Human Internal Organs Research Articles

Microorganisms inside healthy human organs, are the internal tissues sterile?

The recognition of microorganisms inhabiting the gut, urogenital system, skin, and lungs of humans has become widely accepted. Various studies provide evidence of microbial infiltration in tumor tissues, underscoring the potential role of the microbiome in cancer progression. Recent scientific inquiries challenge the traditional belief in the sterility of normal internal human tissues, presenting compelling findings about the existence of microbial communities within diverse internal organs. This perspective, though relatively unexplored, aligns with research in other species, such as mice. To delve deeper into the microbial presence in healthy human internal tissues, an analysis was conducted on 13,871 normal RNA-seq samples from 28 tissues obtained from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) consortium. Acknowledging certain limitations within the GTEx analysis pipeline, it remains noteworthy that the GTEx consortium provides the most extensive and analytically robust dataset about RNA expression within healthy human tissues. Each sample's sequencing reads, not aligning with the human genome (assembly T2T-CHM13v2.0), underwent analysis using AGAMEMNON, an algorithm for aligning and quantifying microorganism abundance at various taxonomic levels. Reference database included 4034 bacterial, 489 archaea, and 11,259 viral genomes, along with 81 fungal transcriptomes. After cumulative sum scaling (CSS) normalization on species-level microbial abundances and retaining only species present in at least 10% of the samples for each tissue, gradient-boosting machine learning models were trained for each tissue. These models aimed to distinguish each tissue from all others based solely on their microbial profile. To validate the results, 38 healthy living tissue samples (from NCBI project PRJEB4337) were analyzed, as the GTEx samples were derived from post-mortem biopsies. The machine learning models exhibited robust performance for 11 out of 28 tissues (Muscle, Heart, Salivary Gland, Brain, Stomach, Colon, Small Intestine, Testis, Blood, Liver, and Bladder). Among these, 8 models demonstrated resilience to in silico contamination. The presence of resilient tissue-specific microbial signatures implies that microbial colonization is not a random occurrence. Testing the ML models on the external dataset of the 38 healthy living samples revealed high discriminatory performance for the Heart, Liver and Colon tissue, indicating the presence of a tissue-specific microbiome even in a living state for these tissues. Notably, the most crucial feature in the heart model was the fungus Sporisorium graminicola, for the colon model the gram-positive bacterium Flavonifractor plautii, and for the liver model was the gram-negative bacterium Bartonella machadoae. The presence of a distinct microbial signature within human internal organs, allowing differentiation of distinct organs through machine learning models, supports the assertion that even under healthy conditions, human internal organs host low-biomass microbial communities specific to each tissue. "BioCancer", “Bioradio 4”. University of Pennsylvania HEALTH SYSTEM (UPenn School of Medicine RedOnc), “Decision support systems to address Nosocomial Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance (MDR-CDSS).”. ‘Competitiveness, Entrepreneurship and Innovation’ [NSRF 2014 —2020], Greece. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

A semiparametric Gaussian mixture model for chest CT-based 3D blood vessel reconstruction.

Computed tomography (CT) has been a powerful diagnostic tool since its emergence in the 1970s. Using CT data, 3D structures of human internal organs and tissues, such as blood vessels, can be reconstructed using professional software. This 3D reconstruction is crucial for surgical operations and can serve as a vivid medical teaching example. However, traditional 3D reconstruction heavily relies on manual operations, which are time-consuming, subjective, and require substantial experience. To address this problem, we develop a novel semiparametric Gaussian mixture model tailored for the 3D reconstruction of blood vessels. This model extends the classical Gaussian mixture model by enabling nonparametric variations in the component-wise parameters of interest according to voxel positions. We develop a kernel-based expectation-maximization algorithm for estimating the model parameters, accompanied by a supporting asymptotic theory. Furthermore, we propose a novel regression method for optimal bandwidth selection. Compared to the conventional cross-validation-based (CV) method, the regression method outperforms the CV method in terms of computational and statistical efficiency. In application, this methodology facilitates the fully automated reconstruction of 3D blood vessel structures with remarkable accuracy.

