Components Of Human Capital Research Articles

Human capital and economic growth in South Africa: A cross-municipality panel data analysis

Background:In the literature, human capital has been identified as a key economic variable that is needed to promote growth; hence this study explores the components of human capital, that is, different skill levels in order to capture the real effect of the employed labour on economic output across the municipalities of South Africa.Aim: This study investigates the effect of human capital of employed labour on economic output and growth in South Africa.Setting: The study focuses on the balanced panel of 269 South African municipalities for the period 1993 to 2016.Methods: The study utilises panel causality test and the generalised method of moments estimation techniques.Results: A panel causality test confirms bidirectional causality between human capital and total output, as well as between total employment and total output. The resultant aggregate findings suggest that human capital has a positive and a significant impact both on total output and economic growth. The disaggregated proxy of human capital shows that higher levels of skilled employment is associated with higher total output and economic growth.Conclusion: The findings of the effect of skilled employment on economic growth are in line with theoretical literature and therefore the study concludes that human capital in the form of skilled labour has a positive effect on both economic output and growth in South Africa. This informs policy to prioritise the upskilling of the labour force in order to contribute positively towards value-generating economic activities in South Africa.

Human Capital Management Under the Conditions of the Postmodern Society in the Context of Ensuring the Economic Safety of the Enterprise

In today's conditions of postmodern space the most significant resource of the modern economy, which is being formed in the leading countries of economic development, is human capital. The main goal of the article is to study the process of managing the formation of human capital in the functioning postmodern society as the basis of the national economy and ensuring the economic security of the enterprise. The basic components of human capital are determined on the basis of the analysis. It is established that the basic component is knowledge that affects others and in postmodern conditions of development of the national economy and determines the process of development of human capital. At the same time, the process of forming knowledge, in accordance with the principles of the functioning of the knowledge economy, is associated with the availability and possibility of obtaining information. The object of study is the enterprises of Eastern Europe. The subject of the study is human capital, the economic security system of the enterprise The results of the study allowed us to develop a model for the formation of human capital and to form a mechanism for ensuring the economic security of the enterprise through management of the formation of human capital under the conditions of the postmodern society.

Effectiveness of mass treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection in socially vulnerable areas of a state in northeastern Brazil, 2011\u20132014

BackgroundTo assess the effectiveness of mass treatment of Schistosoma mansoni infection in socially vulnerable endemic areas in northeastern Brazil.MethodAn ecological study was conducted, in which 118 localities in 30 municipalities in the state of Pernambuco were screened before 2011 and in 2014 (after mass treatment). Information on the endemic baseline index, mass treatment coverage, socio-environmental conditions and social vulnerability index were used in the multiple correspondence analysis. One hundred fourteen thousand nine hundred eighty-seven people in 118 locations were examined.ResultsThe first two dimensions of the multiple correspondence analysis represented 55.3% of the variability between locations. The human capital component of the social vulnerability index showed an association with the baseline endemicity index. There was a significant reduction in positivity for schistosomes. For two rounds, for every extra 1% of initial endemicity index, the fixed effect of 13.62% increased by 0.0003%, achieving at most 15.94%.ConclusionsThe mass treatment intervention helped to reduce transmission of schistosomiasis in areas of high endemicity. Thus, it can be recommended that application of mass treatment should be accompanied by other control actions, such as basic sanitation, monitoring of intermediate vectors and case surveillance.

ЗНАЧАЈ ЉУДСКИХ РЕСУРСА ЗА РАЗВОЈ ИКТ ПРЕДУЗЕЋА

In modern business conditions, a special place belongs to the services provided by ICT companies. The most valuable property of these companies is human capital, ie employees with their knowledge, abilities and possibilities. The subject of research is human capital as one of the most important components of intellectual capital. The aim of this paper is to analyze human capital and its basic components: learning and education, experience and expertise, and innovation and creativity. In the period June-August 2020, research was conducted in ICT companies of the Republic of Serbia. The findings of the research showed that the employees in these companies assessed learning and education as the most important factor of human capital. These results should serve as a guideline for managers to identify the components of human capital that need to be further acted upon in order to improve the overall performance of employees, which directly reflects on the growth and development of the company itself.

