Level Of Human Capital Research Articles

Have public environmental appeals inspired green total factor productivity? empirical evidence from Baidu Environmental Search Index.

Literatures focus on whether formal environmental regulatory policies can effectively stimulate green total factor productivity (GTFP), but generally ignore the role of informal institutions such as public environmental appeals. This paper uses inter-provincial panel data and Non-Radial Slacks-Based Measure (SBM) model to measure GTFP. With the Baidu Environmental Search Index presenting the public environmental appeals, the dynamic panel System Generalized Method of Moments (SYS-GMM) and Differenced Generalized Method of Moments (DIFF-GMM) methods are used to explore the effect, transmission mechanism and conditions of the public's environmental demands on green total factor productivity. The study concludes that public environmental appeals are beneficial to improve GTFP, and this result still holds after endogenous and robustness tests. The mechanism results show that the green technology innovation effect is an important mechanism for public environmental appeals to improve GTFP. In addition, public environmental appeals of different pollutants and different locations have heterogeneous effects on GTFP. In addition, the public wealth level, human capital level, and government institutional environment play an important role in the impact of public environmental appeals on GTFP.

Investment in Social Capital to Mitigate Nursing Shortages Post-Pandemic

The impacts of the pandemic have further eroded nursing work environments and have exacerbated the nursing shortage. Interventions have largely focused on unit-based interventions and unsustainable financial incentives to increase the levels of human capital in the organization to meet patient demand. Organizations may help to mitigate shortages, improve nurse work environments, and improve patient outcomes through intentional interventions related to social capital networks in the organization. This article describes the role of social capital in the context of the health care organization and proposes use of a conceptual model to improve social capital in the nurse work environment.

Students and protests: A quantitative cross-national analysis

Previous studies have found a positive relationship between the youth and the educated with protest number, but the form that these protests take needs further research. We argue that students are a unique group, acting neither as an educated nor a young population, and three possible mechanisms push students toward non-violent rather than violent forms of protest. By promoting values of tolerance, higher levels of human capital, and social mobility, education serves as a factor that pacifies destructive tendencies in protest movements. At the same time, universities are a platform for cooperation, and the large amounts of free time and energy make the costs of participating in protests for students minimal compared with other groups. Using a negative binomial regression and a rare events logistic regression, we find that the proportion of students is a strong and consistently significant predictor of the number of nonviolent demonstrations. However, the share of students in the total population does not turn out to be significantly associated with violent protests/armed uprisings.

The healthcare effect on the human capital level of the Ural Federal District subjects

Subject. This article discusses policy issues in the field of healthcare. Objectives. The article aims to determine the impact of the public health system's development on economic advancement. Methods. For the study, we used a regression analysis. Results. The article finds that the level of human capital correlates positively with the variable reflecting the development of healthcare, and demonstrates a variety of trends. Conclusions. It is necessary to augment the human capital in the subjects of the Ural Federal District in various areas, namely, the development of education, public healthcare, and social systems, as well as the development of a food culture and healthy lifestyle.

Human Capital as a Source of Energy for Rural Areas’ Socio-Economic Development—Empirical Evidence for Rural Areas in Poland

This article deals with the issue of human capital as a factor responsible for the emergence of development inequalities in rural areas. Its main goal is to analyze and evaluate the existing differences in the distribution of human capital resources in rural areas in Poland in relation to their socio-economic situation. The essence of human capital is expressed through the analogy of energy and capital in relation to the concept of homo energeticus. The essence of human capital is also expressed in terms of two components of its structure, i.e., health and the labor market. The level of human capital was expressed using two synthetic measures, i.e., the human capital ratio in the field of health (HCH) and the labor market (HCLM). The obtained research results indicate the existing differences in the spatial distribution of human capital, resulting in a polarization effect in the center-periphery system, and showing relations with the socio-economic structure of rural areas, their agricultural function, and the ongoing population processes. The assumption about the existing relations between the individual components of the structure of human capital, i.e., health and the labor market, with the socio-economic situation of individual communes should be considered correct. The obtained results of the empirical analysis constitute an important contribution to the description of the mechanism explaining the causes of the existing disproportions in the level of rural development; they allow for a more optimal planning of the instruments supporting their development at the local level. The empirical analysis was carried out in spatial terms with regard to rural areas in Poland defined in accordance with the administrative criterion of the Central Statistical Office at the lowest local (rural) level of data aggregation. The analysis covers rural and urban-rural communes in Poland, i.e., 2172 spatial units. The source of data for the synthetic measures (HCH and HCLM) was Local Data Bank Statistics Poland (LDB SP), and that for the indicator of the level of socio-economic development for rural areas (S-EDI) was the European Fund for Polish Rural Development (EFRWP).