Book Review: Milto I.V. Human Functional Morphology. Textbook in 3 volumes. Vol. 1: Viscerology. M.: Logosphere. 2022

The reviewed book is the first volume of the three-volume textbook “Human Functional Morphology” (Vol. 1 – Viscerology. Vol. 2 – Nervous system and sensory organ system. Vol. 3. Musculoskeletal system and cardiovascular system) and describes morphofunctional features of the human internal organs based on an interdisciplinary approach at the macroscopic, tissue, cellular and subcellular levels. The first volume of the textbook consists of 9 chapters, each of which represents a separate system of the human body. The description of each organ contains signs of the sources and course of development, their morphofunctional features are given, and issues of blood supply, innervation and functional significance are considered. The textbook will be useful for university students of medical and biological specialties, and can be used as a fundamental guide to human morphology by doctors of diverse specialties, biologists and embryologists.

Label-Free Optical Technologies to Enhance Noninvasive Endoscopic Imaging of Early-Stage Cancers.

White light endoscopic imaging allows for the examination of internal human organs and is essential in the detection and treatment of early-stage cancers. To facilitate diagnosis of precancerous changes and early-stage cancers, label-free optical technologies that provide enhanced malignancy-specific contrast and depth information have been extensively researched. The rapid development of technology in the past two decades has enabled integration of these optical technologies into clinical endoscopy. In recent years, the significant advantages of using these adjunct optical devices have been shown, suggesting readiness for clinical translation. In this review, we provide an overview of the working principles and miniaturization considerations and summarize the clinical and preclinical demonstrations of several such techniques for early-stage cancer detection. We also offer an outlook for the integration of multiple technologies and the use of computer-aided diagnosis in clinical endoscopy.

Phraseological combinations associated with human internal organs in the works of J.Austin and I.Efendiyev

Phraseological combinations associated with human internal organs in the works of J.Austin and I.Efendiyev

Trumpet-shaped diffuse plasma jet in a semi-confined environment

Abstract This paper reports a unique trumpet-shaped diffuse plasma jet (TDPJ) with a caliber exceeding 30 mm in a semi-confined environment, which is larger than the diameter of existing atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) in an open environment. The morphology of the TDPJ is attributed to the influence of the electric field on the development characteristics of ionization waves in the ambient environment. High-speed ICCD camera images show that the plasma bullets in the TDPJ have a completely different propagation trajectory compared to the APPJ. Different shapes of diffuse plasma jets can also be formed by adjusting the doping gas, which is due to the Penning ionization and consistent with the impact of the electric field. This research reveals the long-neglected effect of the electric field on ionization waves and provides a way to manipulate the morphology of plasma jets efficiently. The generation mechanism of the TDPJ can provide preliminary guidance for the effective medical treatment of plasma jets in semi-confined environments, such as human internal organs.

Intracranial Tumor Detection using Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Deep Learning

An intracranial tumor is a malignant Central Nervous System (CNS) cancer that significantly contributes to global mortality. Timely prediction of these brain tumors can improve the survival rates of a patient. Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI) and Computed Tomography (CT) have emerged as effective non-invasive ways to extract 2D or 3D images of human internal organs, eliminating any pain or surgical procedures. However, analyzing and distinguishing the normal and abnormal tissue is a challenging task. Due to this implying Datadriven approaches, could be a pragmatic way to efficiently classify and detect regions of malignancy of a tumor. The scope of this study is to efficiently predict Brain tumors and their location by employing sophisticated optimized Deep learning models like Convolutional neural Networks (CNN) and Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) through limited MRI images dataset of human brain. The dataset acquired from kaggle is comprised of 253 MRI images covering different angles of the human brain. The images were of different sizes and shapes, to standardize them data preprocessing simulations were made including resizing, normalizing, etc. For better categorization of model, the images were also converted to binary format (0, 1) by the One Hot Encoding technique. The ratio of training and testing data was taken as 90:10. For CNN and LSTM model, suitable hyperparameters were selected through the trial-and-error technique to ensure the best optimization of the model on the implied training data. The loss and accuracy graph depicts optimized validation and accuracy losses indicating the model to call back early stopping to save computational cost. The predicted labels for both the models and actual label were compared by a confusion matrix which showed accuracy, specificity, recall, and misclassification error to be 91.51, 92.85, 90.12, and 8.49 on average for CNN,while 95.54, 92.86, 94.2, and 5.805 for LSTM model, respectively.

