Human Body Scanning Research Articles

Observation-oriented silhouette-aware fast full body tracking with Kinect

We present a novel approach to track full human body mesh with a single depth camera, e.g. Microsoft Kinect, using a template body model. The proposed observation-oriented tracking mainly targets at fitting the body mesh silhouette to the 2D user boundary in video stream by deforming the body. It is fast to be integrated into real-time or interactive applications, which is impossible with traditional iterative optimization based approaches. Our method is a composite of two main stages: user-specific body shape estimation and on-line body tracking. We first develop a novel method to fit a 3D morphable human model to the actual body shape of the user in front of the depth camera. A strategy, making use of two constrains, i.e. point clouds from depth images and correspondence between foreground user mask contour and the boundary of projected body model, is designed. On-line tracking is made possible in successive steps. At each frame, the joint angles of template skeleton are optimized towards the captured Kinect skeleton. Then, the aforementioned contour correspondence is adopted to adjust the projected body model vertices towards the contour points of foreground user mask, using a Laplacian deformation technique. Experimental results show that our method achieves fast and high quality tracking. We also show that the proposed method is benefit to three applications: virtual try-on, full human body scanning and applications in manufacturing systems.

The relationship between air gap sizes and clothing heat transfer performance

The objective of the study is to establish a quantitative relationship between air gap sizes and clothing thermal performance. Using a three-dimensional human body scanner, the thicknesses and volumes of air gaps of 35 experimental shirts were measured. Relationships between the thermal insulations of clothing, measured on a thermal manikin, and air gap volumes were examined by regression analysis. Also, the regression model between clothing surface temperatures, measured by an infrared thermal camera, and air gap thicknesses was established. The results proved that the thermal insulation of experimental shirts increased with air gap sizes but began to decrease as a result of natural convection when the air gap thickness was higher than 1 cm or the air gap volume was greater than 6000 cm3. The 3D human body scanner can accurately measure air gaps under clothing, but it is expensive and is not available everywhere. A substitute method is to build a mathematical model for predicting air gap sizes. In this paper, regression models were established to estimate volumes and thicknesses of air gaps when the ease allowances of chest circumference and fabric properties were known. This study can be used to predict the thermal performance of clothing at the product’s design stage.

A study on procedure for classifying male muscular lower body somatotype from general anthropometric database

The most researches developing pattern of compression style sportswear were targeted at the live model that has muscular body build. The purpose of this study was developing a method for classifying men's lower body types in terms of muscular body build. The 3D human body scan data and body measurements of 30s of Size Korea were analyzed. The subjects (n=203) were men between the ages of 30 and 39 years. Men's muscular body build was classified with two key dimensions, thigh girth and calf girth. The subjects were divided into four groups. From each group, average subjects (n=42) whose height and weight were close to the mean value (<TEX>$mean{\pm}1/2$</TEX> S.D.) were selected. 42 subjects were divided up as four groups. Group I (n=7) was thigh and calf developed body type. Group II (n=9) was thigh developed body type. Group III (n=11) was calf developed body type. Group IV (n=15) was thigh and calf undeveloped body type. Four groups had distinct different at widths (n=4), depths (n=4), and girths (n=9) dimensions. The results showed that the muscular men in their 30s could be defined by thigh and calf girths. The thigh developed muscular men had thigh girth over 60cm and the calf developed muscular men had calf girth over 38cm. From each group one representative was selected by 3D body scan figure.

Comparison and Exploration on Breast Volume Measurement Methods

Underdeveloped 3D virtual fitting technology was a barrier to apparel e-commerce, especially for the development of online bra trading. Bra cup fitting was most important for bra fitting. Bra cup fitting is decided by the relationship between bra cup and breast volume. There were many breast volume measuring methods , such as anthropometric method, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), mammography, thermoplastic modeling and Archimedes principle. However, these methods cannot be applied to virtual fitting evaluation and apparel e-commerce. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare kinds of br east volume measurement methods, and then proposed a new method based on 3D human body scan data, which can be used in apparel e-commerce. 3D scan imaging method was proposed because it can calculate breast volume from 3D scan data on the Internet. The accuracy of 3D scan imaging method was acceptable by comparing with that of traditional breast volume measurement methods. The development of 3D scan imaging method was the basis of virtual fitting evaluation on breast cup and can promote bra e-commerce.

Efficient and robust model-to-image alignment using 3D scale-invariant features.