The effect of cultural and creative production on human capital: Evidence from European regions

AbstractCultural and creative production (CCP) can create, renovate, and shape places' socio‐economic environments. Recent contributions suggest that culture can activate a set of cognitive and productive mechanisms that form the basis of human capital (HC) dynamics. Bridging these two streams of research, the present paper investigates possible causal relationships between CCP and HC at the regional level. Empirically, we used measures of employment in the cultural and creative sectors as proxies for CCP and applied generalized method of moments (GMM) panel estimations to yearly data from 283 European NUTS 2 regions from 2014 to 2020. The findings suggest that CCP positively affects regions' average levels of HC even controlling for several economic and demographic factors.

Is digital finance a powerful means for Chinese cities to reduce environmental pollution in the fourth industrial revolution?

ABSTRACT Exploring the impact of digital finance on environmental pollution is of great significance for realising regional sustainable development and promoting digital finance strategies. This paper uses the balanced panel data of 274 prefecture-level cities in China collected between 2011 and 2018, empirically studies the impact of digital finance on environmental pollution, and analyses its direct, mediating, nonlinear and heterogeneity effects. The results show that digital finance reduces environmental pollution and the effect gradually increases with time. The sub-indicators of digital finance significantly reduce environmental pollution, among which the usage-depth has the greatest impact on environmental pollution, while digitalisation level has the least. Digital finance reduces environmental pollution through production technology and industrial structure, while pollution control technology does not play an intermediary role. The pollution control effect of digital finance is more prominent in cities with a high level of Internet development and human capital. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect is more significant in western region and medium-small sized cities.

Low-carbon transformation of natural resource industry in China: Determinants and policy implications to achieve COP26 targets

Low-carbon transformation has become the main path towards achieving sustainable development of natural resources industries. However, little is known about how low-carbon transformation can be realized while maintaining economic growth in natural resources industry under COP26 targets. To address this issue, we investigated the regional carbon emission efficiency of natural resources industry, and explored the determinants of achieving higher carbon emission efficiency. Specifically, this research adopts a Super-SBM model with undesirable outputs approach to estimate the regional carbon emission efficiency of natural resources industry in each province of China over the period of 2008–2019. Further, we identify and examine the determinants of carbon emissions efficiency by constructing a panel fixed-effect model. We have the following findings: (1) Carbon emissions efficiency exhibits an increasing trend in different regions and shows a regional clustering effect, e.g., the carbon emissions efficiency in the eastern regions is generally higher than in other regions. (2) When green innovation activity level, environmental regulations intensity, education level of human capital, and openness of the focal region are higher, the value of carbon emissions efficiency of its natural resources industries is larger. Economic development level has a significantly negative effect on the regional carbon emissions efficiency. (3) Green innovation activity level has the highest importance among all five determinants. Policy recommendations for policymakers concerning improving green innovation activity level, human capital, environmental regulations intensity, and openness were also discussed.

The impact of the social adaptability of different groups on the human capital level in an uncertain environment: Panel data analysis based on 35 urban life satisfaction.

To explore the role of the social adaptability of different groups in human capital in an uncertain environment, this paper empirically tests the relationship between social adaptation and human capital by using a panel quantile regression model (QRPD) with the life satisfaction of 35 cities in China as an indicator. By selecting Nelder Mead and adaptive MCMC estimation methods, this paper finds that (1) the higher the level of social adaptation is, the more obvious the promotion effect on the level of human capital; (2) for eastern cities, social adaptation can promote the improvement of the human capital level; for central or western cities, the relationship between social adaptation and human capital is not obvious and depends on the method selected for estimation. To enhance the social adaptability of individuals, the government leadership should actively create conditions, carry out targeted social adaptation training and active adaptation skills exchange for different social groups in order to strengthen social adaptability and enhance human capital. At the same time, policymakers need to consider the differences between the eastern, central and western regions and choose the most suitable human capital improvement action framework for the region to manage environmental uncertainty and make regional human capital sustainable competitive in the era of uncertainty.

Foreign Direct Investment and Air Pollution: Re-Estimating the “Pollution Haven Hypothesis” in China

This paper focuses on the relationship between foreign direct investment (FDI) and air pollution. Based on the relaxation of China’s FDI regulation policy as well as the “China Environmentally Extended Input-Output” database, we utilize a difference-in-differences methodology and investigate the casual effects of FDI liberalization on air pollution intensity. The empirical results demonstrate that FDI reduces the air pollution intensity. However, it is more pronounced in sectors with higher levels of absorption ability and human capital. The reduction in air pollution is mainly driven by technical effects through the enhancement of total factor productivity and technological efficiency. FDI can help achieve the green development goals in developing countries with a more liberalized policy.

