Tissues Of Human Body Research Articles

Cryogenic technologies of exposure on human body tissues

Various types of physical laser, electromagnetic and cryogenic exposures on living tissues and human organs are used to suppress pathology or for destruction. The use of physical exposures is most often empirical. Nevertheless, experience confirms the promise of their use, and at the same time points to the need to study the characteristics of living tissues and the development of complex technologies for the application of physical effects. The paper describes the experience of their application in practice. They have a number of advantages over traditional methods of treatment, which include painlessness, absence of bleeding and a general noticeable reaction of the body, and a high functional effect. Local cryoablation using hand-held portable cryosurgical devices using liquid nitrogen as a refrigerant (minus 196C) is a practically applicable method for treating simple hemangiomas and allows obtaining good functional and cosmetic results. All types of simple small hemangiomas of any localization are subject to treatment, regardless of the age of the child. The presented method makes it possible to completely or partially refuse complex surgical interventions, especially when placing small hemangiomas on the face, neck, ear area, and also to obtain good results (98%). Preliminary microwave irradiation and the use of a laser make it possible to increase the possibilities of cryotherapy by 4-6 times along the depth of the hemangioma compared to simple cryoablation. This method retains all the useful features of cryoablation. It is promising for the treatment of cavernous and combined hemangiomas, which have a pronounced subcutaneous part and often complex localization. This approach is potentially useful in other cryogenic applications.

Improved performance of highly compact CP implantable antenna using slots

ABSTRACT A highly miniaturized miniaturised meander-shaped implantable antenna is proposed for biomedical applications. The antenna has a volume of 12.29 mm3 and is designed with slots only. Using only slots on patch and ground surface, the fabrication of proposed implantable antenna is quite effortless unlike using techniques of sorting pin, metamaterial, and multiple patch stacking. The analysis shows that the proposed antenna has excellent impedance bandwidth of 140 MHz (2.39 GHz to 2.53 GHz) with resonating frequency of 2.41 GHz, circular polarisation with an axial ratio bandwidth of 80 MHz (2.45 GHz to 2.53 GHz), gain of −23.45 dB, acceptable SAR 901 W/KG in industrial, science and medical band (ISM). The detail parametric study of the designed antenna with substrate/superstrate materials, different human body tissues, different depth of penetration in human tissues, and thickness of substrate/superstrate have been analysed successfully. For the authenticity purpose, the results are correlated with the prepared skin mimicking gel (saline solution) in vitro model. The fabricated antenna indicates similar performance as provided by the proposed simulated antenna design.

Identification of tissue and therapy parameters from surface temperature.

The temperature distribution of human body tissues, when electromagnetic waves are applied, is studied with the help of the bioheat equation, which is characterised by several thermal parameters, such as thermal conductivity, perfusion frequency or metabolic heat. There are also electromagnetic parameters, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant. Besides, therapy parameters, such as the applied power should be considered. If the values of all these parameters are known, the time evolution of the temperature can be determined. Some of these values can be found in specialised databases, and others are unknown but approximate values can be obtained by reasonable estimations. The outcome of simulations depends heavily on the parameter values. Surface temperature helps in providing better estimates of the parameter values. Once these parameters are identified, medical analyses can be performed to assess the dosimetry of the radiation so that it does not damage tissues, for example. The surface temperature is obtained from a sequence of thermographic images. Based on these experimental data, an algorithm is applied to find the values of the needed parameters. The model is simulated iteratively, adjusting the parameters at each step, reducing the approximation error between the simulation and the data. This is an optimization problem that belongs to the realm of inverse problems. It can be solved using techniques based on the gradient concept, however, this problem can be ill-conditioned, so probabilistic or evolutionary algorithms are also used. In this paper, the simulation is made using a method based on Legendre wavelets. It is proposed that the subsequent optimization is made using an evolutionary algorithm, that has shown great robustness in the problems where it has been applied. As far as known, it has never been applied to the bioheat equation. This is the aim of this work.

The indigenous African cultural value of human tissues and implications for bio-banking.

