Human Development Research Articles

Generative artificial intelligence: opportunities, challenges and future avenues for organizational learning

Purpose This study provides a comprehensive investigation of the opportunities and challenges associated with generative artificial intelligence (GAI) use in development and learning in organizations. Additionally, it highlights the future avenues in GAI research and provides practical recommendations for policymakers. Design/methodology/approach Data for the review was collected from the Web of Science database using the search criteria (“Generative artificial intelligence” OR “artificial intelligence”) AND (“human resource management” OR “human resource development” OR “workplace learning” OR “organizational learning” OR “organizational development” OR “learning organization”) on March 6th, 2024. Filtering results to Management and Business categories yielded 71 articles. After abstract review, 6 unrelated articles were excluded, leaving 65 articles for final analysis. Findings The study presents several opportunities of GAI such as applications in personal learning and content generation. Moreover, it unravels several potential challenges of GAI such as quality and accuracy issues and elucidates several future research directions. Originality/value Our study is the first literature review that provides and a comprehensive overview of generative artificial intelligence in the context of organizational learning.

The construction of stem cell-induced hepatocyte model and its application in evaluation of developmental hepatotoxicity of environmental pollutants.

Stem cells, with their ability to self-renew and differentiate into various cell types, are a unique and valuable resource for medical research and toxicological studies. The liver is the most crucial metabolic organ in the human body, and serves as the primary site for the accumulation of environmental pollutants. Enrichment with environmental pollutants can disrupt the early developmental processes of the liver and have a significant impact on liver function. The liver comprises a complex array of cell types, and different environmental pollutants have varying effects on these cells. Currently, there is a lack of well-established research models that can effectively demonstrate the mechanisms by which environmental pollutants affect human liver development. The emergence of liver cells and organoids derived from stem cells offers a promising tool for investigating the impact of environmental pollutants on human health. Therefore, this study systematically reviewed the developmental processes of different types of liver cells and provided an overview of studies on the developmental toxicity of various environmental pollutants using stem cell models.

Global, regional, and national burden of early-onset gastric cancer.

The burden of gastric cancer (GC) across different age groups needs updating. We determined the GC global, regional, and national burden profiles and changes in incidence for 3 sequential 5-year intervals from 2003 to 2017. The latest incidence and mortality estimates of GC from 185 countries and regions were extracted from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database. The 5-year interval age-standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) were evaluated using cancer registry data from volumes X-XII of the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5). Correlation analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between ASIR or the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) and the Human Development Index (HDI). There was an estimated global 968,000 new GC cases and 660,000 deaths in 2022, with male predominance. GC ASIRs and ASMRs were 9.2 and 6.1 per 100,000 persons, respectively. East Asia had the highest burden, with 53.8% of cases and 48.2% of deaths among all geographic regions. There was a significant correlation between ASIR and HDI. Over three 5-year intervals from 2003 to 2017, the incidence of GC notably decreased in most countries but peaked at 2008-2012 in New Zealand, Turkey, and South Africa. Several countries in Europe, Oceania, and America suggest an increasingly concerning trend among younger individuals, especially females. GC is a significant health issue, especially among males and in geographic regions with an HDI, such as eastern Asia. While the incidence of GC is decreasing in many countries due to prevention efforts and improved treatments, a rising trend persists among younger individuals. Comprehensive prevention strategies tailored to different age patterns are clearly needed.

International Trade Reshapes the Decoupling of Emissions from Economic Growth.