Structural and Dynamic Analysis of the Human Capital Health Component of the Socio-Economic System

Purpose of the research.Human capital in the modern world is the primary factor in ensuring the progressive development of society. The most important component of human capital is the component of health, which affects the quality of labor resources and labor productivity in the region. The purpose of this research is to study the development trends of the health component of human capital, using the example of the socio-economic system of one of the regions of the Russian Federation – the Udmurt Republic, to study the structure and dynamics of the specified object of research.Materials and methods.Statistical methods and techniques for studying the development of regional socio-economic processes as an information-supported element in making managerial decisions in strategic planning were used instrumental in this research. The information resource is based on official statistical data of institutions and departments of the Russian Federation and the data from periodicals, as well as using expert assessments in their information and analytical materials. The research base is the socio-economic processes of the last two decades in the Udmurt Republic. A numerical analysis of the structure and dynamics of the state of health of the population is carried out on the example of the Udmurt Republic, using primary modern data reflected in the system of state statistical accounting for the period 2000-2018.Results.Calculations have shown that the quality of the health component of human capital in the Udmurt Republic has been declining in recent decades. The share of healthy people in the region in the working age group of the population 15-72 years old decreased from 59.8% in 2000 to 42.1% in 2018. At the same time, the proportion of people with chronic diseases increased: 33.2% in 2000 and 48.5% in 2018. In general, the share of people with disabilities in the total population of the age group 15-72 years old increased from 7.0% to 9.4%. The general level of health of the population is declining at an average annual rate of 0.4 percentage points. This situation is due to both the aging factor of the population and the general trend of deteriorating health of the population in middle ages.Conclusion.The revealed and analyzed trends in the work of the structure and dynamics of the human capital health component of the population in socio-economic system indicate a decrease in the rate of positive influence of human capital on economic dynamics and the labor market. The analysis showed the emergence of the need to create additional conditions to reduce the level of general morbidity and disability. The results obtained indicate the need to increase the volume of funding for the health care system in order to expand the scale of involvement of the population in a healthy lifestyle, develop a preventive health care system, improve the availability and quality of medical care.

A six‐factor asset pricing model: The Japanese evidence

AbstractThe fundamental research question associated with the asset pricing framework relates to the risk and return relationship in return predictability. We introduce the human capital component to the Fama–French five‐factor model and derive an equilibrium six‐factor asset pricing model in an intertemporal framework. The study comprises the Japanese monthly time‐series dataset for 24 years spanning November 1990 to December 2017. The Generalized method of moments estimation and Gibbons‐Ross‐Shanken test results confirm that the six‐factor model yields better estimates and equally outperforms the Fama–French three‐factor, Carhart four‐factor, and Fama–French five‐factor models in explaining the variation in excess return on Fama–French variant portfolios. The core results and findings hold when we use labor income growth as an alternate measure of human capital in the six‐factor asset pricing model.

Changes in the Understanding of Religious and Cultural Components of Human Capital

This research identified structural differences between the religious and cultural components of human capital in Western and Russian intellectual traditions and created a specific holistic structural conceptual framework based on which further research can be carried out, or decisions can be made about determining human capital for scientific and public policy purposes. Experts selected research texts for examination, and their structural-semantic analysis was used as a research method. A group of 32 authoritative Russian university experts was formed to select the most significant and influential studies of Western scholars on human capital and changes in the attitude towards assessing its religious and cultural components. The selected works were analyzed to determine common concepts for which semantic relationships were established. As a result, a structural diagram of Western research's main ideas concerning the religious and cultural components of human capital was created. Among the totality of basic ideas that define the Western paradigm, there is a generally negative assessment of religiosity as a component of psychology that influences productive forces; a high level of religiosity is rarely correlated with economic prosperity and is not necessarily associated with high levels of morality or health. The novelty of the study is due to the fact that so far no attempts have been made to highlight the most important features of the Western paradigm of understanding the role of a religious or cultural component in the development of human capital and to apply it to determine the differences and possible strategies for the development of the individual economy (in our example, the Russian one). The paper also analyzed the essence of the contradiction between Western and Russian concepts of human capital. This study could serve as a foundation for further developing a strategy for identifying and using human potential to determine public policy for cultural and economic development.

The impact of knowledge management strategies on the relationship between intellectual capital and innovation: evidence from SMEs

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the moderating role of knowledge management (KM) strategies in developing the effect of intellectual capital (IC) on innovation for small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Specifically, the current study explores how different interactions between IC and KM strategies lead to more powerful innovation in SMEs.Design/methodology/approachThis study analyzes survey responses from 170 owners/managers of SMEs in Iran. The study uses partial least square structural equation modeling methods within Smart PLS software.FindingsThis study reveals that first IC has an excellent level of engagement with both incremental and radical types of innovation, but its engagement level with radical innovation is higher than that for incremental innovation. Second, the human capital component of IC has a direct positive impact on radical innovation although it has no significant impact on incremental innovation. Third, the personalization strategy of KM positively moderates the impact of human capital on both incremental and radical innovation.Originality/valueThis paper is an empirical attempt in SMEs to combine IC and KM strategies to strengthen innovation. It presents research community for SMEs of a developing country that has been investigated in a limited way compared to large firms of developed nations and provides valuable insights into further research.

