Human Development Report Research Articles

Socioeconomic disparity in global vision loss burden due to diabetic retinopathy: an analysis on time trends from 1990 to 2017.

To describe the trends of socioeconomic disparity in global vision loss burden associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) based on prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs). In the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study, we extracted global, regional, national, and World Bank categorical epidemiological data in vision impairment by time and age. We searched the Human development index (HDI) from the Human Development Report. Pearson correlation, linear regression, and Kruskal-Wallis test were conducted to analyze the correlation between YLD rates and HDI. We used the Gini coefficient and concentration index to evaluate the socioeconomic inequality trendency. The global and World Bank categorical prevalence and YLDs increased from 1990 to 2017, and rose with ageing. The age-standardized prevalence and YLD rates varied geographically and highest in the Eastern Mediterranean countries. Higher vision loss burden of DR was concentrated in countries with medium level of socioeconomic development, including lower/upper middle-income and medium/high-HDI countries. The Gini coefficient decreased from 0.572 in 1990 to 0.542 in 2017, showing the decreasing between-country inequality. The concentration index decreased from 0.153 in 2000 to 0.061 in 2017, showing the reducing socioeconomic-associated disparity. The vision loss burden of DR increased in the past few decades, with a notable declining socioeconomic disparity since 2000. Our results highlight the necessity to provide more services to reduce the vision loss burden.

The Influence of the Quality of Education on the Knowledge Economy: the Czech Republic in International Comparison

The knowledge economy consists in the creation of added value based on the use of knowledge not only due to manual production but especially due to the growing importance of education and the use of scientifi c knowledge in terms of the overall competitiveness of the country. The education of the population is thus a crucial factor determining the level of economic development and quality of life. The educational structure of the population aff ects the performance of the whole economy, as well as the performance of individual companies. Human development indicators, which are published in the UN Human Development Report, include education quality indicators. The paper aims to perform a comparative analysis of education quality indicators in the Czech Republic and an international comparison. Based on selected statistical results of comparative analysis, determine the order of states in the evaluation of the quality of education. Furthermore, using the results, compile a SWOT analysis of the quality of education in the Czech Republic, based on which the fundamental problems of Czech education will be defi ned and recommendations for improving the quality of education in the Czech Republic as one of the key determinants of the knowledge economy.

The association between tobacco control policy implementation and country-level socioeconomic factors in 31 European countries

European countries have made significant progress in implementing tobacco control policies to reduce tobacco use; however, whether socioeconomic status (SES) of a country may influence the implementation of such policies is unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the association between country-level SES and the implementation level of tobacco control policies in 31 European countries. An ecological study using data from Eurostat, Human Development Reports on several SES indicators and the Tobacco Control Scale (TCS) of 2016 was conducted to measure country-level tobacco control policies. We analysed the relationship between SES indicators and the TCS by means of scatter-plots and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients (rsp) and multivariable linear regression analysis. In Europe, no statistically significant association was found between SES factors and the level of implementation of tobacco control policies. Only public spending on tobacco control was associated with all SES factors, except for Gini Index (an income inequality index). The strongest associations of TCS scores for this policy domain were found with the Human Development Index (rsp = 0.586; p < 0.001) and the Gross Domestic Product per capita (in Euros) (rsp = 0.562; p = 0.001). The adjusted linear regression model showed an association of tobacco control policy implementation with countries’ geographical location (Western Europe, β = − 15.7; p = 0.009, compared to Northern Europe). In conclusion, no association was found between SES factors and the level of implementation of tobacco control policies in 31 European countries; policymakers should be aware that tobacco control policies could be successfully implemented despite socioeconomic constraints, especially when these policies are of low cost and cost-effective (i.e., smoke-free bans and taxation).