Human Capital, Market Environment, and Firm Innovation in Chinese Manufacturing Firms

This paper explored firm-level innovation in different market environments from a human capital point of view using both theoretical and empirical approaches. In the theoretical model, two firms compete with each other in a two-stage Cournot competition game, the innovation stage and production stage. Theoretical results indicated that a firm’s innovation is not only determined by its human capital level, firm characteristics, and its market share, but also might be affected by market environment. In the empirical study, we used two firm-level datasets from China, one from metropolitan cities and one from mid-sized cities. Results show that skilled human capital is vital for firm innovation in metropolitan cities, while R&D plays an important role in firm innovation in mid-sized cities. The GM’s experience is more important for firms in metropolitan cities, while the GM’s education is more critical for firms in mid-sized cities. Moreover, GDP per capita has a positive effect on firm innovation in metropolitan cities, while it harms firm innovation in mid-sized cities. We further showed that the industry composition explanation could account for our results. Finally, we also tried IV estimation, and the related results are discussed.

Does High-Speed Railway Promote the Level of Human Capital? An Empirical Analysis Based on Three Urban Agglomerations in China

This paper analyzed the impact of high-speed railway (HSR) construction on human capital and its mechanism by establishing high-speed railway-city level panel data from 2003 to 2019 and constructing a multiperiod difference- in-differences (DID) DID model in China. The results showed that HSR has significantly promoted the level of human capital in Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei urban agglomeration, Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration, and Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration in China, with the overall effect value of 20.8%. The conclusion that HSR promotes the level of human capital is still valid through endogenous treatment of the instrumental variable method and robustness test. Further analysis showed that the impact of HSR construction on the level of human capital in urban agglomerations is mainly through the labor mobility and education investment potential, with the effect values of 3.65% and 4.44%, respectively. The findings of this paper highlight the importance of exploiting the external utility of HSR, improving the level of regional human capital, and promoting high-quality economic development of urban agglomerations.

Determinants of foreign direct investment and its implications on tax revenue in Indonesia

This study aims to examine the effect of market size, trade openness, inflation rate, political stability, corruption, population, and status of human capital on tax revenue with Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as an intervening variable. This research is quantitative research with a multiplier linear regression model. The sample used in this study includes the provinces in Indonesia. The sample was carried out from 2014 to 2019 using a purposive sampling method, resulting in 180 observations. The research model was tested using two-panel data regression models, namely FEM – GLS Heteros and Autoregressive and Random Effect models (REM). The results show that: 1) market size, trade openness, and the level of human capital have a positive effect on FDI inflows; 2)market size, trade(openness), inflation rate, corruption level, population, human capital level, and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have a positive effect on tax revenue; and 3) market size (market size), trade (openness), and the level of human resources (human capital) have an indirect effect on tax revenue through Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).

Impacts of Upgrading of Consumption Structure and Human Capital Level on Carbon Emissions—Empirical Evidence Based on China’s Provincial Panel Data

Carbon emission reduction (CER) is increasingly becoming a global issue. This study explored the impact mechanism of upgrading of consumption structure (UCS) and human capital level (HC) on carbon emissions, and an empirical test was carried out using the provincial panel data from 2000 to 2019 in China. The results show the following: (1) China’s UCS could significantly curb carbon emissions. (2) At present, China’s HC is positively correlated with carbon emissions. The higher the level of human capital, the less conducive to CER. Additionally, the moderating effect of HC could inhibit the CER induced by UCS. (3) Regional heterogeneity analysis showed that the UCS in the central and western regions of China was conducive to CER, while the estimated coefficient of UCS on CER in the eastern region was not significant. (4) The UCS could reduce carbon emissions by stimulating the mediating effect of industrial upgrading. Based on empirical study results, this study proposes policy suggestions that can help reduce China’s carbon emissions.

New venture teams and acquisition: Team composition matters

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between new venture team characteristics on the acquisition likelihood of the new venture. We find that for a US sample of new ventures: new venture teams with equal numbers of females and males, as well as those with higher average education levels are more likely to be acquired. In addition, our results show that higher diversity in industry experience may decrease the acquisition likelihood of new ventures. This implies that teams consisting of both extremes, highly industry experienced and non-experienced members, tend to have the lowest acquisition likelihood all else being equal. This study adds to the rare empirical evidence regarding the factors associated with the exit of new ventures founded by teams, by providing evidence on the effect of team diversity and human capital level on acquisition likelihood. The results may be of interest to both entrepreneurs and external investors.