Bio-banking in research elicits numerous ethical issues related to informed consent, privacy and identifiability of samples, return of results, incidental findings, international data exchange, ownership of samples, and benefit sharing etc. In low and middle income (LMICs) countries the challenge of inadequate guidelines and regulations on the proper conduct of research compounds the ethical issues. In addition, failure to pay attention to underlying indigenous worldviews that ought to inform issues, practices and policies in Africa may exacerbate the situation. In this paper we discuss how the African context presents unique and outstanding cultural thought systems regarding the human body and biological materials that can be put into perspective in bio-bank research. We give the example of African ontology of nature presented by John Samwel Mbiti as foundational in adding value to the discourse about enhancing relevance of bio-bank research in the African context. We underline that cultural rites of passage performed on the human body in majority of communities in Africa elicit quintessential perspective on beliefs about handling of human body and human biological tissues. We conclude that acknowledgement and inclusion of African indigenous worldviews regarding the human body is essential in influencing best practices in biobank research in Africa.

Peculiarities of Microwave Radiation of Dental Materials Contacting with Human Body Tissues

Peculiarities of Microwave Radiation of Dental Materials Contacting with Human Body Tissues

A Deep-Learning-Based Method for Correction of Bone-Induced CT Beam-Hardening Artifacts

The x-ray attenuation coefficients generally decrease as the x-ray energy increases, which leads to beam hardening artifacts in CT. Due to the difference of dependence of the attenuation coefficients on energy for soft tissue and bone in human body, a simple water precorrection procedure was unable to correct the bone-induced artifacts. Conventional empirical beam hardening correction (EBHC) method reply on empirical image segmentation and data combination processes and may not be able to fully correct the artifacts. We developed a physics-driven deep learning-based method, which followed the workflow of the EBHC method, but replaced the empirical components of the EBHC method with neural networks. Numerical experiments were performed to validate the proposed method and benchmark its performance with the EBHC method and the end-to-end training strategies based on two popular neural networks, i.e., U-net and RED-CNN. Results demonstrate that the proposed method achieved the best performance in both qualitative and quantitative aspects.

Mass Stopping Power and Range of Alpha Particles in Biological Human Body Tissues (Blood, Brain, Adipose and Bone)

Mass Stopping Power and Range of Alpha Particles in Biological Human Body Tissues (Blood, Brain, Adipose and Bone)

Design, Analysis and Applications of Wearable Antennas: A Review

Wearable antennas are the vital components for Body Centric Communication (BCC). These antennas have recently gained the attention of researchers and have received a great deal of popularity due to their attractive characteristics and opportunities. They are fundamental in the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) for health care, military, sports, and identification purposes. Compared to traditional antennas, these antennas work in close proximity to the human body, so their performance in terms of return loss, gain, directivity, bandwidth, radiation pattern, efficiency, and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is influenced by the coupling and absorption of the human body tissues. Additionally, in the design of these antennas, size, power consumption, and speed can also play a paramount role. In most cases, these antennas are integrated into the clothes, or in some cases, they may be fixed over the skin of the users. When these characteristics are considered, the design of wearable antennas becomes challenging, particularly when textile materials are examined, high conductivity materials are used during the manufacturing process, and various deformation scenarios have an impact on the design’s performance. To enhance the overall performance of the wearable antennas and to reduce the backward radiation towards the human body, metamaterial surfaces are introduced that provide a high degree of isolation from the human body and significantly reduce the SAR. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art wearable/textile/flexible antennas integrated with metamaterial structures composed of wearable/flexible substrate materials, with a focus on single and dual band antenna designs. The paper also reviews the critical design issues, various fabrication techniques, and other factors that need to be considered in the design of wearable/textile/flexible antennas. All the designs presented in this work are of the recent developments in wearable technology.

Utility of the Movat pentachrome stain technique in the microanatomical analysis of the human placenta

The efficacy and utility of pentachrome staining has been demonstrated in many studies on diverse human body tissues. Movat pentachrome technique is used for multicolor staining of tissue sections and vascular and stroma visualization. So far, the utility of this method for microanatomical evaluation of placental structures has not been demonstrated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the image of normal placenta and to develop some reference images for future evaluation of pathological tissues based on this technique. Material and method. The study was carried out on 21 paraffin slices taken from seven mature human placenta of single pregnant women without significant pathology and completed with a planned, elective Caesarean section. All paraffin slices were used for preparation of tissue microarrays and then performing a histochemical staining (HE and Movat). Results. On the basis of the collected material, microscopic analysis enabled the identification of normal placental villi - terminal villi,mature intermediate villi and stem villi. Moreover the maternal part of placenta was visualized. It is worth emphasizing that in each case not only the trophoblast but also the stroma structures were visualized. Conclusions. This study proved the effectiveness and usefulness of Movat imaging of placenta especially in visualization of the stroma.