Analysis and optimization of aberration induced by oblique incidence for in-vivo tissue polarimetry.

For in-vivo polarimetry such as Mueller matrix endoscopy of human internal organ cavities, the complicated undulating tissue surfaces deliver an inescapable occurrence of oblique incidence, which induce a prominent aberration to backscattering tissue polarimetry. In this Letter, we quantitatively analyze such polarimetric aberration on polarization basic parameters derived from the Mueller matrix. A correlation heatmap is obtained as applicable criteria to select an appropriate incident angle for different polarization basic parameters. Based on the analyzing results, we propose two aberration optimization strategies of parameter selection and azimuth rotation, which are suitable for tissue samples with randomly and well-aligned fiber textures, respectively. Both strategies are demonstrated to be effective in the ex-vivo human gastric muscularis tissue experiment. The findings presented in this Letter can be useful to provide accurate polarization imaging results, widely applied on in-vivo polarimetric endoscopy for tissues with complicated surface topography.

Analysis of imaging equipments of human internal organs

Medical imaging is an important tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases affecting human internal organs. This work presents a comprehensive analysis of the various medical imaging equipments used to visualize human internal organs, including conventional X-ray machines, computed tomography scanners, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and multispiral computed tomography. The article examines the advantages and functions of each of these equipments.

Heterostructure transistor for an energy-efficient low-noise radiothermograph amplifier based on monolithic integrated circuits

Currently, there is a growing interest in medical practice in such a method of diagnostic human internal organs as microwave radiothermometry. However, a number of strict requirements are imposed on the parameters of radiometric receivers, which are the main elements of a radiothermograph, including the amplification path. The problem lies in the fact that the amplifying path of the radiothermograph consumes, with transistors available on the market, an unacceptably large amount of energy, which leads to an increase in heat generation and, as a result, to the introduction of additional errors in measurements. Therefore, in order to increase the reliability of the radiothermograph, it is necessary to develop a basic transistor for MIC amplifier with reduced power consumption. Using numerical modeling methods, the parameters of an energy-efficient transistor on the proposed heterostructure were researched. As a result of optimizing the transistor design based on the presented strict requirements for the parameters, a calculated steepness characteristic was obtained, clearly showing the increased amplifying properties of the proposed transistor in the low-current region, which directly leads to the possibility of a significant reduction in current consumption of the entire chip. A significant increase in transconductance of the proposed transistor design indicates the possibility of using this promising element base as part of microwave radiometers, which will allow combining the principles of multi-channel, multi-frequency and miniaturization in one radiometric complex and will lead to an expansion of its functionality and a significant reduction in size. The research was carried out with the financial support of the Russian science Foundation in the framework of agreement No. 19-19-00349-П in the theme: “A method and a multichannel multifrequency microwave radiothermography on the basis of monolithic integrated circuits for finding the 3D distribution and dynamics of brightness temperature in the depths of the human body”.

Educational Media Introduction To Human Internal And External Organs For High School Students Based On Augmented Reality By Using The Assemblr Application

The development of information technology from year to year always experiences very rapid development, and one of the positive impacts of this development is the existence of innovation in the field of education. Education today already uses information technology, especially augmented reality (AR). The purpose of this study is to help high school students in getting to know human internal and external organs through 2D or 3D virtual objects projected against the real world. The features in the educational media for the introduction of human internal and external organs are learning materials, quizzes, and games to hone students' knowledge. The research method used is research and development (R&D). This research will produce AR applications that discuss human internal and external organs, in addition to the features that will be produced, namely learning materials, quizzes, and games. With these 3 features, it is hoped that high school students will understand the material about human internal and external organs. AR-based learning media is developed using the Assemblr application.

RF-Badge: Vital Sign-Based Authentication via RFID Tag Array on Badges

Nowadays, authentication systems are usually required to provide continuous, contactless, and non-intrusive services. In this paper, we propose <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RF-Badge</i> , a vital sign-based authentication scheme on human subjects to meet the above requirements by using RFID technology. We consider two biometric features with individual diversity to characterize the vital sign of users, including the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">movement effect</i> from respiration and the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reflection effect</i> from organs, especially the heart. To derive the movement effect from respiration, we build a phase-based geometric model to restore the fine-grained badge moving trace as the feature. To derive the reflection effect from human internal organs, we extract the reflection signal from the original signal and generate the spectrum as the feature. Besides, to deal with the feature deviation in different physical conditions of users, we propose a multi-condition network (MCNet) to further guarantee the generalization of RF-Badge. We implement a prototype system and evaluate the performance in real environments. The experiment results show that our system achieves the average false positive rate (FPR) of 3.9 percent and false negative rate (FNR) of 3.3 percent for continuous authentication within four signal cycles.