A Data-Driven Analysis of Employee Development Based on Working Expertise

Employees' expertise is the basic component of human capital of organizations. As the role of human capital and the understanding of employee development become increasingly vital, research works about the effects of working expertise on development are necessary. This article aims to confirm the effect of expertise and find out how expertise affects development. In this article, we analyze employee development and working expertise through data-driven methods, using a data set of a Chinese state-owned enterprise. In addition to statistical analysis, expertise networks are constructed to discover more insights about the effect of expertise on employee development. Moreover, to further validate and exploit the effect, a prediction model of development potential is proposed based on machine learning. Results of the experiment show that the random forests model with network embedding (RFNE) is effective in identifying excellent employees. Finally, with the help of data-driven analysis of expertise and development, we find that the appropriate post, the right choice, the distinctive competency, as well as the interdisciplinary transfer contribute to employee development.

THE IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROVIDING: EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE AND THE LEGAL ASPECT

In the current conditions of globalization changes, increased competition, informatization of all spheres of public life, strategic development direction of Ukraine is to develop innovative and investment socially oriented model of sustainable economic development. Under such conditions, human capital is a key factor in enhancing the competitiveness of the national economy; it is an asset that capable to provide the receiving of competitive advantage through the use of unique human capabilities that in today’s information society is a driving force in building and providing sustainable economic development. The accumulation and reproduction of human capital should be considered as a strategic resource capable to ensure the sustainable socio-economic and spiritual-intellectual development of society. It is relevant to study and use European experience in implementing an action plan to ensure the sustainable development of the European Union (EU) through the development and accumulation of human capital, in particular the «Europe 2020» strategy. It is found out that Ukraine has its own programs, strategies and action plans to ensure sustainable economic development based on human capital. In order to determine the level of development of human capital of Ukraine, the country’s position on this indicator in various international rankings was analyzed. It is found out that Ukraine has formed national legislation based on the Constitution of Ukraine, laws of Ukraine, presidential decrees, CMU decrees, international agreements and other documents adopted by state authorities and provide for the formation, development, reproduction of the basic components of human capital. Priority directions of ensuring the liberal-democratic legal field of human capital development in the conditions of innovation, technical and demographic challenges, development of the information society and

Human Capital and Eco-Contractual Governance in Small Farms in Poland: Simultaneous Confirmatory Factor Analysis with Ordinal Variables

Human capital (HC) plays an important role in modern agriculture. The difference in efficiency of assets explains only about a half of the economic performance of agricultural farms, while the other half relies on HC. Although education and training are the main components of HC, it may also be viewed from the perspective of behavioral theories that were taken under consideration in this study. The role of HC in sustainable farming has not been sufficiently explained when it comes to contractual governance (CG). In this study, the meaning of contractual governance was extended and the eco-contractual governance (ECG) concept was proposed, which stands for CG induced by agri-environmental contracts. The main objective of the article is to confirm the latent concepts of HC and ECG and to verify their correlation in view of the standards imposed by the agricultural policy. To achieve this goal, a structural equation model was developed and simultaneous confirmatory factor analysis with ordinal variables was carried out based on the sample of 674 small farms in Poland. The analysis has confirmed a relatively strong correlation between HC and ECG. It was revealed that training plays a crucial role in this relationship, while economic dependence on agricultural policy weakens the effectiveness of both HC and ECG.

NON-COGNITIVE COMPONENTS CONCEPT OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN MODERN ECONOMIC AND SOCIOLOGICAL LITERATURE

Recognizing the importance of personality traits since the middle of the last century, economic and sociological science was forced to leave them “outside the brackets”, due to the lack of effective methods of measurement. In the modern economy, the role of “soft forms” of capital is becoming so obvious that research in this area is actualized. Technological development is transforming the labor market, and the number of jobs associated with monotonous and uncreative activities is decreasing. There is a growing need for workers with advanced cognitive and non-cognitive characteristics: able to combine professional expertise and the ability to effectively communicate with colleagues and clients. The purpose of the article is to analyze the theories prevailing in world science on individual non-cognitive characteristics in order to determine the possibilities of expanding the interpretation of human capital accepted in Russian science. The methodological approach of this study includes a systematic review of the scientific literature. Special attention is paid to the search for empirical indicators. The review shows that in the economic and sociological literature the concept of “non-cognitive” is associated with non-objective and non-specific human activity, that is, with his universal and transferable competence. Non-cognitive characteristics are associated with skills, abilities, personality traits, attitudes, preferences that affect individual performance and interpersonal interaction. At the same time, the border between the non-cognitive various components of human capital in the Russian literature is not drawn accurately. The authors contribute to solving this problem.