POŽIŪRIO Į LAIKĄ IR DARBĄ DISKURSAS J. HABERMASO IR Z. BAUMANO DARBUOSE

Lithuania has been placed 35th out of 187 countries in the UNO Human Development Report 2014, which measures a Human Social Development Index. This is the best result in the history of the country. According to this indicator, since 2010, Lithuania has joined the club of 49 most developed countries in the planet. Despite the fact, poverty, which expresses the essential consequences of social differentiation, has deeply rooted in the social discourse of Lithuania. To understand the controversy of the official statistics and the reality of life, we can no longer think of poverty, deprivation and social exclusion stereotypically. These social phenomena are taking new shapes in the postmodern existence. Therefore, the article presents a philosophical explanation of the change in the perception of two social categories – time and work, which illustrate a dramatic shift of our social life towards the postmodern existence, based on the works of J. Habermas and Z. Bauman. Social categories of time and work are among the elements of social-existential change, which reflect clear differences of philosophical discourses and social consciousness of modernity and postmodernity from the earlier traditions of philosophical thought development. Today these categories acquire the power to reveal new forms of social inequality.

Footprints of a Winning Idea: Three Decades of the Human Development Paradigm (1990–2019)

ABSTRACT The rise and fall of international development paradigms has long captured the interest of scholars, but interpreting whether a paradigm is winning or losing depends largely on how we measure its success. In this research note, we contribute to this debate by assessing the influence of development paradigms via comparative bibliometric analysis. Focusing on the human development and capabilities approach (HDCA) promoted by the Human Development Reports (HDRs) of the United Nations, our analysis reveals how the HDCA has emerged to become an influential paradigm of development over the last three decades. As the HDCA has fared impressively well vis-à-vis numerous alternative development paradigms and approaches including Marxism, modernisation theory, dependency theory, “pro-poor growth” and “aid effectiveness,” we conclude that despite being relatively new, the HDCA has become one of the most influential approaches to development in the world today.

ASSESSMENT OF HUMAN CAPITAL LEVEL USING THE UPGRADED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX

This article discusses the measurement of human capital using an indirect method of evaluation – the Human Development Index (HDI). Each year, UNDP experts present the HDI in Human development reports. The problem of improving the human development index is presented and solved by introducing new components in its structure – the unemployment index and the wage index. The aim of the study is to test the results of the modernized human development index on the example of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The key research methods are synthesis and comparative analysis, with the help of which the structure of the index is analyzed in detail; the method of selecting and processing a statistical database is applied; the graphical method is used to construct illustrative material, as well as the empirical method of research. The article presents the rating of Russian regions, compiled on the basis of the improved human development index. A comparative analysis of two methods of calculating the index is carried out – the UNDP method and the author's method. Two methods of calculating the human development index are also analyzed in detail, their method is analyzed. It is clearly shown what changes occurred in the formulas for calculating the main indicators included in the structure of the human development index.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX AND INEQUALITY ADJUSTED HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF SELECTED SOUTH ASIAN COUNTRIES

Enlarging people’s choice and enhancing human capabilities” – the well-known definition propounded by Human Development report (HDR) 1990 – led the path for many economists and researchers to turn the lime light on and foray in this direction against predefined notions of economic development and growth. Human development eventually has become a broader and more acceptable concept. Since then, tremendous amount of work has been done in this direction for countries across world. However, such indices for South Asian countries exclusively and comparison therein has remained unattended. The present paper intends to evaluate the human development indices and three key dimension of human development – health, literacy and income. In 2010, HDR, UNDP, proposed the Inequality Adjusted Human Development Index1 which tried to gauge the subgroup inequality. The Atkinson Inequality Index2 was used to work out subgroup inequality and to arrive at Inequality Adjusted Human development Index (IHDI). Infact, it was later realised that human development without measuring subgroup inequality would mask reality. The present paper is predominantly conceived to understand performance of India vis. a vis. other South Asian countries on human development dynamics. Each parameter is carefully analysed to ameliorate understanding of parameters and their impact on human development. The outcome of study is- human development dynamics and human capabilities measurement is redundant and meaningless unless the inequality in each parameter is premeditated which will in turn enhance the understanding.