This paper presents feature-based alignment (FBA), a general method for efficient and robust model-to-image alignment. Volumetric images, e.g. CT scans of the human body, are modeled probabilistically as a collage of 3D scale-invariant image features within a normalized reference space. Features are incorporated as a latent random variable and marginalized out in computing a maximum a posteriori alignment solution. The model is learned from features extracted in pre-aligned training images, then fit to features extracted from a new image to identify a globally optimal locally linear alignment solution. Novel techniques are presented for determining local feature orientation and efficiently encoding feature intensity in 3D. Experiments involving difficult magnetic resonance (MR) images of the human brain demonstrate FBA achieves alignment accuracy similar to widely-used registration methods, while requiring a fraction of the memory and computation resources and offering a more robust, globally optimal solution. Experiments on CT human body scans demonstrate FBA as an effective system for automatic human body alignment where other alignment methods break down.

Stable volumetric features in deformable shapes

Region feature detectors and descriptors have become a successful and popular alternative to point descriptors in image analysis due to their high robustness and repeatability, leading to a significant interest in the shape analysis community in finding analogous approaches in the 3D world. Recent works have successfully extended the maximally stable extremal region (MSER) detection algorithm to surfaces. In many applications, however, a volumetric shape model is more appropriate, and modeling shape deformations as approximate isometries of the volume of an object, rather than its boundary, better captures natural behavior of non-rigid deformations. In this paper, we formulate a diffusion-geometric framework for volumetric stable component detection and description in deformable shapes. An evaluation of our method on the SHREC'11 feature detection benchmark and SCAPE human body scans shows its potential as a source of high-quality features. Examples demonstrating the drawbacks of surface stable components and the advantage of their volumetric counterparts are also presented.

3차원 인체 형상의 공극거리 측정 방법 효율성 향상을 위한 연구

This study is designed to develop programs that analyze the distance of clothes from human skin and cross-sectional body figures based on 3D human body scan data, and to verify accuracy and efficiency of the program so that it can be used for clothing fit evaluation and 3D human body research. The auto cross-sectional imaging program was developed by using Visual C++ and OpenGL, and the 3D human body scan data were adopted to measure the space between skin and clothing. The space measurements were obtained by two widely used programs, RapidForm and AutoCAD, and a program devised by the researchers of this study. Measuring time and space measurements from different programs were compared in order to verify accuracy and efficiency of the newly-devised program. As a result, no significant difference was found in the measurements. However, the required time to measure one cross section was different within the significance level of 0.05, and the differences become more remarkable as the number of measuring and the angle of space between skin and clothing increase. Therefore, the program developed by this study is expected to be useful for research on body shapes and fit evaluation based on 3D human body scan data in the fashion field.

차원 인체 스캔 데이터를 활용한 한국 중년여성 토르소 원형 설계

The purpose of this study is to provide Torso pattern for Korean middle-aged women using 3D human body scan data. 155 women in their 40's or 50's were measured by Martin's anthropometry. Merging the data of 914 middle aged women provided by Korean agency for technology and standards, total of 1,069 subjects' data were analyzed. For data analysis, ANOVA, factor analysis and cluster analysis were done using SPSS PC+. And representative subject of each cluster was selected and they participated in 3D scanning and Torso pattern suggested for middle-aged women Torso pattern which investing the amount of ease according to each group for diffuse front interscye 30%, armscye circumference 30%, back interscye 40% using 3D human body scan data. The results of this study are as follows. Firstly, as a result of the factor analysis, the first factor was 'obesity index of body', The second factor was 'verticality size of body', The third factor was 'verticality length of upper bodice', The fourth factor was 'drop value to represent silhouette', and the fifth factor was 'physique of upper bodice'. And, middle-aged women type were classified 3 types according to the cluster analysis. Type 1(Y-type) was the long upper Torso with wide shoulder. Type 2(H-type) was flat-body type with comparatively thin upper bodice and thin lower bodice. And type 3(A-type) was the obese type with comparatively thin upper bodice and fat lower bodice. Secondly, using CAD program, point filtering was performed and approximated surface model was made. It used that generated surface smoothing corrected for abnormally extruded points and scattered points based on the curvature information. And 3D surfaces were flatted onto the plane by the internal tools of CAD program. Difference ratios of outline length and area between 3D curves and 2D plane were 0.42% and 0.54%, respectively. Third, wearing test by the sensory evaluation showed that distinct difference almost every category. The movement functionality test shows that, in all the tests which reveal significant differences, especially, 'comparison pattern A' experienced inconvenience to neck width and neck depth.

