Human Corpus Research Articles

Decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights during 2020: Trends and lessons

The African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights has made considerable progress in its jurisprudential activities in the year 2020. Between January and December 2020 the African Court delivered 55 decisions and received 40 new cases and one request for an advisory opinion. The swift response the African Court adopted to the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic in holding three out of four sessions virtually has enabled the Court to reduce the backlog of cases. This article examines the main features of decisions the African Court adopted in 2020. It analyses trends emerging from them and draws possible lessons. The Court's 2020 decisions give an opportunity to critically review the jurisprudential direction of the Court, the number and types of decisions rendered, the quality of the protection of human and peoples' rights it offered as well as its normative contribution to the human rights corpus. While the Court has boldly and uncompromisingly asserted its authority over sensitive domestic issues - prompting four states so far to withdraw their declarations allowing individuals and non-governmental organisations to approach it directly - the Court's 2020 decisions persuasively demonstrate that it has not shied away from its mandate to hold states and their organs to the obligations to which they have committed under international human rights law.

Age-related dynamics of morphological changes in the human cortex and corpus callosum: 
 Microgliocytes and neurofilaments as markers of aging

Objectives to analyze the number and sum of diameters of microgliocytes in the precentral gyrus cortex and the corpus callosum of a person in the early adulthood and of an old person and to identify the patterns of neurofilaments expression in these parts of the brain.
 Material and methods. The results of a sectional study of the cerebral cortex in the precentral gyrus and corpus callosum using hematoxylin and eosin staining were analyzed, and an immunohistochemical study was performed using antibodies to neurofilaments. The dead were divided into two groups depending on their age. The group I included 23 men and 27 women in their early adulthood, aged from 23 to 28 years; the group II included 19 men and 25 women of the old age from 75 to 83 years. We examined the number of microgliocytes, the sum of their diameters, and the expression of neurofilament proteins in the tissue.
 Results. Morphometric study of autopsy material showed that in the corpus callosum, as well as in the cortex of the precentral gyrus, there was an age-related statistically significant increase in the number of microgliocytes and the sum of their diameters (p 0.001). We found that the expression of neurofilaments in the cortex of the precentral gyrus is uniform both in the early adulthood and in old age. In the corpus callosum tissue, the age-related neurodegenerative changes are more pronounced: by old age, there is a significant decrease in the expression of neurofilaments with the formation of their rarefaction sites in the areas of microgliocyte clusters.
 Conclusion. The results of morphological study of the precentral gyrus cortex and corpus callosum of two age groups testify that the number and sum of diameters of microgliocytes responsible for the utilization of spent myelin have a certain relationship with age and expression of neurofilaments in the nervous tissue.

Morphology and Morphometry of Foetal Corpus Callosum Using MRI – A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Corpus callosum (CC) is the largest commissural white fibres interconnecting cerebral hemispheres. The corpus callosum is responsible for interhemispheric transfer of information which is essential for cognitive function. The foetal corpus callosum serves as sensitive indicator for normal brain development and maturation. As the corpus callosum is a part of the highest order latest maturing mental network of the brain, its measurements are important to assess normal brain development and to locate structural changes. A comprehensive evaluation of normal human foetal corpus callosal development is essential to detect and understand the congenital anomalies of the brain. Thus, the prenatal diagnosis of partial or complete agenesis of the corpus callosum is important for predicting the normal development of the foetus. Foetal neural anomalies that are suspected on prenatal ultrasonography (USG) can be detected in early stage using foetal MRI. This imaging technique is highly useful for detailed visualization of normal neural development. Certain conditions like colpocephaly and widening of interhemispheric fissure can be clearly visualized using foetal MRI when compared to prenatal ultrasonography. Aim and objective: Was to establish the normal reference values for the measurement of foetal corpus callosum. The length and thickness of the foetal CC was measured corresponding to gestational age (GA) between 18-36weeks. Materials and methods: A retrospective MRI study was carried out in Radiology department of Sri Ramachandra Hospital. The study was conducted on 50 pregnant women with GA of 18-32 weeks and morphology of foetal corpus callosum was measured using MRI. The corpus callosum was visualized in a mid-sagittal plane as an anechoic structure, delimited by two echogenic lines superiorly by sulcus of the corpus callosum and inferiorly by the septum pellucidum. The length of corpus callosum was measured from the anterior most aspect of genu to the posterior most aspect of the splenium and the width of individual parts were measured and correlated with gestational age. The values obtained from the study were statistically calculated using regression coefficient method. Results: In the present study following parameters were observed such as length and width of diverse parts of Corpus callosum. The length of foetal CC ranged from 25.96 to 47.2 mm in 18 to 32 weeks of gestational age. The range of width of rostrum, genu, body and splenium were 1.2 to 2.2 mm, 1.2-2.8mm, 1.3-3.1mm and 1.36-3.2mm respectively. Conclusion: The periodic development of nervous system can be calculated more effectively with the morphometric measurement of foetal CC and its correlation with BPD. It is considered to be accurate than using BPD measurement of head circumference in USG. Hence, with the normative data of foetal CC measurements correlated with gestational age would give us accurate details of neuronal growth rather than measuring biparietal diameter (BPD) alone using USG. This knowledge will be highly helpful for the gynaecologists to predict the abnormal development of the foetus and it is advised to include foetal CC parameters as a one of the tools for early detection of CNS anomalies.