Assessing the impact of the adoption of agroforestry technology on food production and poverty reduction among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria

Assessing the impact of the adoption of agroforestry technology on food production and poverty reduction among farming households in Oyo State, Nigeria

EDUCATION SECTOR OF PAKISTAN: NEXT VICTIM OF TERRORISM AND EXTREMISM IN A GLOBALIZED ENVIRONMENT

Globalization has affected the education sector of Pakistan differently because of its peculiar and diversed security challenges. An extremely cunning hostile enemy on east who always stages all kind of clandestine operations against Pakistan. On the western border, Afghanistan has always remained a source of instability for Pakistan. US policy failures in Afghanistan and do more demand by Trump administration from Pakistan without acknowledging its sacrifices are a matter of concern. To retain their national interests transition-co forces are using fifth generation asymmetric warfare in this region. Almost all the segments of our society got affected by worst kind of terrorism and extremism in last fifteen years and the current target is our youth and educational institutes. According to the recent National Human Development Report published in May 2018, Pakistan has the largest percentage of youth ever recorded in its history. 64 percent of the total population is below the age of 30 while 29 percent is between the ages of 15 and 29 years. This youth buldge has critical implications for Pakistan because if not groomed and directed in right direction, will create internal implosion. Our enemy precisely identified our centers of gravity and attacking it with numerous means. Be it the Safora Ghot Karachi massacre of forty three innocent unarmed people by Saad Aziz - an Institute of Business Administration (IBA) Karachi graduate or the inhuman killing of human rights activist Sabeen Mahmood by the same man; the IS-indoctrinated and affiliated medical student Noreen Leghari’s case or the recent failed attempt on the MQM leader Khawaja Izharul Hassan by a Karachi University graduate, the incessant reality for Pakistani anti-terrorism strategists is that the extremists and terrorists have succeeded in infiltrating modern education institutions and the youth is being indoctrinated with the toxic ideology of the terrorists. With the defeat of the IS in Syria and Iraq the influx of militants to Pakistan could continue that could further complicate the situation.

The Next Frontier—Human Development and the Anthropocene: UNDP Human Development Report 2020

One must thank the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for putting together the 2020 UNDP Human Development Report (HDR).1 It is a magisterial work and could well be an excellent textbook, ...

The Association of Socioeconomic Status with the Burden of Cataract-related Blindness and the Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure: An Ecological Study

ObjectiveTo assess the association of socioeconomic status with the burden of cataract blindness in terms of year lived with disability (YLD) rates and to determine whether ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels modify the effect of socioeconomic status on this health burden. MethodsNational and subnational age-standardized YLD rates associated with cataract-related blindness were derived from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2017. The human development index (HDI) from the Human Development Report was used as a measure of socioeconomic status. Estimated ground-level UVR exposure was obtained from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) dataset of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). ResultsAcross 185 countries, socioeconomic status was inversely associated with the burden of cataract blindness. Countries with a very high HDI had an 84% lower age-standardized YLD rate [95% confidence interval (CI): 60%–93%, P < 0.001] than countries with a low HDI; for high-HDI countries, the proportion was 76% (95% CI: 53%–88%, P < 0.001), and for medium-HDI countries, the proportion was 48% (95% CI: 15%–68%, P = 0.010; P for trend < 0.001). The interaction analysis showed that UVR exposure played an interactive role in the association between socioeconomic status and cataract blindness burden (P value for interaction = 0.047). ConclusionLong-term high-UVR exposure amplifies the association of poor socioeconomic status with the burden of cataract-related blindness. The findings emphasize the need for strengthening UVR exposure protection interventions in developing countries with high-UVR exposure.

Gender differences in trends of bladder cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios according to health expenditure in 55 countries.

The association between bladder cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) and healthcare disparities has gender differences. However, no evidence supports gender as an issue in the association between changes in the MIR and health expenditures on bladder cancer. Changes in the MIR were defined as the difference in data from the years 2012 and 2018, which was named δMIR. Current health expenditures (CHE) and the human development index (HDI) were obtained from the World Health Organization and the Human Development Report Office. The association between variables was analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. In total, 55 countries were analyzed according to data quality and the exclusion of missing data. Globally, the MIR changed according to the HDI level in both genders. Among the 55 countries studied, a high HDI and CHE were significantly associated with a favorable age-standardized rate-based MIR (ASR-based MIR) in both genders and the subgroups according to gender (for both genders, MIR vs. HDI: ρ = -0.720, p < 0.001; MIR vs. CHE per capita: ρ = -0.760, p < 0.001; MIR vs. CHE as a percentage of gross domestic product (CHE/GDP): ρ = -0.663, p < 0.001). Importantly, in females only, the CHE/GDP but neither the HDI score nor the CHE per capita was significantly associated with a favorable ASR-based δMIR (ASR-based δMIR vs. CHE/GDP: ρ = 0.414, p = 0.002). In the gender subgroups, the association between the HDI and the CHE was statistically significant for females and less significant for males. In conclusion, favorable bladder ASR-based MIRs were associated with a high CHE; however, improvement of the ASR-based δMIR data was more correlated with the CHE in females. Further investigation of the gender differences via a cohort survey with detailed information of clinical-pathological characteristics, treatment strategies, and outcomes might clarify these issues and improve therapeutic and/or screening strategies for bladder cancer.

