians themselves and was influenced by structural racism, sociobiologically oriented medical expertise, and pure economic rationality. It can be seen as a further radicalization of the decision making practiced until then in the murder of the sick. However, there was a far-reaching scope of action within the hierarchical structures of the Waffen-SS medical service on both the macro and micro levels. But what can this teach us for medical practice today? The historical experience of the Holocaust and Nazi medicine can provide a moral compass for physicians to be sensitive to the potential for abuse of power and ethical dilemmas inherent in medicine. Thus, the lessons from the Holocaust could be a starting point for reflecting on the value of human life in the modern economized and highly hierarchical medical sector.