Children without Humanness. Criança-Irân Infanticide Cultural Practice Challenging Human Rights in Guinea-Bissau

ABSTRACT This article focuses on the discrepancies between the onto-metaphysical foundations of criança-irân ritual infanticide (practised in Guinea Bissau) and the principles underpinning international, legal human rights. Bissau-Guinean cosmological beliefs justify the infanticide, excluding infants from the category of human being. This paper argues that the practice and its underpinning principles constitute a threefold challenge to human rights, as analysed in the three sections constituting the paper. The first part reveals the apparent inconsistency between the primary human rights corpus and given cultural practices, in the framework of the right to culture. The second it takes into account the universalist and the relativist stances in the discernment of individualistic and societal features as benchmark for human rights formulation, implementation and protection. Last, resorting to ethical pluralism, it exposes the dichotomy between the practice and human rights’ foundations, emphasising the peculiar ways in which humanness, and hence rights-holder, have hitherto been conceptualised.

Land Rights in International Human Rights Instruments: Appraising Nigeria’s Compliance

This article explores the scope and content of the right to property and critically evaluates the extent to which Nigeria’s legal protection of private property rights is in conformity with international human rights instruments. It highlights the dimensional allegory that depicts the manifold complexes of regional and international human rights laws and provides clear understanding of the divergence in Nigeria’s human rights adherence with specific focus on land and human rights preservation. It argues that the ostentatious narrative of human rights contains a connotation which portrays an epochal challenge set against the controversies of land policies flowing from tyranny of historical origin and the duplicities of the human rights scheme clouded and obscurity. The article advocates for the construction of a truly universal human rights corpus with regards to the protection of private lands in such manner that is multicultural, comprehensive, and intensely apolitical. Keywords : Land, Human Rights, Laws, International Instruments. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/99-07 Publication date: July 31 st 2020

ANALISIS NILAI-NILAI KEMANUSIAAN DALAM NOVEL �DEBU YERUSSALEM� KARYA QUODVULTDEUS BAGASKORO

The value of humanity is an attitude or behavior among fellow human beings that is related to mutual tolerance, freedom, openness, fairness, fairness, honesty, between religious communities. Novel Dust Dust Jerusalem tells the story of a difference that occurred between Roman religious, Christian, and Jewish. This difference resulted in a disaster for humans at that time. The method used in this research is Qualitative Descriptive. The approach used is the Sociology of Literature approach. The research data source is the novel DebuYerussalem by QuodvultdeusBagaskoro. The research instrument uses tables of lattice instruments of human values and corpus data. Data collection techniques using text analysis techniques. The validity used is a flowing technique that includes three components of activity namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The stages of research carried out consist of several stages, namely the initial stage, the implementation phase, and the completion phase.Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that in the novel DebuYerussalem by QuodvultdeusBagaskoro contains human values that are very useful for the readers. Humanity values contained in the novel cover three aspects of aspects, namely the aspect of justice, fair in deciding a case based on the law and religion that has been determined. Not taking sides with one party but prioritizing peace, choosing for the common good for peace between people. Aspects of suffering, physical and mental suffering with acts of torture include hitting, kicking, killing carried out on humans. Feeling a sense of hurt in humans.The aspect of love, the realization of compassion, compassion, attention expressed by responsible behavior.Providing a sense of devotion and comfort for others.Keywords: Values, humanity, Dust of Jerusalem