The Impact of Globalization on Human Development Index: A Case of Pakistan

The main objective of the study is to explore the short and long run relationship of globalization and human development index for 34 years during 1980 to 2014. In order to analyze economic, social and political dimensions of globalization separately for Pakistan economy. The time series data compiled from various sources including UNDP annual Human Development Reports, SPDC Social Development report, Pakistan Review 2005-06, World Bank and KOF. A semi-log model was used to explain the relationship, whereas some other models were also used to test the mobility of the variables. The test applied is ADF test and on the basis of ADF test results, the ARDL method of co integration was used to test long run impact of all independent variables on human development index. From the findings, we may conclude that globalization overall and social, political and economic globalization have positive impact on human development index for Pakistan, whereas some control variables like population density effects positively, and greenhouse gas emissions significantly and negatively affect the globalization. It is suggested that in order to improve the globalization, it is mandatory to focus on indirect effects of globalization and make necessary plans to reduce such emissions.

HUMAN FACTORS AFFECTING DIGITAL SECURITY

World is getting digital at an exponential rate. Commonplace activities are accomplished increasingly over digital platform to bring in requirement of digital security in place of only physical security. Security (physical or digital or both) is essential for safe storage, retrieval and exchange of physical or digital data and documents. As data/information/knowledge leading to wisdom are increasingly getting endowed with economic values the risk for such assets being pilfered are also increasing. This requires methods for their security being augmented continuously. Society from past to present days are putting their best efforts in this end. Generally, it is achieved through hiding the message from predator’s greedy glare and ensuring its temper-free safe passage to desired destination with deception in various forms. Associated processes are complex and during initial days were executed with various forms of arts and riddles. Over years technology driven solutions were evolved to ensure today’s digital security requirements [7],[8].&#x0D; Motivation/Background: Presently occurrence of digital security disasters is not few and far between, instead they are alarmingly many, though technology for digital security is improving by leaps and bounds. More often than not, in case of a digital catastrophe dominant foot prints of human involvement are found along with technical snags. It may be noted that technical failure can be assessed and rectified in an organized way though causes of human involvement are difficult to judge as they are much abstract in nature and difficult to measure. Thus, this effort to explore human role in digital disaster.&#x0D; Method: In present text traditional to most current practices of securing data storage, retrieval and disbursal are touched upon. During earlier days data hiding technique from predator’s glare had been more of an artistic than scientific form. Over years mathematical and statistical approach were induced to make the system more robust though secrets are exposed even today at an alarming rate and at times by their own creators to usher security disasters. As the discussion progressed results from secondary sources are presented to make a broad statement on current scenario. Finally, indicators like NCSI (National Cyber Security Index) and DDL (Digital Development Level) from NCSI site and HDI (Human Development Index) from Human Development Report of 2019, produced by UNDP, are considered for analysis to have better insight. These figures are available on public domain for general referral [24],[25].&#x0D; Results: It has been observed that beyond technical complications, human factors play a dominant role in ensuring security.

Disparities in pregnancy-related deaths: spatial and Bayesian network analyses of maternal mortality ratio in 54 African countries

BackgroundMaternal mortality remains a public health problem despite several global efforts. Globally, about 830 women die of pregnancy-related death per day, with more than two-third of these cases occurring in...

Trends of Testicular Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios in Relation to Health Expenditure: An Ecological Study of 54 Countries.