Efforts to stabilize the global climate change while also continuing human development depend upon "decoupling" economic growth from fossil fuel CO2 emissions. However, evaluations of such decoupling have typically relied on production-based emissions, which do not account for emissions embodied in international trade. Yet international trade can greatly change emissions accounting and reshape the decoupling between emissions and economic growth. Here, we evaluate decoupling of economic growth from different accounts of emissions in each of the 159 countries and analyze the drivers of decoupling. We find that between 1995 and 2015, although 29 countries exhibited strong decoupling of territorial emissions (growing economies and decreasing emissions), only 19 countries achieved economic growth while their consumption-based emissions decreased. Most developed countries have achieved decoupling of emissions related to domestic goods and services, but have not achieved decoupling of emissions related to imported goods and services. The U-test confirms that the domestic component of consumption-based emissions exhibits a stronger decoupling trend from gross domestic product (GDP) growth than consumption-based emissions, and emissions from imports continue to rise with GDP per capita without a corresponding decline, providing a statistical validation of the decoupling analysis. Moreover, in the countries where economic growth and consumption-based emissions are most decoupled, a key driver is decreasing emissions intensity due to technological progress─and especially reductions in the intensity of imported goods and services. Our results reveal the importance of assessing decoupling using consumption-based emissions; successful decoupling may require international cooperation and coordinated mitigation efforts of trading partners.

Human Resource Development Planning Oriented Towards Character Building in Santri: A Case Study in Soppeng District's Islamic Boarding Schools

This research aims to know and discover human resource development planning oriented towards building students' character. This research is a case study or field research using qualitative methods with a constructivist paradigm. This research was carried out at 6 Islamic boarding schools in Soppeng district. The research results show that planning for human resource development in the character education program for the six Islamic boarding schools in Soppeng Regency was carried out carefully by involving various parties, such as Islamic boarding school leaders, teaching staff and parents of students. The character education program considers religious values, students' needs, and current developments. However, several Islamic boarding schools still have teaching staff who have yet to participate in workshops on Character education. As a suggestion in this research, Islamic boarding school leaders always carry out good planning in human resource management development, incorporate character values into the moral development process in Islamic boarding schools, and encourage teaching staff to participate in workshops or training related to character education.

The Influence of Human Resource Information System Career Planning and Development on Employee Performance: A case of the Institute of Accountancy Arusha

This study sought to examine the influence of human resource information system career planning and development on employee performance: A case of the Institute of Accountancy Arusha. Descriptive survey research design and quantitative research approach were employed. Primary data were gathered through structured questionnaires and secondary data were obtained from various sources including published sources and unpublished sources such as books, research reports, journal articles, dissertations, seminars, magazines, and newspapers regarding the influence of HRIS utilization on employee performance in the Institute of Accountancy Arusha. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze data. Findings revealed that human resource information system career planning and development influenced employee performance at IAA through improving working morale, increasing productivity, performing well the work duties, increasing creativity, ability to make a productive decision in employees’ work. It was recommended that human resource information system human resource information system should be strengthened and improved as to continually influence employee’s performance at the Institute of Accountancy Arusha. This can be done by adopting up-to-date (more sophisticated) human resource information systems.

MI-181 Modulates Cilia Length and Restores Cilia Length in Cells with Defective Shortened Cilia.

Primary cilia are membrane-covered microtubule-based structures that protrude from the cell surface and are critical for cell signaling and homeostasis during human development and adulthood. Dysregulation of cilia formation, length, and function can lead to a spectrum of human diseases and syndromes known as ciliopathies. Although some genetic and chemical screens have been performed to define important factors that modulate cilia biogenesis and length control, there are currently no clinical treatments that restore cilia length in patients. We report that the microtubule-targeting agent MI-181(mitotic inhibitor-181) is a potent modulator of cilia length and biogenesis. Treatment of retinal pigment epithelial-1 cells with MI-181 induced an increase in the average size of cilia and in the percent ciliated cells under nonstarved conditions. Importantly, MI-181 was effective at rescuing cilia length and ciliation defects in cells that had been treated with the intraflagellar transport inhibitor Ciliobrevin D or the O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitor OSMI-1. Most importantly, MI-181 induced an increase in cilia length and restored ciliation in cells with compromised shortened cilia at low nanomolar concentrations and did not show an inhibitory response at high concentrations. Therefore, MI-181 represents a lead molecule for developing drugs targeting ciliopathies characterized by shortened cilia.

Synthesis of novel polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoclusters exhibiting ultraviolet-A fluorescence and their application in multiple sensing.