Prickles and Goo: Human Rights and Spirituality

Although there appears to be a growing interest in exploring the crossroads between spirituality and social change, spirituality remains a relatively obscure topic within mainstream international human rights. This article will explore what a more spiritual grounding for human rights might look like and how it might change perspectives and practices from the comparatively conventional and mainstream. I argue that viewing conventional human rights thinking, policy, and practice through the lens of spirituality can facilitate a better and more balanced reading of the human rights corpus, and ultimately, better and more sustainable human rights practice. While no panacea, spiritual perspectives that enhance a sense of interconnectedness and inclusionary identity may be one way of re-invigorating the human rights project at a time when it is said to be in a state of crisis.

African Approaches to International Law: A Communitarian Ethic As a Cultural Critique of the Western Understanding of the Human Rights Corpus

African Approaches to International Law: A Communitarian Ethic As a Cultural Critique of the Western Understanding of the Human Rights Corpus

NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 regulate epithelial cell proliferation in mouse and human gastric corpus.

Here we demonstrate that the Notch signaling pathway is essential for proliferation of stem cells in the mouse and human gastric corpus. We identify NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 as the predominant Notch receptors expressed in both mouse and human corpus and show that both receptors are required for corpus stem cell proliferation. We show that chronic Notch activation in corpus stem cells induces hyperproliferation and tissue hypertrophy, suggesting that Notch may drive gastric tumorigenesis.

Personification and a Trope of Writing: Nakano Shigeharu's “Language of Slaves”

Tropes that connect human corpses and literary corpora are as old, perhaps, as writing itself, yet in recent years the personification of texts has come under scrutiny. Despite such critical tendencies either to disregard connections between people and texts as manifestations of pathetic fallacies or to overvalue the biological and historical identity of writers over the linguistic content of their texts, written arguments against real oppression and suppression remain powerful precisely when writers use tropes to bestow language, writing, or texts with basic characteristics of living organisms. Drawing on Nakano Shigeharu's passing use of the trope “the language of slaves” to describe the practice of using blank type and deletion marks under imperial Japanese censorship, this article argues that recent assessments of the ethics of personifying texts and language are far from universal.

A two-phase hybrid of semi-supervised and active learning approach for sequence labeling

In recent years, many NLP systems and tasks are developed using machine learning methods. In order to achieve the best performance, these systems are generally trained on a large human annotated corpus. Since annotating such corpora is a very expensive and time-consuming procedure, manually annotating corpora is become one of the significant issues in many text based tasks such as text mining, semantic annotation, Named Entity Recognition and generally Information Extraction. Semi-supervised Learning and Active Learning are two distinct approaches that deal with reduction of labeling costs. Based on their natures, Active and semi-supervised learning can produce better results when they are jointly applied. In this paper we propose a combined Semi-Supervised and Active Learning approach for Sequence Labeling which extremely reduces manual annotation cost in a way that only highly uncertain tokens need to be manually labeled and other sequences and subsequences are labeled automatically. The proposed approach reduces manual annotation cost around 90% compare with a supervised learning and 30% in contrast with a similar fully active learning approach. Conditional Random Field CRF is chosen as the underlying learning model due to its promising performance in many sequence labeling tasks. In addition we proposed a confidence measure based on the model's variance reduction that reaches a considerable accuracy for finding informative samples.