Investigation of Textile Materials for Laser Light Beam Scanning

The scanning of human body as a method for gaining human measurements has several preferences. The gathering of data is possible in a very short time. In comparison to manual measuring methods, scanning acquires a larger amount of measurements. There are several modes of gaining human body measurements using the scanning system: laser scanning, light beam scanning, etc. A research on the laser beam reflection capabilities on different textile materials has been performed. The description of laser reflections has been compared to the Lambert’s law’s characteristics. The matrix of material selection is made in the process of planning the experiment and all possible materials are presented in this matrix. Eight textile materials are chosen for the experimental work: six lingerie and two additional materials. A laser beam with an angle of incidence of 0º and 45º is used to make the experiment. The dependence of the results on the wavelength of laser beams has also been compared.

Calculation rules research of female lower body torso 3D sizes

Torso of female lower body feature such as waist, abdomen and hip is the key factor of pants and skirt design so that rules confirm is the important point in the research of automatic generation of pants pattern and skirts pattern. In the three-dimensional human body scanner, a certain difference exists of human lower body torso 3D sizes between scanner data and actual measurement data so that research of calculation rules of lower body torso 3D sizes becomes necessity. In this research, 425 female students at Soochow University from 18 to 26 years old were selected as subjects. Point-cloud diagrams can be obtained by using 3D body scanner and be read by using IMAGEWARE software and then each 3D size and width and thickness of each 3D section. Then classification can be done according to the value of thickness and width with 0.05 file and relations between width and girth, between thickness and girth can be analyzed by using SPSS16.0 to obtain calculation modules of each 3D size then its accuracy can be verified to provide the basis for valid application of three dimensional body scanner and lay foundation of the prototype generation of female pants, design of trousers and automatic pattern generation system research.

Patient dose considerations in computed tomography examinations.

Ionizing radiation is extensively used in medicine and its contribution to both diagnosis and therapy is undisputable. However, the use of ionizing radiation also involves a certain risk since it may cause damage to tissues and organs and trigger carcinogenesis. Computed tomography (CT) is currently one of the major contributors to the collective population radiation dose both because it is a relatively high dose examination and an increasing number of people are subjected to CT examinations many times during their lifetime. The evolution of CT scanner technology has greatly increased the clinical applications of CT and its availability throughout the world and made it a routine rather than a specialized examination. With the modern multislice CT scanners, fast volume scanning of the whole human body within less than 1 min is now feasible. Two dimensional images of superb quality can be reconstructed in every possible plane with respect to the patient axis (e.g. axial, sagital and coronal). Furthermore, three-dimensional images of all anatomic structures and organs can be produced with only minimal additional effort (e.g. skeleton, tracheobronchial tree, gastrointestinal system and cardiovascular system). All these applications, which are diagnostically valuable, also involve a significant radiation risk. Therefore, all medical professionals involved with CT, either as referring or examining medical doctors must be aware of the risks involved before they decide to prescribe or perform CT examinations. Ultimately, the final decision concerning justification for a prescribed CT examination lies upon the radiologist. In this paper, we summarize the basic information concerning the detrimental effects of ionizing radiation, as well as the CT dosimetry background. Furthermore, after a brief summary of the evolution of CT scanning, the current CT scanner technology and its special features with respect to patient doses are given in detail. Some numerical data is also given in order to comprehend the magnitude of the potential radiation risk involved in comparison with risk from exposure to natural background radiation levels.

EARS: A System for Geometric and Anthropometric Evaluation of Human Body Scans

AbstractWe present the Enhanced Anthropometric Rating System (EARS), an automated system for evaluating the quality of 3D human body scans. EARS is able to detect and classify both the geometric and anthropometric features of a given mesh and rates its quality. These features and corresponding operations include the roughness of the scanned surface, the fairness of vertex location, area and position of missing body parts, anthropometrically guided segmentation, detection of landmarks, and wrinkles in clothing. The system ranks these features and operations based on their importance as determined by Anthropologists who have specific requirements with respect to understanding the anthropometry of the soldier of the 21st century. The data scans contain more than 100,000 vertices and over 300,000 facets. The system is able to provide real-time feedback on whether the mesh is suitable for downstream applications. The system will be used by the U.S. Army to do statistical studies on their large human body dataset.