Cupric ions (Cu2+), pyrophosphate (PPi), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are involved in a variety of biochemical processes such as DNA replication, cellular metabolism and play an important role in human growth and development. It is of great significance to establish a method for the sensitive detection of Cu2+, PPi and ALP. In this work, polyethyleneimine-capped silver nanoclusters (PEI-AgNCs) were successfully synthesized by a one-pot method using hydrazine sulfate as reductant, exhibiting a unique strong fluorescence emission in the near-ultraviolet region at ∼339nm. Since the fluorescence of PEI-AgNCs can be quenched by Cu2+ through inner filtering effect (IFE), then recovered by competitive binding of pyrophosphate and Cu2+, and later weakened again by catalytic hydrolysis of alkaline phosphatase, a sensitive and selective strategy based on the changes of fluorescence "ON" or "OFF" was established to detect Cu2+, PPi and ALP. The LODs of these three analyteswere 36nM, 0.2μM, and 0.14 U L-1 at a S/N ratio of 3, respectively. A series of logic gate circuits for sensing cupric ions, pyrophosphate, and alkaline phosphatase were successfully constructed. The established methods have the potential for biosensing and environmental analysis and the specific UV-A fluorescence property of PEI-AgNCs may be helpful in photonic and optical areas.

Prediction of PM2.5 concentration based on a CNN-LSTM neural network algorithm

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a major air pollutant affecting human survival, development and health. By predicting the spatial distribution concentration of PM2.5, pollutant sources can be better traced, allowing measures to protect human health to be implemented. Thus, the purpose of this study is to predict and analyze the PM2.5 concentration of stations based on the integrated deep learning of a convolutional neural network long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) model. To solve the complexity and nonlinear characteristics of PM2.5 time series data problems, we adopted the CNN-LSTM deep learning model. We collected the PM2.5data of Qingdao in 2020 as well as meteorological factors such as temperature, wind speed and air pressure for pre-processing and characteristic analysis. Then, the CNN-LSTM deep learning model was integrated to capture the temporal and spatial features and trends in the data. The CNN layer was used to extract spatial features, while the LSTM layer was used to learn time dependencies. Through comparative experiments and model evaluation, we found that the CNN-LSTM model can achieve excellent PM2.5 prediction performance. The results show that the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.91, and the root mean square error (RMSE) is 8.216 µg/m3. The CNN-LSTM model achieves better prediction accuracy and generalizability compared with those of the CNN and LSTM models (R2 values of 0.85 and 0.83, respectively, and RMSE values of 11.356 and 14.367, respectively). Finally, we analyzed and explained the predicted results. We also found that some meteorological factors (such as air temperature, pressure, and wind speed) have significant effects on the PM2.5 concentration at ground stations in Qingdao. In summary, by using deep learning methods, we obtained better prediction performance and revealed the association between PM2.5 concentration and meteorological factors. These findings are of great significance for improving the quality of the atmospheric environment and protecting public health.

Wychowanie do człowieczeństwa Eduarda Sprangera

The author reconstructs and interprets the Education to Humanity by Eduard Spranger, a prominent German philosopher, psychologist, and pedagogue, whose pedagogical work is little known in Poland. The barbarism of the Russian-Ukrainian War is a reminder of how topical the issue of realising the value of humanity is in contemporary education. Spranger not only answers the question of what humanity is, but points to specific, rather than general, methods of its formation in young people. He refers to selected teaching methods of Socrates, specifically to moral stories, and also to meditation, as in Zen Buddhism. He links a number of universal values to the formation of humanity, such as self-reflection, dignity of the person, self-criticism, responsibility, conscience, and love. Spranger’s theory of upbringing is holistic. Its teleology is oriented towards personality development, with an emphasis on altruistic values and human moral development. It is largely consistent with the pedagogical thought of Otto F. Bollnow, Abraham H. Maslow, Theodor Adorno, Hans Waldenfens, Andrzej Szyszko-Bohusz, Hilarion G. Petzold and other contemporary scholars – humanists. It also seems a continuation of Immanuel Kant’s, Johann H. Pestalozzi’s, Leo N. Tolstoy’s, Rudolf Steiner’s and even Mencius’s concepts of education, as well as those of Zen and Daoist teachers. Spranger opposed the idea of a transhumanism based on modern technology, as well as the instrumental and utilitarian treatment of nature, and the materialistic and technological trend, that is omnipresent in modern human life.