Favorable testicular cancer mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) are associated with health care disparities, including health care expenditures, but the trends of testicular MIR and health care disparity remain unclear. We evaluated changes in MIR as the difference between 2012 and 2018, termed delta MIR (δMIR). Health care expenditures and the human development index (HDI) were obtained from the World Health Organization and the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme. The association between the variables was analyzed by Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. A total of 54 countries were included in the criteria of data quality reports and missing data. By continent, the most favorable MIR was in Oceania (0.03) while it was 0.36 in Africa. In these areas, the incidence rates were positively correlated to health care expenditure, but the mortality rates showed a reversed correlation. The MIR ranged from 0.01 to 0.34 and the δMIR ranged from −0.05 to 0.34. The favorable MIRs are correlated to high health care expenditure and HDI (all p < 0.001). Interestingly, favorable δMIRs tend to be seen in countries with relatively low health care expenditure and HDI (all p < 0.001). In conclusion, favorable testicular cancer MIRs are associated with high HDI and health care expenditure, but the improvement in MIR between 2012 and 2018 (δMIR) is negatively correlated with HDI and health care expenditure.

The Impact of Globalization on Human Development Index: A Case of Pakistan

The main objective of the study is to explore the short and long run relationship of globalization and human development index for 34 years during 1980 to 2014. In order to analyze economic, social and political dimensions of globalization separately for Pakistan economy. The time series data compiled from various sources including UNDP annual Human Development Reports, SPDC Social Development report, Pakistan Review 2005-06, World Bank and KOF. A semi-log model was used to explain the relationship, whereas some other models were also used to test the mobility of the variables. The test applied is ADF test and on the basis of ADF test results, the ARDL method of co integration was used to test long run impact of all independent variables on human development index. From the findings, we may conclude that globalization overall and social, political and economic globalization have positive impact on human development index for Pakistan, whereas some control variables like population density effects positively, and greenhouse gas emissions significantly and negatively affect the globalization. It is suggested that in order to improve the globalization, it is mandatory to focus on indirect effects of globalization and make necessary plans to reduce such emissions.

Japan’s narrative on human security: international norms, diplomatic identity and recognition

Human security is presented in the United Nations Development Programme’s 1994 Human Development Report as a new security concept, different from more conventional ones focusing on the security of the state, and instead focusing on the security of the individual, of humans. At the turn of the century and for about a decade, academic literature has regularly described Japan as promoting human security in different ways. However, little has been published on this during the last decade. The aim of this article is two-fold. First, it takes a long-term perspective to trace the evolution of this concept in Japanese diplomacy over the last three decades, in order to assess its significance over time and as of today. Second, it takes a close look at the actual Japanese narrative in order to understand how this concept can be beneficial for Japan’s diplomacy. This article argues that, first, human security has been and still is a central concept in Japan’s diplomatic discourse and, second, Japan’s promotion of human security leads to a positive Japanese diplomatic identity and an increased self-confidence, which Japan wants because of its desire of recognition. This claim is demonstrated by a quantitative and qualitative analysis of central texts of Japanese diplomacy, narrating human security, over the last three decades. For Japan, emphasizing its own efforts and complying with the international norm of human security has a positive effect on its international identity and recognition.

मानवी विकास आणि सरकारी धोरण (Human Development and Government Policy)