Peculiarities of Determining Affecting Properties of Small-bore Bullets After Ricochet

Authors aimed to summarize experimental researches of affecting properties of monolithic .22 Long Rifle bullets after their ricochet from various types of obstacles. Alternative criterion for evaluating the affecting properties of bullets is proposed using this criterion it is possible to forecast the degree and severity of bodily injuries after ricochet. Specifics and conditions under which fragmentation of monolithic small-bore bullets occurs are revealed, as well as flight speed of bullets and their fragments after impact-contact interaction with obstacles of various types is determined. Special attention is paid to research on interaction nature of bullets and their fragments with a viscoelastic environment imitating biological human body tissues after ricocheting. It has been determined that energy concept of affection to biological target and criteria for its evaluation research on affecting properties of bullets after ricochet have limited application, since it is not always possible to accurately determine initial conditions of hitting as the bullets themselves as their individual fragments. Obtained results of experimental research and field tests made possible to form an alternative criterion for assessing the severity of bodily injuries that a person suffered as a result of being hit by small- bore lead bullets after ricocheting. It is the length of the wound channel caused by a bullet or its fragments as a result of their impact on a person’s body after ricocheting. A calculation method for determining the length of the caused wound channel is proposed that can be used in forensic expert practice to determine potential injury to human life and health.

Glass as a biomaterial: strategies for optimising bioactive glasses for clinical applications

Bioactive glasses were the first synthetic materials to bond to human body tissue, making them ideal for replacing and regenerating bone. Since their first development over half a century ago, many new bioactive glass compositions have been developed for medicine and dentistry. This paper looks at different design strategies employed over the years as well as aspects of glass structure relevant to optimising bioactive glass performance. Statistical compositional series allowed for getting an overview of various compositions and their properties. Since the improvement of structural analysis techniques, particularly solid-state NMR, we can directly relate several bioactive glass properties to the atomic structure, i.e. the spatial arrangement of atoms. Such detailed understanding of the impact of composition and structure on bioactive glass properties enables us to minimise the number of compositions in preclinical and clinical tests needed to confirm positive tissue responses.

Analysis and Data-Based Modeling of the Photochemical Reaction Dynamics of the Induced Singlet Oxygen in Light Therapies.

The macroscopic singlet oxygen (MSO) model for quantifying the light-induced singlet oxygen ( 1O2) always contain a set of nonlinear dynamic equations and therefore are generally difficult to be applied. This work was devoted to analyze and simplify this dynamic model. Firstly, the nonlinearity of the MSO model was analyzed with control theory. The conditions, under which it can be simplified to a linear one, were derived. Secondly, in the case of ample triplet oxygen concentration, a closed-form exact solution of the 1O2 model was further derived, in a nonlinear algebraic form with only four parameters that can be easily fitted to experimental data. Finally, in vitro experiments of anti-fungal light therapies were conducted, where the fungi, Candida albicans, were irradiated respectively by the 385, 405, 415, and 450 nm wavelength light. The singlet oxygen concentration levels in the fungi were measured, and then used to fit the developed models. The parameters of the closed-form exact solution were estimated from both the simulated and the measured experimental data. Based on this model, a functional relationship between the photon energy, fluence rate and singlet oxygen concentration was also established. The fitting accuracy of this model to the data was satisfactory, which therefore demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed modeling techniques. The results from simulating the closed-form model indicate that the photon energy within the range of either 2.7 ∼ 2.8 eV or 3.0 ∼ 3. 2 eV (388 ∼ 413 nm or 443 ∼ 459 nm in wavelength) is more effective in generating singlet oxygen in the fungi studied in this work. It is the first attempt of applying control theory to analyze the photochemical reaction dynamics of light therapies in terms of their nonlinearity. The proposed modeling techniques also offer opportunities for determining the light dosages in treating fungal infection diseases, especially those on the surface tissues of human body.

Potential Use of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Orthodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review of Animal Studies.