Virtual Media-Based Da'wah Education And Training : Increasing Public Awareness Of The Anatomy And A Healthy Lifestyle

The rapid development of computer technology turned out to have a very positive impact not only on the field of systems and dissemination of&nbsp; information in&nbsp; Da'wah, but also in the field of education and training regarding human internal organs. Hal this is very useful for education and training participants to record and recognize the characteristics and organs of the human body.&nbsp;&nbsp; At this time,&nbsp; participants often had difficulty getting&nbsp; a real-time picture&nbsp; of their organs&nbsp; and difficulty getting down directly.&nbsp; Likewise, when conducting simulation practices in education and training, participants strongly avoid committing mistakes during practice so as not to be exposed to harmful substances.&nbsp;&nbsp; The solution is&nbsp; now being found, through&nbsp; virtual me dia-based education&nbsp; and training.&nbsp; In addition to being&nbsp; able to&nbsp; increase participants' knowledge to get to&nbsp; know more about&nbsp;&nbsp; the anatomical layout of&nbsp;&nbsp; the body and how to maintain it through a healthy lifestyle.&nbsp;&nbsp; Theproblem&nbsp; is&nbsp; the&nbsp; creation of a virtual lab based on animation technology that represents how organs work in real time.&nbsp; More than that, with animation media, education and&nbsp; proselytizing training make participants understand more,&nbsp; be it about how organs work, the handling process,&nbsp;&nbsp; and&nbsp; understand&nbsp; also about healthy living guidelines in accordance with the&nbsp; theological foundation of the Quran Surah At-Tin. Thus, Education and Training Dakwah through this media participants feel more understanding of the picture and workings of a medical process and procedures and&nbsp; healthy&nbsp; living&nbsp; procedures in accordance with the&nbsp; message of the Quran.

Exploration of treatment technology for heavy metal wastewater

Among the current pollutants in our water bodies, the one that has the greatest degree of pollution and impact on the water environment is heavy metal wastewater. Various heavy metal ions in water bodies can seriously disrupt the ecological balance of water bodies and spread throughout the biosphere through the natural material cycle and other means. Excess heavy metal ions not only seriously endanger the health of aquatic organisms, but can also enrich in animals and even humans, posing a serious threat to human health and causing failure or damage to vital organs such as the human internal organs and brain. The common heavy metal ions in existing water bodies are Cu2+, Hg2+, Pb2+ etc. Due to their inherent difficulty in degradation, enrichment and persistence, heavy metal ions make heavy metal wastewater treatment different from other traditional pollutant treatment methods. This paper examines the two main techniques currently used to remove heavy metals from water bodies: physical, chemical and biological techniques, and summarises the advantages and disadvantages of both methods. It is proposed that future treatment methods for heavy metal wastewater should develop an environmentally friendly and efficient systematic approach based on biotechnology and synergistic multi-technologies.

Liver Tumor Decision Support System on Human Magnetic Resonance Images: A Comparative Study

Liver cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Early tumor detection may help identify suitable treatment and increase the survival rate. Medical imaging is a non-invasive tool that can help uncover abnormalities in human organs. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), in particular, uses magnetic fields and radio waves to differentiate internal human organs tissue. However, the interpretation of medical images requires the subjective expertise of a radiologist and oncologist. Thus, building an automated diagnosis computer-based system can help specialists reduce incorrect diagnoses. This paper proposes a hybrid automated system to compare the performance of 3D features and 2D features in classifying magnetic resonance liver tumor images. This paper proposed two models; the first one employed the 3D features while the second exploited the 2D features. The first system uses 3D texture attributes, 3D shape features, and 3D graphical deep descriptors beside an ensemble classifier to differentiate between four 3D tumor categories. On top of that, the proposed method is applied to 2D slices for comparison purposes. The proposed approach attained 100% accuracy in discriminating between all types of tumors, 100% Area Under the Curve (AUC), 100% sensitivity, and 100% specificity and precision as well in 3D liver tumors. On the other hand, the performance is lower in 2D classification. The maximum accuracy reached 96.4% for two classes and 92.1% for four classes. The top-class performance of the proposed system can be attributed to the exploitation of various types of feature selection methods besides utilizing the ReliefF features selection technique to choose the most relevant features associated with different classes. The novelty of this work appeared in building a highly accurate system under specific circumstances without any processing for the images and human input, besides comparing the performance between 2D and 3D classification. In the future, the presented work can be extended to be used in the huge dataset. Then, it can be a reliable, efficient Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system employed in hospitals in rural areas.

