Human Factors Society Research Articles

Effects of visual angle on reading : Gould, J.D., and Grischkowsky, N. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Volume 2, 1985, pp 1106–1109

Effects of visual angle on reading : Gould, J.D., and Grischkowsky, N. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Volume 2, 1985, pp 1106–1109

An examination of the relative legibility of text on one line vacuum fluorescent and liquid crystal displays : Petrum, C.J., Hernon, W., and Macdonald, M. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 2, 1985, pp 1122–1124

An examination of the relative legibility of text on one line vacuum fluorescent and liquid crystal displays : Petrum, C.J., Hernon, W., and Macdonald, M. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 2, 1985, pp 1122–1124

A transfer of training study in the nuclear power industry: From simulation to live performance : Maddox, M.E., Johnson, W.B., and Frey, P.R. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 2, 1985, pp 1022–1026

A transfer of training study in the nuclear power industry: From simulation to live performance : Maddox, M.E., Johnson, W.B., and Frey, P.R. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September–3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 2, 1985, pp 1022–1026

An investigation of localisation of auditory signals : Sundararajan, K., and Deivanayagam, S. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September –3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 2, 1985, pp 807–810

An investigation of localisation of auditory signals : Sundararajan, K., and Deivanayagam, S. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 September –3 October, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 2, 1985, pp 807–810

The development of two-dimensional general population manikins for deriving workstation ergonomic requirements : Church, R., and Phillips, M. Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 162–166

The development of two-dimensional general population manikins for deriving workstation ergonomic requirements : Church, R., and Phillips, M. Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 162–166

The role of human factors in the translation of operating instructions : Angiolillo-Bent, J.S. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, 91–94

The role of human factors in the translation of operating instructions : Angiolillo-Bent, J.S. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, 91–94

Rocker switch tactile coding and direction of motion stereotypes : Jack, D.D. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 437–441

Rocker switch tactile coding and direction of motion stereotypes : Jack, D.D. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 437–441

Pilot error accidents: A Total System Approach to analysis : Stringer, P.G., and Riley, D.D. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 526–530

Pilot error accidents: A Total System Approach to analysis : Stringer, P.G., and Riley, D.D. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 526–530

Legibility of telephone directories, Reductions due to compressed print and disproportionate effects for the aged : Morrison, R.E., and Rayner, K. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep — 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 231–2334

Legibility of telephone directories, Reductions due to compressed print and disproportionate effects for the aged : Morrison, R.E., and Rayner, K. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep — 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 231–2334

Psychological scaling of expert estimates of human error probabilities: Application to nuclear power plant operation : Comer, K., Gaddy, C.D., Seaver, D.A., and Stillerll, W.G. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985,

Psychological scaling of expert estimates of human error probabilities: Application to nuclear power plant operation : Comer, K., Gaddy, C.D., Seaver, D.A., and Stillerll, W.G. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985,

An experiment to study touchscreen ‘button’ design : Valk, M.A. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 127–131

An experiment to study touchscreen ‘button’ design : Valk, M.A. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 127–131

Ergonomics in workplace design: Current pratices and an alternative computative-aided approach : Evans, S.M. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct, 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 157–161

Ergonomics in workplace design: Current pratices and an alternative computative-aided approach : Evans, S.M. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct, 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985, pp 157–161

Development of workstation design criteria for current office environments: A case study : Hancock, P.A., Stout, J.H., Medeiros, B., Rosenberg, S., and Koffler, R. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sept — 3 Oct, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica California, Vol 1, 1985, pp

Development of workstation design criteria for current office environments: A case study : Hancock, P.A., Stout, J.H., Medeiros, B., Rosenberg, S., and Koffler, R. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sept — 3 Oct, 1985, Edited by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society, Santa Monica California, Vol 1, 1985, pp

Human factors in the design of technical information: A case study : Smillie, R.J. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985 pp 202–205

Human factors in the design of technical information: A case study : Smillie, R.J. In: Progress for People. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 29th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland, 29 Sep – 3 Oct 1985, Ed by R.W. Swezey. The Human Factors Society Santa Monica, California, Vol 1, 1985 pp 202–205

Professional Certification in Human Factors: Progress and Pitfalls

Under the auspices of the Subcommittee on Professional Standards (Policy and Planning Committee), effort was resumed in 1984 on a program for certification/licensing of Human Factors specialists within the Human Factors Society. The approach taken by the subcommittee was to review current arguments on the proposition of certification and licensing, determine implications for HPS involvement, define the major issues, and develop a preliminary plan for a recommended certification program for consideration and review by the HFS Executive Council. Such a review was held during the 1984 Annual Meeting with the decision to proceed with developing a plan for phased development of a certification program (Blanchard, 1985). As a result of the 1984 decision, a subcommittee on certification was established under the newly formed committee on professional standards. Bob Blanchard was appointed as the initial chair. That committee has now been actively involved in developing a certification program for two years. In addition to developing a detailed program plan covering a five-year period, the committee has been active in developing a specialty data base on which to base a certification system. Funding for this data base development has been provided by the US Air Force, the Human Factors Society and, more recently, by the US Navy. The purpose of this panel session is to provide the society with a status report on the HFS certification program plan, the specialty areas that have been identified for data base development, and the process that has been used to obtain the data base information. In addition, an equally important purpose is to bring to the society's attention the experience of related professional groups in developing professional certification programs. The specific topics to be addressed by the panelists in their formal presentations are as follows.