Sex differences in human performance.

Sex as a biological variable is an underappreciated aspect of biomedical research, with its importance emerging in more recent years. This review assesses the current understanding of sex differences in human physical performance. Males outperform females in many physical capacities because they are faster, stronger and more powerful, particularly after male puberty. This review highlights key sex differences in physiological and anatomical systems (generally conferred via sex steroids and puberty) that contribute to these sex differences in human physical performance. Specifically, we address the effects of the primary sex steroids that affect human physical development, discuss insight gained from an observational study of 'real-world data' and elite athletes, and highlight the key physiological mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in several aspects of physical performance. Physiological mechanisms discussed include those for the varying magnitude of the sex differences in performance involving: (1) absolute muscular strength and power; (2) fatigability of limb muscles as a measure of relative performance; and (3) maximal aerobic power and endurance. The profound sex-based differences in human performance involving strength, power, speed and endurance, and that are largely attributable to the direct and indirect effects of sex-steroid hormones, sex chromosomes and epigenetics, provide a scientific rationale and framework for policy decisions on sex-based categories in sports during puberty and adulthood. Finally, we highlight the sex bias and problem in human performance research of insufficient studies and information on females across many areas of biology and physiology, creating knowledge gaps and opportunities for high-impact studies.

The effects of Bolsa Família on human development: systematic review approach

Usually conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs) are interpreted as passive policies dealing with income maintenance and needs fulfilment. However, recently some of the literature has suggested a more active role for them. The aim of this article is to investigate the inclusive role of human rights-based CCTs using the Bolsa Família (BF) policy as a case study. Specifically, I assess the effect of this programme on human development using a systematic review of results from natural, quasi-experimental, counterfactual and longitudinal analyses. The main findings suggest some positive effect of the BF on human development. However, the BF programme should be more integrated with the education and the health system to ameliorate the advancement of human rights. For example, when social workers visit recipient families they should enrol children in the education system. Also, healthcare teams should visit recipient families more frequently and provide healthcare advice as well as healthcare support to ameliorate the nutritional and health status of children.

Measuring neuroplasticity in human development: the potential to inform the type and timing of mental health interventions.

Neuroplasticity during sensitive periods, the molecular and cellular process of enduring neural change in response to external stimuli during windows of high environmental sensitivity, is crucial for adaptation to expected environments and has implications for psychiatry. Animal research has characterized the developmental sequence and neurobiological mechanisms that govern neuroplasticity, yet gaps in our ability to measure neuroplasticity in humans limit the clinical translation of these principles. Here, we present a roadmap for the development and validation of neuroimaging and electrophysiology measures that index neuroplasticity to begin to address these gaps. We argue that validation of measures to track neuroplasticity in humans will elucidate the etiology of mental illness and inform the type and timing of mental health interventions to optimize effectiveness. We outline criteria for evaluating putative neuroimaging measures of plasticity in humans including links to neurobiological mechanisms shown to govern plasticity in animal models, developmental change that reflects heightened early life plasticity, and prediction of neural and/or behavior change. These criteria are applied to three putative measures of neuroplasticity using electroencephalography (gamma oscillations, aperiodic exponent of power/frequency) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (amplitude of low frequency fluctuations). We discuss the use of these markers in psychiatry, envision future uses for clinical and developmental translation, and suggest steps to address the limitations of the current putative neuroimaging measures of plasticity. With additional work, we expect these markers will significantly impact mental health and be used to characterize mechanisms, devise new interventions, and optimize developmental trajectories to reduce psychopathology risk.

The impact of energy sector pollution on human development and inequality amidst climate change

Abstract The provision of energy is a primary contributor to climate change and environmental pollution, the latter including air pollution from aerosol emissions and a broad range of other human health effects and ecosystem damages. At the same time, aerosol emissions also reduce radiative forcing, leading to a masking of part of the warming due to rising CO$_2$ concentrations and temporarily reducing the adverse impacts of climate change. Using an energy-economy-climate model linked to atmospheric chemistry, health impact and life cycle assessment models, we show that the societal costs of the health impacts of environmental pollution substantially exceed the economic benefits from masked warming. We further highlight the unequal burden of these issues on developing countries and explore the implications for human development, global inequality and international climate policy.