Forensic determination of the time of formation of damage to internal human organs using the method of reconstructing the optical activity of histological sections

Purpose of work. Development of a technique for determining the time of formation of damage to human internal organs by digital histological methods of polarization reconstruction of circular birefringence of molecular complexes.Materials and methods. The object of the study was the histology of samples of human internal organs (brain, kidney and liver) with different duration of damage from 1 to 120 hours. For control, we used biological tissue samples of those who died from coronary heart disease with different duration of damage from 1 to 120 hours. The studies were carried out using the technique of polarization reconstruction of circular birefringence of molecular complexes.Results. A set of diagnostically relevant relationships between temporal changes in the statistical structure of topographic maps of circular birefringence of optically active molecular complexes of histological sections of human internal organs with different duration of damage and variations in the mean value, dispersion, asymmetry and excess, characterizing the distribution of the value of this parameter of anisotropy, has been determined.Conclusions. A new original method has been developed for tomography of the optical activity of molecular complexes of tissues of human internal organs in a digital histological study of the age of damage to the tissues of the brain, liver and kidney, as well as the myocardium and lung tissue at a time interval of 1 up to 120 hours.

From Paul Langevin’s quartz sensor to ultrasound metrology of today

This talk focuses on the remarkable impact of Paul Langevin’s research since he (in 1917) proposed to use the piezoelectric properties of quartz for underwater detection of ultrasound signals. Not only has his pioneering idea opened the field of quantitative measurements of acoustic waves, but it also had far-reaching implications for the development of modern ultrasound metrology, driven by the need to ensure the safety of ultrasound used in visualizing of internal human organs for diagnostic applications and maximizing the efficacy and precision of treatment in therapeutic application of ultrasound waves. In summarizing the current advances in ultrasound metrology, a succinct background explaining why, initially, both the scientific community and industry were skeptical about the existence of the nonlinear (NL) wave propagation in tissue will be given and the design of an adequately wideband piezoelectric polymer hydrophone probe that was eventually used to verify that the 1–5 MHz probing wave then used in diagnostic ultrasound imaging was undergoing nonlinear distortion and generated harmonics in tissue will be discussed. [ Work supported by the NIHNINR through Grant No. 5R01NR015995. The contents of this presentation are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.]

METHOD OF RECONSTRUCTION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE STRUCTURE OF HISTOLOGICAL CUTS IN DETERMINATION OF THE STATURE OF FORMATION OF DAMAGES OF INTERNAL BODIES

The article presents the results of algorithmic testing of methods of digital histologicalstudy of the age of damage to brain, liver and kidney tissues based on polarization reconstruction of maps of linear birefringence of protein fi brillar networks; determining the relationships between the temporal change in the magnitude of statistical moments of the 1st – 4th orders, which characterize the distributions of the magnitude of the degree of crystallization of histological sections of the brain, liver and kidney and the duration of damage; establishment of time intervals and accuracy of determining the age of damage to human internal organs by digital histological methods of polarization reconstruction (tomography) of the degree of crystallization.Aim of the work. Development of algorithmic methods of digital histological study of the duration of damage to brain, liver and kidney tissues based on polarization reconstruction of linear birefringence maps of protein fi brillar networks.Materials and methods. The object of the study was the histology of samples of human internal organs (myocardium, lung tissue) with diff erent duration of damage (from 1 to 120 hours). For control, we used BT samples from those who died from coronary artery disease with diff erent duration of damage (from 1 to 120 hours).Results. For the fi rst time, the main relationships between temporal changes in the statistical structure of topographic maps of the degree of crystallization of histological sections of human internal organs and variations in the magnitude of statistical moments of the 1-4th orders that characterize them.Conclusions. The time ranges of linear change of variations in the value of statistical indicators of tomographic methods of digital histology and the accuracy of determining the duration of damage.