HFS Job Survey: What do we need to know?

In the summer of 1985, a survey was sent to a sample of 997 members of the Human Factors Society (HFS) living in the continental United States. A part of the survey focused on what people need to know to perform their job effectively. Respondents indicated how important each of 101 subject-matter areas was in their work. This paper discusses these results, comparing masters and doctorates, those with degrees in engineering and in psychology, and those working in various types of organizations.

Preparation for Expert Witnessing in Products Liability and Related Litigation

The rapid growth of products liability and related litigation is common knowledge. The social, scientific and educational significance of this growth imparts great importance to the subject matter of this symposium. Specifically, there exists a clear requirement that our professional involvement in litigation meet the highest professional standards both with respect to our science and with respect to the law. Special problems and risks arise vis a vis science with its standards of objectivity and impartiality and the adversial aspect of the legal process. In a sense science and law are almost antithetical. Whereas in science individuals proceed with impartiality and objectivity, in law individuals adopt adversarial roles and only the court is expected to be impartial and objective. Herein lie risks for which rigorous preparation is essential in order to participate in this demanding and exciting pursuit. In this syposium we will share the experience of several distinguished forensic experts in human factors. Each one brings years of participation in the several phases of forensic practice as well as participation in the professional exchange within the Human Factors Society. This symposium will emphasize requirements for practice in the forensic speciality and will advance those requirements in terms of: 1) academic preparation, including essentials of governing statute and case law relating to warranties, products liability, and personal injury; 2) investigation and analysis of the engineering events and design decisions at issue and; 3) civil litigation including response to such discovery procedures as interrogatories and depositions as well as adversarial cross-examination. Dr. Martin Kurke, psychologist and attorney, will discuss the broader aspects of preparation touching upon the historical development of scientific forensics leading through forensic psychology to academic and institutional foundations of forensic human factors. A more specific presentation by Dr. Melvin Rudov will discuss the practioner in terms of the tools required for successful practice and the phases in litigation for which the expert must be prepared, including analysis, discovery and testimony. Dr. Loma Middendorf will focus in greater detail upon her experience with formulation of integrated expert opinion based upon valid, reliable data which may be adequately defended during rigorous cross-examination designed to impeach or demonstrate witness bias, incompetence and possible perjury. Certification and licensing will be a subordinate but important topic of interest to the three presenters as well as to Dr. Arnold Small who has consented to be the discussant.

Planning for a Ph.D. Progpam in Human Factors Psychology

Trained Human Factors experts are being sought increasingly in government, industry and academia. In response, program accreditation guidelines have been recommended for adoption by the Human Factors Society in order to set professional training standards. But what are the considerations to be addressed before starting an institutional Human Factors degree program? At the University of Central Florida cautious optimism has led to a feasibility study of these considerations in anticipation of a Ph.D. offering in Human Factors. Feasibility, Planning, and Implementation stages required for Ph.D. authorization in Human Factors will be presented. In particular, emphasis will center on the primary issues of need for such a program balanced against available resources. The Central Florida area is fortunate to have a growing base of government and industrial concerns interested in Human Factors research. In addition, these same concerns have resources in terms of people, equipment, and laboratory space that they are willing to share in a cooperative effort in exchange for trained professionals. The sum total can be reduced program cost combined with an applied curriculum producing Human Factors experts who can “hit the ground running”.

Human Factors in Sport: An Overview

This paper addresses the role that the Human Factors Society should play in fostering research in sport and recreation. The fields of sports science and human factors are discussed as to their similarities and differences in terms of methodologies, interests, and accomplishments. A symbiotic relationship is proposed that would best be served by the formation of a Technical Group (TG) on Sport and Recreation. It is proposed that such a TG would serve as a conduit to other organizations already concerned with sports science. Exemplary areas within sport and recreation that are in need of supplemental research by human factors scientists are identified.

HFS Job Survey: What are we doing?

In the summer of 1985 a survey was sent to a sample of 997 members of the Human Factors Society. Respondents indicated how important each of 63 different activities was in their work. Comparisons are made between masters and doctorates, those with degrees in engineering and those with degrees in psychology, and among those working in various types of organizations.