Endocrine Disruptors and Human Corpus Luteum: In vitro Effects of Phenols on Luteal Cells Function

Endocrine disruptors are well known to impair fertility. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol (p-NP) on human luteal function in vitro. In particular, in luteal cells isolated from 21 human corpora lutea progesterone, prostaglandin (PG) F2α, PGE2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) release, as well as VEGF expression were evaluated. BPA and p-NP negatively affected both luteal steroidogenesis and luteotrophic/ luteolytic factors balance, without influencing VEGF mRNA expression. Actually, BPA and p-NP impaired human luteal cells function in vitro, underlining the already suggested correlation between phenols and reproductive failure.

Human gastric TFF2 peptide contains an N-linked fucosylated N,N'-diacetyllactosediamine (LacdiNAc) oligosaccharide

In the human stomach, the peptide trefoil factor family 2 (TFF2) is secreted together with the mucin MUC6 by mucous neck cells (MNCs) and antral gland cells. TFF2 is strongly associated with the gastric mucus and promotes gastric restitution. Here, TFF2 was purified from the human corpus and antrum, respectively, by size-exclusion chromatography, and the N-linked glycan structure at N-15 of the mature peptide was determined. As a hallmark, the unusual monofucosylated N,N'-diacetylhexosediamine (tentatively assigned as GalNAcβ1→4GlcNAc, LacdiNAc) modification was detected as the terminal structure of a bi-antennary complex type N-glycan exhibiting also core fucosylation. Replicate analyses did not show microheterogeneities in the fraction of peptide-N-glycosidase F cleaved and permethylated N-glycans when analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS). On the glycopeptide level, a minor glycan microheterogeneity was evident in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, demonstrating the presence of underfucosylated species. The tryptic TFF2 N-glycopeptide p34-39 (LSPHNR N-glycosylated with Fuc3Hex3HexNAc6) was identified by both ESI-tandem mass spectrometry and MALDI-post-source decay analysis. Lectin analyses with the Wisteria floribunda agglutinin indicated the potential presence of LacdiNAc terminating glycans and revealed minor differences between TFF2 from fundic units, i.e. MNCs, and antral units, i.e. antral gland cells. Strikingly, on the level of the primary structure, there was no indication that the formation of the proposed LacdiNAc structure is cis-controlled by a peptidic determinant related to the published sequences.

Endocrine cells in human fetal corpus of stomach: appearance, distribution, and density

Since reports on endocrine cells and their kinetics in the corpus of the human stomach are limited, the aim of this study was to examine the appearance, localization, density, and the relationship among the endocrine cell types in the corpus of the human stomach during prenatal and early postnatal development. We examined chromogranin A, somatostatin, ghrelin, glucagon, and serotonin expression by immunohistochemistry in 2 embryos, 38 fetuses, and 3 infants in the corpus of human stomach. ChromograninA secreting endocrine cells were identified in the corpus at week 10 of gestation. Somatostatin cells were present from the 10th week, ghrelin and serotonin cells from the 11th week, and glucagon cells from the 12th week of gestation. Endocrine cells were present individually or clustered within the glandular base and body during the first trimester, and were present separately within the basal and central parts of glands during the second and third trimesters. Somatostatin cells were the most common type of cells (~46%) during the first trimester, while ghrelin cells were the most numerous during the second trimester (~34%), and in infants (~28%). The percentage of glucagon cells was significant only during the first trimester of pregnancy (5.5%), and the percentage of serotonin cells was only significant just before birth (4.8%). These results show, for the first time, that the largest number of endocrine cells are present in the corpus during the first trimester of prenatal development. Also, these results suggest that secretory products of endocrine cells play a role in the regulation of homeostasis, growth, and differentiation, and in human stomach function.