APPLICATION OF DIFFUSIVE TOMOGRAPHY METHOD OF BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS IN FOREIGN MEDICAL DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ALCOHOLIC AND ALCOHOLOGEN POISONING

The article presents the results of the study of forensic effi cacy of diff erential diagnosis of alcohol and carbon monoxide poisoning, as well as establishing the age of death in these cases by diff use tomography of fl uctuations of linear fl uctuations of linear birefringence of human biological tissues.&#x0D; Aim of the work. Investigation of the eff ectiveness of the method of diff use tomography of biological products and polycrystalline blood fi lms in the forensic diff erential diagnosis of alcohol and carbon monoxide poisoning and determining the age of death in these cases.Materials and methods. The object of the study were histological samples of human internal organs (brain, myocardium) and polycrystalline blood fi lms in cases of death from ethanol poisoning, carbon monoxide and coronary heart disease (control group) with diff erent ages (6 to 48 hours). The study was performed using the method of diff use tomography of fl uctuations in the parameters of optical anisotropy of layers of biological tissues and fl uids.Results. The eff ectiveness of analytical determination of the age of death in cases of ethanol and carbon monoxide poisoning by analyzing the range of linear changes in the magnitude of statistical moments of 1-4 orders of magnitude, ranging from 24 to 60 hours. The accuracy of determining the age of death is 0.5 hours.Conclusion. The eff ectiveness of the method of diff use tomography of fl uctuations of linear birefringence of layers of biological tissues and fl uids in diff erentiating the cause of death in cases of ethanol and CO poisoning, as well as diagnosing the age of death in these cases.

Viscoelastic and Viscoplastic Glucose Theory (VGT #31): Applying VGT with Two Different CGM Sensor Measured 2-Hour Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) values from 240 Liquid Egg Meals and 191 Solid Egg Meals as the Strain, along with the PPG Change Rate Multiplied by a Viscosity Factor of Average Carbs/ Sugar Amounts for Each Egg Meal Type as the Stress, and then

The author has studied strength of materials and theory of elasticity through his undergraduate courses at the University of Iowa. He also conducted research work and earned a master’s degree in Biomechanics under Professor James Andrews. In 1970-1971, he used a combined spring and dashpot model to simulate the behaviors of human joints, bones, muscles, and tendons in order to investigate the human-weapon interactions during the Vietnam war era. Later, he went to MIT to pursue his PhD study under Professor Norman Jones, who taught him theory of plasticity and dynamic plastic behaviors of various structure elements. To further his education, he took additional graduate courses in various fields of fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, bridge design using energy absorption pad, and soil mechanics under earthquake influences which have dealt with “time-dependency” issues. Since then, many advancements have been made in the biomechanics branch, especially with human body live tissues that possess certain viscoelastic characteristics, such as bones, muscles, cartilages, tendons (connect bone to muscle), ligaments (connect bone to bone), fascia, and skin. For example, the author suffered plantar fasciitis for many years. He understood that the night splint dorsiflexes forefoot, at the back of the foot, increases plantar fascia tension to offer stress-relief for the pain. This model where muscles and tendons connect the lower leg and foot is a form of viscoelastic study for medical problem solving. When dealing with human internal organs, it is not easy to conduct live experiments to obtain accurate measurements for the biomedical material properties. Blood itself is a viscous material (time-dependent) and its viscosity factor may fall between water, honey, syrup, or gel. But, the author’s research focus is on “glucose” where the blood sugar amount is produced by the liver and carried by red blood cells, not the blood itself. The postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) is strongly influenced by both energy input via carbs/sugar intake amount (~60%) and energy output via postmeal exercise level (~40%). Fundamentally, the PPG level is also dependent on the individual's health conditions in regard to liver cells and pancreatic beta cells, which produce glucose and release insulin to control the glucose level in blood. Therefore, it is nearly impossible to measure the material geometry or material properties to determine the viscosity of “glucose” like in engineering research work. As a result, the best the author could do is to apply the “concept” of viscoelasticity and/or viscoplasticity” to construct an analogy model of time-dependent glucose behaviors.