Understanding the fundamental principles of tooth movement could reduce the duration of treatment and achieve a stable outcome, resulting in patient satisfaction. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy was a modality in which a patient inhaled 100% O2 while subjected to high atmospheric pressure. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy facilitated the supply of oxygen to the human body's organs and tissues and served a variety of applications, including patient care and wound treatment. This review article aimed to describe animal studies of the potential effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthodontic therapy. It was conducted using a systematic literature review method, including searching PubMed and Google Scholar for publications relevant to the research topics. The search was filtered to include only research on orthodontic treatment and hyperbaric oxygen therapy and was published in any year. Articles that did not specify biological components of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) were excluded. The Preferred Reporting Items identified the papers for the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) strategy, which resulted in the selection of 11 publications. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy affected parameters of biomarkers representing the clinical, molecular, and cellular biology of bone formation and resorption in periodontal tissues in responding to orthodontic physical forces, including alkaline phosphatase, collagen synthesis, osteoblast, osteoclast, osteocyte, type I collagen, vascular endothelial growth factor, osteocalcin, fibroblast, matrix metalloproteinase-8, transforming growth factor-β, partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, trabecular bone density, and tooth mobility. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy induced an inflammatory response to follow OTM events during active orthodontic therapy. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy might play a role in the tissue healing process during passive treatment. Nonetheless, additional research should be conducted to establish the efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in orthodontics.

Model of the Impact of Focused Ultrasound on Biological Tissues

To study tissue permeability under extracorporeal exposure to various types of radiation, it is necessary to use multiphysical and mathematical modeling of all stages of the technology being developed, taking into account the dielectric and acoustic properties of human body tissues. The technologies used in medicine with focused ultrasound often have a high level of artifacts in the visualization of diagnostic studies and complications during therapy. When modeling exposure to focused ultrasound, the applied solvers must take into account pressure wave propagation, density changes and jumps, non-linearity and diffusion losses that occur in human tissues, and offer simulation of acoustic propagation in inhomogeneous installations in near real time. The article presents the results of multiphysics and mathematical modeling in the Sim4Life for Science V7.0 package using a full-wave acoustic solver (P-ACOUSTICS) of modern computational acoustics.

The right to life and the right to health: the fundamental principles of transplantology in constitutional law

The article examines basic human rights. Among the fundamental and inalienable human rights is the right to life. Yes, Art. 27 of the Constitution of Ukraine guarantees everyone an inalienable right to life. It states that no one can be arbitrarily deprived of life. The duty of the state is to protect human life. This right is closely related to human health. It is emphasized that human life depends on the state of its health. Often health is a major component for conservation and prolonged life. Accordingly, organ transplantation, as a way of saving life, is especially important, and therefore the problems of transplanting organs and tissues are drawn by scientists, and not only from the medical sphere. Transplantation of organs and tissues of the human body is one of the most promising and at the same time quite in demand of modern medicine, which has made it possible to treat a number of serious diseases. Transplantation of organs and tissues, as a means of real assistance to patients who need it, has a number of characteristic features that distinguish this method from other medicinal effects. This is due to the presence of a donor-a person who in most cases does not require medical care, as well as problems of moral and ethical and general legal content. These circumstances substantiate the importance and need to regulate public relations in the field of transplantology. It is emphasized that the analysis of the norms in force in this area shows that many issues of transplantation of organs and tissues are either not regulated at all or need to improve legal regulation. The legal aspects of the problem of organ and tissue transplantation are extremely relevant. That is why transplantology as a science of transplanting organs and (or) tissues of a person should be based on the law, which is based on the protection of fundamental rights, freedoms and human dignity of every citizen. From the point of view of ethics, the problem of transplantology differs significantly depending on whether it is about the sampling of organs and tissues for transplanting organs in a living person or from the body of the dead. Solving these ethical problems depends largely on the state of legislation in the state, including constitutional ones. Key words: human rights, right to life, right to health, somatic rights, transplantation, recipient, donor, legal regulation of donation, health care, human body, human body tissues.

System for Non-Contact and Multispectral Examination of Blood Supply to Cutaneous Tissue

The presented system for non-contact examination of tissue perfusion is one of the tools for complex examination of human body tissues (skin, subcutaneous) and their mutual interactions, including blood flow and activity under various external stimuli. In our system, optical radiation, with wavelengths of 525 nm, 625 nm, and 940 nm, was used to investigate the perfusion and properties of skin tissue. Our work presents that it is possible to obtain comprehensive information about the cardiovascular system and skin tissue perfusion by a suitable combination of wavelengths, light intensity, and homogeneous illumination distribution with a properly chosen sensing device—a camera. The proposed system consists of an illumination device that emits light of the three wavelengths mentioned above and thus makes it possible to investigate the skin tissue structures and their interrelationships in terms of their blood supply and interactions with each other.