W2050 Response to Acetylcholine and Electrical Field Stimulation On Human Gastric Fundus and Corpus Is Different with That of Human Gastric Antrum

Introduction: Motor functions of the stomach have traditionally been regarded to differ by stomach region. However, to date there have been few studies on the gastric contractility of the human stomach. Objectives: The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the human fundus, corpus and antrum. Methods: Gastric muscles were obtained from 71 patients (44 males, 27 females with an average age of 60.7 yrs; 34 85 yrs) undergoing gastric cancer surgery. Muscle strips (n = 71) were isolated and attached to a fixed mount and to an isometric strain gauge. The muscle strips were studied In Vitro for their contractile responses to acetylcholine (n=25) and electrical field stimulation (EFS, n=46). N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), atropine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were added to assess the nitro oxide-mediated changes and cholinergic neural pathway involved in EFS-induced contractions. Results: Spontaneous contractile activity was observed in muscle strips of stomach regions. In the antrum, acetylcholine induced increase in contraction frequency and peak contraction in dose dependent pattern, but no significant change was noticed in muscle tone. In corpus and fundus, acetylcholine induced dose-dependent increase in peak contraction and muscle tone, but there was no significant change in frequency. The response to EFS also differed by stomach region. EFS produced no significant change in contractile activity in 22 of 46 muscle strips. When EFS evoked frequency-dependent contraction or relaxation in muscle strips, contraction was primarily observed in the muscle strips from the antrum, and relaxation was primarily observed in the muscle strips of the corpus and fundus. The addition of LNA (100 uM) to the muscle bath converted the EFS-induced relaxation to contractions and increased the EFS-induced contractions. EFS-induced contractions were abolished by atropine (1uM) or TTX (1uM). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation on human gastric fundus and corpus is different with that of human gastric antrum.

W2053 The Impact of Using Different Standardized Meals in the Assessment of Motility of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract

Introduction: Motor functions of the stomach have traditionally been regarded to differ by stomach region. However, to date there have been few studies on the gastric contractility of the human stomach. Objectives: The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the human fundus, corpus and antrum. Methods: Gastric muscles were obtained from 71 patients (44 males, 27 females with an average age of 60.7 yrs; 34 85 yrs) undergoing gastric cancer surgery. Muscle strips (n = 71) were isolated and attached to a fixed mount and to an isometric strain gauge. The muscle strips were studied In Vitro for their contractile responses to acetylcholine (n=25) and electrical field stimulation (EFS, n=46). N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), atropine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were added to assess the nitro oxide-mediated changes and cholinergic neural pathway involved in EFS-induced contractions. Results: Spontaneous contractile activity was observed in muscle strips of stomach regions. In the antrum, acetylcholine induced increase in contraction frequency and peak contraction in dose dependent pattern, but no significant change was noticed in muscle tone. In corpus and fundus, acetylcholine induced dose-dependent increase in peak contraction and muscle tone, but there was no significant change in frequency. The response to EFS also differed by stomach region. EFS produced no significant change in contractile activity in 22 of 46 muscle strips. When EFS evoked frequency-dependent contraction or relaxation in muscle strips, contraction was primarily observed in the muscle strips from the antrum, and relaxation was primarily observed in the muscle strips of the corpus and fundus. The addition of LNA (100 uM) to the muscle bath converted the EFS-induced relaxation to contractions and increased the EFS-induced contractions. EFS-induced contractions were abolished by atropine (1uM) or TTX (1uM). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation on human gastric fundus and corpus is different with that of human gastric antrum.

W2052 Urocortin Reduces Food Intake via Inhibition of Ghrelin Secretion in Rats

Introduction: Motor functions of the stomach have traditionally been regarded to differ by stomach region. However, to date there have been few studies on the gastric contractility of the human stomach. Objectives: The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the human fundus, corpus and antrum. Methods: Gastric muscles were obtained from 71 patients (44 males, 27 females with an average age of 60.7 yrs; 34 85 yrs) undergoing gastric cancer surgery. Muscle strips (n = 71) were isolated and attached to a fixed mount and to an isometric strain gauge. The muscle strips were studied In Vitro for their contractile responses to acetylcholine (n=25) and electrical field stimulation (EFS, n=46). N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), atropine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were added to assess the nitro oxide-mediated changes and cholinergic neural pathway involved in EFS-induced contractions. Results: Spontaneous contractile activity was observed in muscle strips of stomach regions. In the antrum, acetylcholine induced increase in contraction frequency and peak contraction in dose dependent pattern, but no significant change was noticed in muscle tone. In corpus and fundus, acetylcholine induced dose-dependent increase in peak contraction and muscle tone, but there was no significant change in frequency. The response to EFS also differed by stomach region. EFS produced no significant change in contractile activity in 22 of 46 muscle strips. When EFS evoked frequency-dependent contraction or relaxation in muscle strips, contraction was primarily observed in the muscle strips from the antrum, and relaxation was primarily observed in the muscle strips of the corpus and fundus. The addition of LNA (100 uM) to the muscle bath converted the EFS-induced relaxation to contractions and increased the EFS-induced contractions. EFS-induced contractions were abolished by atropine (1uM) or TTX (1uM). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation on human gastric fundus and corpus is different with that of human gastric antrum.