Scientific and educational vector of the social and human capital network component formation

The authors raise the problem of the scientific and educational vector of the formation of the network component of social and human capital in Russian regions. The development of the network component is becoming one of the policy directions for the formation of the region’s human capital through the creation of certain network centres. The emerging network connections of world-class scientific and educational centres in Russian regions are analyzed, which create conditions for transforming the existing human potential of the territory into the human and social capital of the country. Based on the definition of social capital by P. Bourdieu and M. Paldam as a group resource for obtaining social connections, the authors analyze the process of forming network connections between the educational, scientific environment of the region, its business community and government bodies at the sites of world-class scientific and educational centres operating in Russia, which is the basis for the formation of the social capital of the territory. The conclusions of the study are to determine the structure of ties in the scientific and educational vector of social and human capital through the functioning of network RECs, which become interregional coordination structures for the scientific and educational space of the country.

Analysis of the Russian Human Capital Index

The article considers the issue of the Russian economy reaching development limit, what actualizes the need to analyze the human capital index dynamics. The study of the human capital index components dynamics revealed a special priority of state policy. Analysis of the Russian educational system development revealed its feminization, which changes the principles of the modern society formation. A negative change in the Russian educational system was observed in the form of a significant decline in the growth of preschool youth of junior median age and preschool children of younger age, a significant gap in the growth rate of government spending on education (% of GDP) to spending on education as a percentage of total government spending. In general, the priority of state policy to ensure the survival of male children under 5 years of age and subsequent indifference to their socialization in the Russian educational system with clear signs of feminization escalate the problem of gender bias risk. The Russian economy development, based on the increment of surplus value in the process of exploitation of unskilled labor and the level of wages insufficient for natural reproduction of the latter, has reached its limit.

Intellectual Capital, and Knowledge Processes for Organizational Innovativeness across Industries: The Case of Poland – the full version

Purpose: This study aims to present the overview of intellectual capital creation micro-mechanisms concerning formal and informal processes. The organizational culture, transformational leadership, and innovativeness are also included in the investigation as ascendants and consequences of the focal relation of intellectual capital and processes. Method: The empirical model was developed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) method based on a sample of 1,418 Polish workers employed in the construction, healthcare, higher education (HE), and information technology (IT) industries. Findings: The study exposes that the essence of transformational leadership innovativeness oriented is developing all intellectual capital components. To do so, leaders must support both formal and informal processes through the organizational culture of and learning. Furthermore, for best results of the transformation into intellectual capital, the learning culture must be shaped by both components: learning climate and acceptance of mistakes. Originality: This study presents the big picture of all intellectual capital creation micro- mechanisms linking transformational leadership with organizational innovativeness and explains the knowledge paradox identified by Mabey and Zhao (2017). This explanation assumes that intellectual capital components are created informally (i.e., human, and relational ones) and formally (i.e., structural ones). Therefore, for best effects, both formal and informal processes must be supported. Furthermore, this study exposes that the intensity of all explored micro-mechanisms is industry-specific. Implications: Presented findings can be directly applied to organizations to enhance innovativeness. Namely, leaders who observe that the more is formally managed in their organizations, the less effective the exchange is - should put more effort into supporting informal processes to develop human and relational intellectual capital components smoothly. Shortly, leaders need to implement an authentic learning culture, including the mistakes acceptance component, to use the full organizational potential to achieve intellectual capital growth. Intellectual capital growth is essential for innovativeness.

МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ ПОДХОДЫ К ОЦЕНКЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА РЕГИОНОВ СЕВЕРО-КАВКАЗСКОГО ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ОКРУГА

The article discusses the main existing methodological approaches to assessing the state of human capital in the regions, and provides a critical analysis by comparing the positive and negative sides. The article substantiates that in modern realities for the assessment of regional human capital should be used available indicators recorded by the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation in all regions, which will ensure the comparability of calculations between different subjects and give a certain universality to the methods of assessing the state of human capital in the region. Justifies the author’s position of assessing the state of human capital in the region based on the socalled representative approach of interregional comparison, the undoubted advantage of which is the comparability of the assessment indicators, which excludes the influence of the area and population of the region on the calculation of specific indicators. It is shown, in addition, that this approach is based on regional statistics available and universal for all regions. In the article, based on the methodology for assessing the human capital of the region justified by the authors, an assessment of the state of the human capital of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District for 2019 is carried out, according to the results of which the corresponding conclusions are made, indicating a fairly strong differentiation of the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District by individual components of human capital. In this connection, it is proposed to consider the integral index of the human capital of the region in the context of the influence of indicators of the elements of regional human capital on it in order to obtain more weighty guidelines for the development strategies of regional human capital. The methodological approach proposed in the article and the results obtained can be useful for the regions of the North Caucasus Federal District to develop development strategies and adjust existing programs for the development of human capital.

A flexible evolutionary model of machine learning of the most successful strategies of human capital development

As a result of research, the concept of a flexible evolutionary model is proposed, which with the help of machine learning allows obtaining the most successful strategy for the development of human capital. The proposed conceptual and methodological approach to machine learning of the process of assessing human capital of enterprises, taking into account the cognitive psychology of man and reflective attitudes in the human environment, can increase the effectiveness of decision-making in the field of human capital development management. The training involves indicators of return on investment in the individual, in the types of components of human capital, which are characterized by properties (creativity, competence, purposefulness, communication, motivation), where between their varieties there are appropriate reflective relationships. The main difficulty of this approach to the choice of alternative solutions for finding options for the use of human capital is the correct selection of indicators of significance (return) of contributions to the development of types of human capital, on the basis of which cycles occur of systemic learning. This approach can simplify the search for and developments of human capital development strategies, present alternative ways, and simplify management decisions.

Non-Cognitive Characteristics and Higher Education Choices

Non-cognitive skills, shaped by genetics and early socialization experiences, are an important component of human capital that affects a number of social and economic outcomes throughout the life course, including individual educational choices. This study is focused on the contribution of non-cognitive skills to higher education trajectories: intention to study in college, probability of going to college, major choice, and college selectivity. The study uses data from the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of the Higher School of Economics (RLMSHSE) for 2011 and 2016–2018. Non-cognitive skills are measured using the Big Five personality traits and locus of control, the two most prominent psychological concepts in the field. Educational intentions of adolescents aged 15–19 and past educational choices of young people aged 23–29 are analyzed using probit models and multinomial and ordinal logistic regressions. The psychological traits of openness to experience, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and internal locus of control are found to be the most powerful factors affecting educational intentions and choices, but results vary as a function of gender and socioeconomic characteristics.

Эффект Флинна в России: влияние людности населенного пункта

The rise in the intelligence tests scores across the generations, known as the Flynn effect, is widely studied in various countries due to critical role of intelligence as the most important component of human capital. Several explanations for the Flynn effect have been proposed, none of which have a predominant status. At least partly it can be explained by deficiency of studies devoted to the influence of various moderators on the speed and trajectory of the intelligence scores gain. This study presents the results of an analysis of the impact on the Flynn effect of such a poorly studied factor as the settlements’ size of a populated point. Intelligence scores (n = 267116) obtained during large-scale online testing of men aged 18—40 years between 2012 and 2019 were distributed among seven categories of populated points determined by their population size. Significant differences were revealed both in the level of IQ scores and in the rate of its growth, depend- ing on the respondents belonging to these categories. Differences in the level of intelligence of residents of megalopolises and small towns are 7 IQ-points on average, and the dynamics of growth in intelligence scores in the period 1983—2000 differs in some of the categories by more than 2 times. The smallest trend for this period was in cities with a population of 100 to 249.9 thousand people. Possible explanations for the differences are suggested. In particular, the selective migration of the most educated and intellectual part of their population to large cities and capitals may be a possible mechanism for inhibiting the Flynn effect in settlements with a smaller population.

О приоритетном развитии сферы экономики знаний

A.G. Aganbegyan considers the knowledge economy as the main component of human capital. He analyzes certain areas of the knowledge economy (R&D, healthcare and education) by comparing relevant results demonstrated by Russian regions with similar indices reported for other countries. The article points out positive and negative aspects, e.g. high level and quality of education v. low efficiency of its application; lower cancer mortality rate and particularly child mortality rate v. high mortality from cardiovascular disease among working-age population, etc. Major causes of negative phenomena include insufficient funding of the public sector and inefficient administration. In order to remedy the situation, the author recommends the development of a new federal budget, transition to national economic planning and adjustment of national projects.