Epigenetic associations with neonatal age in infants born very preterm, particularly among genes involved in neurodevelopment

The time from conception through the first year of life is the most dynamic period in human development. This time period is particularly important for infants born very preterm (< 30 weeks gestation; VPT), as they experience a significant disruption in the normal developmental trajectories and are at heightened risk of experiencing developmental impairments and delays. Variations in the epigenetic landscape during this period may reflect this disruption and shed light on the interrelationships between aging, maturation, and the epigenome. We evaluated how gestational age (GA) and age since conception in neonates [post-menstrual age (PMA)], were related to DNA methylation in buccal cells collected at NICU discharge from VPT infants (n = 538). After adjusting for confounders and applying Bonferroni correction, we identified 2,366 individual CpGs associated with GA and 14,979 individual CpGs associated with PMA, as well as multiple differentially methylated regions. Pathway enrichment analysis identified pathways involved in axonogenesis and regulation of neuron projection development, among many other growth and developmental pathways (FDR q < 0.001). Our findings align with prior work, and also identify numerous novel associations, suggesting that genes important in growth and development, particularly neurodevelopment, are subject to substantial epigenetic changes during early development among children born VPT.

Assessing Sustainable Development in Community Welfare and Economic Resilience to Extreme Weather in Indonesia

In recent decades, Indonesia has experienced a surge in natural disasters, resulting in increased casualties and disruptions to economic growth and welfare. This study investigates the impact of various types of natural disasters, focusing on how economic growth (measured by provincial GDP) and welfare levels (measured by the Human Development Index, HDI) influence the number of victims affected by extreme weather. Data on gross regional domestic product and the Human Development Index for each province in Indonesia were obtained from Statistics Indonesia. We employed multivariable negative binomial regression to analyze the relationships between the number of victims affected by extreme weather, provincial HDI, and provincial GDP. The results indicate significant correlations between provincial GDP, HDI, and the number of victims. Higher HDI correlates with fewer victims, whereas higher GDP is associated with an increase in victims. Additionally, we used the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) method, identifying two clusters as the optimal model. Cluster 1 comprises 31 provinces, while Cluster 2 comprises 3 provinces, with the latter highlighting the provinces with the highest disaster risk. Consequently, provinces such as West Java, Central Java, and East Java require heightened attention from various stakeholders involved in disaster management efforts. By examining these relationships, our study contributes to the understanding of sustainable development and resilience against natural disasters. It underscores the importance of improving welfare and economic policies to mitigate the impacts of extreme weather events.

Home sharing or crime sharing? Evidences of the relationship between Airbnb, crime and structural factors in Malaga, Spain

ABSTRACT Negative externalities stemming from overtourism have been widely reported in the literature. However, a consequence less explored in scientific research is the increase in crime rates derived from high levels of tourism. This article analyses the relationship between the concentration of Airbnb accommodation and crime density in the city of Malaga (Spain); both the social disorganization and the routine activities theories are used as the theoretical basis. The region under study has been defined by removing the non-urbanized part of the city and the unit of spatial analysis is the census tract. The relationship between Airbnb and crime has been measured by controlling for other factors traditionally related to crime. Two models that take into account the spatial nature of the data have been employed: a two-stage spatially weighted spatial least squares model and a geographically weighted regression model. Results show that Airbnb is significantly related to an increase in crime density in the census tract, as is the proportion of people born in countries with a Human Development Index below .825. Nightlife likewise shows a significant relationship with crime in the city, but this relationship is inverse. Nevertheless, the variable that shows the strongest link is crime itself in neighboring census tracts. An increase in crime in a given region leads to an increase in crime in the surrounding census tracts. However, the local model reveals that the impact of crime in adjacent units is not related in the same way to local crime in region analyzed as a whole. The policy implications of these results and other findings contrary to the original criminological theories are discussed.