W2051 Electroacupuncture (EA) Improves Impaired Gastric Accommodation, Gastric Dysrhythmia and Delayed Gastric Emptying via the Opioid Pathway in Diabetic Rats Induced By Streptozotocin (STZ)

Introduction: Motor functions of the stomach have traditionally been regarded to differ by stomach region. However, to date there have been few studies on the gastric contractility of the human stomach. Objectives: The aim of the present study was therefore to examine the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation (EFS) of the human fundus, corpus and antrum. Methods: Gastric muscles were obtained from 71 patients (44 males, 27 females with an average age of 60.7 yrs; 34 85 yrs) undergoing gastric cancer surgery. Muscle strips (n = 71) were isolated and attached to a fixed mount and to an isometric strain gauge. The muscle strips were studied In Vitro for their contractile responses to acetylcholine (n=25) and electrical field stimulation (EFS, n=46). N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA), atropine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) were added to assess the nitro oxide-mediated changes and cholinergic neural pathway involved in EFS-induced contractions. Results: Spontaneous contractile activity was observed in muscle strips of stomach regions. In the antrum, acetylcholine induced increase in contraction frequency and peak contraction in dose dependent pattern, but no significant change was noticed in muscle tone. In corpus and fundus, acetylcholine induced dose-dependent increase in peak contraction and muscle tone, but there was no significant change in frequency. The response to EFS also differed by stomach region. EFS produced no significant change in contractile activity in 22 of 46 muscle strips. When EFS evoked frequency-dependent contraction or relaxation in muscle strips, contraction was primarily observed in the muscle strips from the antrum, and relaxation was primarily observed in the muscle strips of the corpus and fundus. The addition of LNA (100 uM) to the muscle bath converted the EFS-induced relaxation to contractions and increased the EFS-induced contractions. EFS-induced contractions were abolished by atropine (1uM) or TTX (1uM). Conclusions: Our study demonstrated that the response to acetylcholine and electrical field stimulation on human gastric fundus and corpus is different with that of human gastric antrum.

Secretory proteins from the epididymis and their clinical relevance: Sekretorische Proteine des Nebenhodens und ihre klinische Bedeutung

The literature pertaining to epididymal proteins and their functions in fertilization is reviewed. Animal studies have indicated that specific epididymal proteins may be involved in aspects of sperm motility, sperm-zona binding and the acrosome reaction. If analogous proteins in the human exist, use could be made of them in the andrology clinic. Currently, only one specific epididymal protein (alpha-glucosidase) is routinely measured for semen analysis. Glucosidase secretion, in addition to reflecting inflammation of the organ, is used in conjunction with other markers of human fertility to identify patients with ductal occlusion for whom bypass operations may be useful therapy. Glucosidase inhibitors have been used to improve the assay, by establishing true semen blank values, and to quantify histochemical activity in frozen tissue sections. From its localization in the human corpus and cauda epididymidis, neutral glucosidase can not be used to identify occlusion in the proximal regions of the duct. Other proteins may be valuable markers of these regions. In the future, other specific proteins of epididymal origin found in seminal fluid could well illuminate dysfunction of the organ in cases of infertility or be end-points of the disruptive action of drugs aimed at the epididymis.

MP-12.11: Pharmacological characterization of the novel phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor lodenafil carbonate on human and rabbit corpus cavernosum

MP-12.11: Pharmacological characterization of the novel phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor lodenafil carbonate on human and rabbit corpus cavernosum