Bioinformatics analysis of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain 3 (MAP1LC3A) and (BECN1) genes in autophagy

Autophagy is an effective regulatory process for eliminating tumors and worn-out intracellular components. Different groups of enzymes and regulatory elements are involved in the autophagy process. MAP1LC3A and BECN1 genes are the most important gene groups in autophagy. These genes, through the production of beclin-1 and lc3 proteins, are involved in the production of autophagosomes. In general, both MAP1LC3A and BECN1 genes are active in cellular responses and the biological process. The aim of this study was bioinformatics analysis at the level of genome and proteome and to evaluate and compare the expression of MAP1LC3A and BECN1 genes in different human body tissues. The results of this study showed that the expression level of the BECN1 gene was relatively higher than the MAP1LC3A gene in different mammals. Cell analysis of MAP1LC3A and BECN1 genes by antibodies that bind to proteins of target genes showed that the protein encoded by the BECN1 gene is more present in the cytosol and the proteins encoded by MAP1LC3A gene are locally present in vesicles. It was also found that the protein encoded by the MAP1LC3A gene had a higher expression in brain tissues than in other tissues, while the beclin-1 protein in cardiac tissue showed higher expression than in other tissues. Finally, by using this information, it is possible to provide the ground for targeted therapies.

Performance evaluation of spatial fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm on GPU for image segmentation.

Image processing by segmentation technique is an important phase in medical imaging such as MRI. Its objective is to analyze the different tissues in human body. In research area, Fuzzy set is one of the most successful techniques that guarantees a robust classification. Spatial FCM (SFCM); one of the fuzzy c-means variants; considers spatial information to deal with the noisy images. To reduce this iterative algorithm’s execution time, a hard SIMD architecture has been planted named the Graphical Processing Unit (GPU). In this work, a great contribution has been done to diagnose, confront and implement three different parallel implementations on GPU. A parallel implementations’ extensive study of SFCM entitled PSFCM using 3 × 3 window is presented, and the experiments illustrate a significant decrease in terms of running time of this algorithm known by its high complexity. The experimental results indicate that the parallel version’s execution time is about 9.46 times faster than the sequential implementation on image segmentation. This gain in terms of speed-up is achieved on the Nvidia GeForce GT 740 m GPU.

Key Factors in the Implementation of Wearable Antennas for WBNs and ISM Applications: A Review WBNs and ISM Applications: A Review

The increasing usage of wireless technology has prompted the development of a new generation antenna compatible with the latest devices, with on-body antennas (wearable antennas) being one of the revolutionary applications. This modern design is relevant in technologies that require close human body contact, such as telemedicine and identification systems, due to its superior performance compared to normal antennas. Some of its finer characteristics include flexibility, reflection coefficient, bandwidth, directivity, gain, radiation, specific absorption rate (SAR), and efficiency that are anticipated to be influenced by the coupling and absorption by the human body tissues. Furthermore, improvements like band-gap structure and artificial magnetic conductors (AMC) and (DGS) are included in the wearable antenna that offers a high degree of isolation from the human body and significantly reduces SAR. In this paper, the development of on-body antennas and how they are affected by the human body were reviewed. Additionally, parameters that affect the performance of this new antenna model, such as materials and common technologies, are included as an auxiliary study for researchers to determine the factors affecting the performance of the wearable antenna and the access to a highly efficient antenna.

A multi-branch hierarchical attention network for medical target segmentation

Medical imaging techniques have been widely used in modern clinical disease diagnosis and treatment programs. The captured medical images can well reflect the conditions of the human body tissues, which are significantly helpful to the doctors to determine the existence or the severity of the disease. In this paper, we develop a hierarchical attentive high-resolution convolutional network (AttHRNet) for segmenting targets of interest from medical images aiming to improve the automated processing standard and the intelligent interpretation quality of the medical images. The AttHRNet is an improved version of the high-resolution network (HRNet) structure with three novel modules. First, built with an improved HRNet structure assisted by a multiscale context augmentation (MSCA) module as the feature extraction backbone, the AttHRNet can produce a set of high-quality, strong-semantic feature maps at different resolutions. The MSCA module functions to reduce the information loss during feature downsampling. Second, designed with an effective feature attention principle, the feature encoding quality in each branch can be significantly promoted by concentrating on the informative and salient feature encodings across both channels and spatial locations. Furthermore, formulated with a hierarchical segmentation scheme, the output feature maps can be further augmented by including the semantic-level category exploitation (SLCE) module with a global perspective. The SLCE module allows the information from lower resolution segmentations to inform higher resolution segmentations. Through quantitative examinations, visual verifications, and comparative evaluations on four medical image datasets, we convince the promising applicability and competitive superiority of the AttHRNet in medical target segmentation issues.