Scale of effect of landscape patterns on resource selection by bobcats (Lynx rufus) in a multi-use rangeland system

ContextThere is a growing appreciation that wildlife behavioral responses to environmental conditions are scale-dependent and that identifying the scale where the effect of an environmental variable on a behavior is the strongest (i.e., scale of effect) can reveal how animals perceive and respond to their environment. In South Texas, brush management often optimizes agricultural and wildlife management objectives through the precise interspersion of vegetation types creating novel environments which likely affect animal behavior at multiple scales. There is a lack of understanding of how and at what scales this management regime and associated landscape patterns influence wildlife.ObjectivesOur objective was to examine the scale at which landscape patterns had the strongest effect on wildlife behavior. Bobcats (Lynx rufus) our model species, are one of the largest obligated carnivores in the system, and have strong associations with vegetation structure and prey density, two aspects likely to influenced by landscape patterns. We conducted a multiscale resource selection analysis to identify the characteristic scale where landscape patterns had the strongest effect on resource selection.MethodsWe examined resource selection within the home range for 9 bobcats monitored from 2021 to 2022 by fitting resource selection functions which included variables representing landcover, water, energy infrastructure, and landscape metrics (edge density, patch density, and contagion). We fit models using landscape metrics calculated at 10 different scales and compared model performance to identify the scale of effect of landscape metrics on resource selection.ResultsThe scale of effect of landscape metrics occurred at finer scales. The characteristic scale for edge density and patch density was 30 m (the finest scale examined), and the characteristic scale for contagion occurred at 100 m. Bobcats avoided locations with high woody patch density and selected for greater woody edge density and contagion. Bobcats selected areas closer to woody vegetation and water bodies while avoiding herbaceous cover and energy development infrastructure.ConclusionsA key step in understanding the effect of human development and associated landscape patterns on animal behavior is the identifying the scale of effect. We found support for our hypothesis that resource selection would be most strongly affected by landscape configuration at finer scales. Our study demonstrates the importance of cross-scale comparisons when examining the effects of landscape attributes on animal behavior.

The Influence of Leadership Style on Teacher Performance Through Human Resource Development at Integrated Islamic Elementary Schools in Depok City

This study aims to analyze the influence of leadership styles on teacher performance through human resource development. The method used includes the formation of regression models and path analysis, utilizing SPSS tools. The sample was selected using random sampling techniques, referring to the theory by Hair et al., with a sample size ratio of 1:5 from the parameters measured. There are 36 indicators being examined, resulting in a total sample size of 180. The study results indicate a direct influence of leadership styles on teacher performance at 0.613 and an indirect influence at 0.664, meaning the indirect influence is greater than the direct influence. This leads to the conclusion that, indirectly, leadership styles significantly affect teacher performance through human resource development. Meanwhile, the percentage contribution of the influence of leadership styles on teacher performance through human resource development is 54,8%.

Enhanced analysis of equine plasma for the presence of recombinant human erythropoietin - Implementation of an improved workflow.

An improved screening workflow and a robust capillary flow LC-MS confirmatory method for the detection of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) has been implemented to increase the sensitivity of rHuEPO detection and to reduce the number of suspect samples committed to confirmatory testing. The influence of repeated dosing of epoetin-β on the detection window of rHuEPO in equine plasma was assessed using the optimised method. Samples were initially assessed using an economical R&D Human EPO Duo-Set ELISA Development System. Samples indicating a result greater than the batch baseline were analysed using the complementary R&D Human EPO Quantikine IVD ELISA kit. All samples recording an abnormal screening result were subjected to confirmatory analysis. Confirmation of rHuEPO in plasma (≥2.5ml) in the range of 4-13 mIU/ml (n = 6) was achieved using immunoaffinity enrichment, tryptic digestion, and capillary flow LC-MS/MS. Four horses were administered a single dose of epoetin-β (10,000 IU) via the subcutaneous and intravenous routes, on two occasions, seven days apart. The excretion profile was rapid with epoetin-β detection times of 48 to 72 h following each administration, with no appreciable difference observed between the two routes of administration. This workflow has been shown as an effective anti-doping strategy related to rHuEPO misuse and supports the use of out-of-competition testing of horses in the 2 to 3-day period prior to race-day.