Marathi Abstract: UNDP न सरवपरथम 1990 मधय अरथशासतरजञ महबब हक याचया सहकारयान मानव विकास रिपोरट परकाशित कला, या HDI निरदशाकाच परवरतक महणन तयाना सबोधल जात. HDIनिरदशाकातील सरवाधिक महतवपरण बाब महणज, दिरघायषय, सवसथ जीवन, शिकषण परापतीची सधी आणि उतकषट जीवनाचा सतर तसच यातील अनय महतवाचया बाबी महणज राजनतीक सवततरता, मानवाधिकाराची गवाही आणि आतमसनमानाची विविध ततव होत.UNDP चा मानव विकास रिपोरट हा तीन ततवाच समिशरण आह. त महणज . 1) जनमाचया वळी जीवन सभावयता. 2) शिकषणाचा सतर. (परौढ शिकषणाचा दर, पराथमिक,माधयमिक,उचच शिकषणाचा दर) 3) जीवनाचा सतर. (USD वर आधारीत परती वयकति GDP) या तीन ततवाच अधिकतम आणि नयनतम मलयाचया आधार HDIनिरदशाकाची सरासरी आखली जात. या रिपोरट नसार भारत सन 2006 मधय HDI निरदशाकाचया करमवारीत 126 वया करमाकावर होता. सन 2008 मधय UNDP च भारतातील परतीनिधी मकसिन ओलसन व योजना आयोगाच उपाधयकष मोटक सिह अहलवालीया यानी दिलली यथ मानव विकास रिपोरट परकाशीत कला, यात भारत दश 128 (Value 0.619) वया करमाकावर आह. सन 2006 चया तलनत भारत दोन करमाकान खाली घसरलला असलयाच दिसन यतो. English Abstract: UNDP first published the Human Development Report in 1990 in collaboration with economist Mehboob Haque, who is credited as the promoter of the VKP Index. The most important aspects of the CPI index are longevity, healthy living, educational attainment and quality of life, among others. Political independence, human rights testimony and self-respect are the various elements. That is. 1) Life expectancy at birth. 2) Level of education. (Rate of adult education, rate of primary, secondary, higher education) 3) The standard of living. (Lack of per capita based on NAC) The VKP index is averaged based on the maximum and minimum values ​​of these three elements. According to the report, India was ranked 126th in the CPI index in 2006. In 2008, Maxine Olson, India's Representative to India, and Motek Singh Ahluwalia, Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission, published the Human Development Report in Delhi, which ranked India 128th and 619th. Compared to 2006, India has slipped two places. The National Human Development Report is published by the Government of India with the assistance of the Planning Commission. The Human Development Report was published in 2001. The Planning Commission, while preparing the National Human Development Report, relied on new indicators different from the NPC's VP indicators.

أثر مؤشّر التنمیة البشریّة على معدّل الجریمة ومعدّل جریمة المخدرات فی الأردن للفترة 2009 -2018 The Impact of the Human Development Index on the Crime Rate and Drug-Related Crimes Rate in Jordan during the Period (2009-2018)

تهدف الدراسة تعرف أثر مؤشر التنمية البشرية على معدل الجريمة ومعدل جريمة المخدرات في الأردن للفترة (2009-2018) ويتمثل مجتمع الدراسة من جميع البيانات الجاهزة التي تعکس مؤشر التنمية البشرية ومعدل الجريمة ومعدل جريمة المخدرات في الأردن بناء على ما ورد في تقارير (التنمية البشرية/ البرنامج الإنمائي للأمم المتحدة، وزارة التربية والتعليم، إدارة المعلومات الجنائية)؛ وعليه فإن عينة الدراسة تتمثل بالبيانات الجاهزة الواردة في التقارير المشار إليها للفترة (2009-2018). واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي، وللإجابة عن أسئلة الدراسة تم استخدام اختبار الانحدار البسيط، وأظهرت النتائج وجود أثر دال إحصائيا لمؤشر التنمية البشرية على معدل الجريمة ومعدل جريمة المخدرات، وتوصي الدراسة ضرورة التطوير النوعي للتعليم للحد الذي يسهم به في تحقيق التنمية البشرية المنشودة، وتوخي عدالة توزيع نصيب الفرد من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، وضمان إتاحة الخدمات الصحية ذات الجودة العالية، ووضع الخطط التنموية لاحتواء الفقر والبطالة. The present study aimed to explore the impact of the human development index on crime rate and drug-related crimes rate in Jordan during the period (2009-2018). The study’s population consists of all the data that are related to human development index, crime rate and drug-related crimes rate in Jordan. Such data were obtained from the human development reports and reports drafted by the UN developmental program, the Ministry of Education, and the Criminal Information Department. The study’s sample consists of the relevant data that are listed in the aforementioned reports and related to the period (2009-2018). The researcher of the present study adopted a descriptive analytical approach. To answer the study’s questions, the simple regression analysis was conducted. It was found that human development index has a statistically significant impact on crime rate and drug-related crimes rate. The researcher recommends improving the quality of education in order to increase the degree of achieving human development. It is recommended that achieving more justice in terms of gross domestic product per capita. The study also recommended providing all people with access to healthcare services of high quality. The researcher also recommended making developmental plans for fighting against poverty and unemployment.