Emission Characteristics of Air Pollutants and CO2 from 11 Cities with Different Economic Development around the Bohai Sea in China from 2008-2017.

Cities around the Bohai Sea are one of the main population cluster areas in China, which are characterized by high levels of sustainability performance and human capital, as well as resource-intensive industries. In this study, levels of economic development metrics and emissions of air pollutants (BC, CO, NH3, NOx, OC, PM2.5, PM10, and SO2) and CO2 across eleven cities around the Bohai Sea from 2008 to 2017 were compared to illustrate the potential relationships between air pollutants/carbon emissions and socioeconomic developments. Meanwhile, the associations between the levels of economic development metrics (GDP per capita), emissions, and energy use per GDP have also been examined. Large differences across these 11 cities presenting different economic development levels and energy consumption characteristics have been observed. Cities with development dependable on the consumption of fossil fuels and the development of resource-intensive industries have emitted large amounts of air pollutants and CO2. Furthermore, the emissions and energy use per GDP for all the cities follow environmental Kuznets curves. The comparison results suggested that the developing cities dependable on resource-intensive industries around the Bohai Sea would obtain greater socioeconomic benefits owing to the interregional cooperation policies under top-down socioeconomic development plans and bottom-up technology development, accompanied by reduced emissions of air pollutants and CO2.

Reaping the Benefits of African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA)

Abstract Africa’s Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA) aims to boost intra-Africa trade and to ultimately improve the lives and welfare of Africans. Through a discursive analysis of human capital theory and its relationship with gains to trade, this paper analyses the state of Africa’s human capital in readiness for AfCFTA and provides some policy recommendations. Gains to trade are theoretically and empirically more beneficial to countries with human capital accumulation. Most African countries still have low human capital levels and may not be able to reap the benefits of an integrated free trade area that AfCFTA portends, in terms of employment generation. African countries require a coherent human capital development strategy. This paper recommends a three-pronged approach that includes identifying specific areas of comparative advantage, shifting focus away from the export of natural resources and primary products and developing the knowledge and skills required in the areas of comparative advantage identified.

HUMAN CAPITAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: BELARUS AND NEIGHBOR COUNTRIES

Based on the synthesis of cardinalist and ordinalist approaches to measuring economic processes and phenomena and based on the data of 167 countries for 2020 year, we performed the analysis of the relationship between the indicator of GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) and the human capital index. The results of the analysis show that Belarus and Ukraine have higher potential for economic development in comparison with other analyzed countries due to the accumulated level of human capital. Ceteris paribus, due to the accumulated level of human capital in these two countries, it is possible to increase GDP per capita at PPP in current prices in international dollars by 89,4 % and 127,4 %, respectively.

Broadband infrastructure and digital financial inclusion in rural China

This paper examines the relationship between the large-scale construction of broadband infrastructure and digital financial inclusion in rural China. To make causal inferences, we exploit a quasi-natural experiment and use a difference-in-differences identification strategy with a panel dataset of Chinese counties from 2014 to 2018. The results show that broadband infrastructure significantly contributes to digital financial inclusion. Furthermore, we distinguish between two dimensions of digital inclusion, namely, coverage and usage. We find that while broadband infrastructure promotes the coverage dimension, its effect on the usage dimension is limited. In addition, the effect of broadband infrastructure on digital financial inclusion in the usage dimension is larger in areas with higher levels of human capital, higher levels of social capital, and higher penetrations of bank branches. Accounting for these moderators is important to fully harness the potential of broadband infrastructure for financial inclusion.

How do industrial robots applications affect the quality upgrade of Chinese export trade?

This study examines the effect of industrial robots applications on the quality upgrade of China's manufacturing export products at the enterprise level. It analyzes import and export data obtained from the China Customs and Chinese Industrial Enterprises databases from 2000 to 2013. The results show that the industrial robots applications significantly promotes the quality upgrade of Chinese manufacturing export products. Moreover, the impact of industrial robots applications on the export product quality is dynamic; it initially increases and then decreases. Heterogeneity test results indicate greater quality improvement effects if robots feature applications in high-tech industries. We also show that importing more robots and for extended periods promotes the effects of industrial robots applications on the export product quality upgrades of Chinese enterprises. Mechanism tests reveal that industrial robots applications can upgrade the quality of export products by improving the labor productivity and human capital level of enterprises. Finally, spillover analyses show that industrial robots applications intensity significantly affects export quality upgrades through spillover effects.