Collective Body Interactive art using 3D Scanner Technology

3次元形状測定により観客の身体形状、動作を実時間で測定しインタラクティブアートのコンテンツとするCollective Bodyを提案する。本作品は、観客の身体形状から生成した3次元モデルに観客の身体動作によって実時間で特殊視覚効果を与える作品である。本作品では、グラフィックスと特殊視覚効果をそれぞれ2種類ずつ実装した。3次元モデルは、パーティクルの集合体で表現し、特殊視覚効果は生命活動をモチーフとしパーティクルそれぞれに運動方程式を与え独自に挙動させることで表現した。ユーザーは、自分自身の身体形状、動作から生成された3次元モデルを自由視点で鑑賞することにより、本作品を通し新しいインタラクティブ体験が出来ると共に新しい視点で自身の身体を捉えることが可能となる。

Segmentation and Modeling of Full Human Body Shape From 3-D Scan Data: A Survey

The recent advances in full human body (HB) imaging technology illustrated by the 3D human body scanner (HBS), a device delivering full HB shape data, opened up large perspectives for the deployment of this technology in various fields such as the clothing industry, anthropology, and entertainment. However, these advances also brought challenges on how to process and interpret the data delivered by the HBS in order to bridge the gap between this technology and potential applications. This paper presents a literature survey of research work on HBS data segmentation and modeling aiming at overcoming these challenges, and discusses and evaluates different approaches with respect to several requirements.

LABELLING OF THREE DIMENSIONAL HUMAN BODY SCANS: A TOPOLOGICAL APPROACH

Whole human body scanners are 3D imaging devices which are capable of capturing a computerized format of whole body shape, thus permitting automatic extraction of the different body measurements. This requires the segmentation of scan data into subsets corresponding to the functional human body parts. Such a task is quite challenging due to the articulated and the deformable aspects of the human body shape. The attempts made so far suffer from various limitations, such as being restricted to standard specific posture and vulnerability to scan data corruption. This paper proposes a general framework that aims towards overcoming these challenges. One of the salient features of this framework is that it can cope with moderate posture variations around the standard posture, in addition of being quite robust against noise, holes and irregular sampling. Experimental results performed on real and synthetic data confirmed the validity, effectiveness and robustness of our framework.

A functional-based segmentation of human body scans in arbitrary postures

This paper presents a general framework that aims to address the task of segmenting three-dimensional (3-D) scan data representing the human form into subsets which correspond to functional human body parts. Such a task is challenging due to the articulated and deformable nature of the human body. A salient feature of this framework is that it is able to cope with various body postures and is in addition robust to noise, holes, irregular sampling and rigid transformations. Although whole human body scanners are now capable of routinely capturing the shape of the whole body in machine readable format, they have not yet realized their potential to provide automatic extraction of key body measurements. Automated production of anthropometric databases is a prerequisite to satisfying the needs of certain industrial sectors (e.g., the clothing industry). This implies that in order to extract specific measurements of interest, whole body 3-D scan data must be segmented by machine into subsets corresponding to functional human body parts. However, previously reported attempts at automating the segmentation process suffer from various limitations, such as being restricted to a standard specific posture and being vulnerable to scan data artifacts. Our human body segmentation algorithm advances the state of the art to overcome the above limitations and we present experimental results obtained using both real and synthetic data that confirm the validity, effectiveness, and robustness of our approach.

Use of the Recombinant Human TSH Stimulated Thyroglobulin Level and Diagnostic Whole Body Scan in Children with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma

The recombinant human thyrotropin (TSH) (rhTSH) stimulated thyroglobulin (Tg) level is a useful tumor marker for disease surveillance in adults with differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). We report our institution's experience using rhTSH in children. Seven children with DTC on thyroid hormone suppressive therapy after total thyroidectomy and radioablation received rhTSH (0.9 mg i.m.) on day 1 and 2. TSH rose to 224 +/- 93 mIU/l on day 2 and 13 +/- 5 mIU/l on day 5. Serum Tg level and diagnostic whole body radioiodine scan (DxWBS) were assessed on day 5. Five children were disease free: all had negative DxWBS; two had Tg < or = 2.1 ng/ml; two had anti-Tg antibodies; and one had no Tg measured. Two children had recurrent disease: one had a negative DxWBS and Tg of 15 ng/ml; and one had a positive DxWBS and no Tg measured. There were no adverse effects from rhTSH. These results suggest that rhTSH can be safely used for disease surveillance in children with DTC.

A discriminative 3D wavelet-based descriptors: Application to the recognition of human body postures

This paper deals with the recognition of human body postures from a cloud of 3D points acquired by a human body scanner. Motivated by finding a representation that embodies a high power of discrimination between posture classes, a new type of 3D shape descriptors is suggested, namely wavelet transform coefficients (WC). These features can be seen as an extension to 3D of the 2D wavelet shape descriptors developed by (Shen, D., Ip, H.H.S., 1999. Pattern Recognition, 32, 151–165). The WC is compared with other 3D shape descriptors, within a Bayesian classification framework. Experiments with real scan data show that the WC outperforms other standard 3D shape descriptors in terms of discrimination power and classification rate.

EXPLORATORY STUDY FOR STANDIZATION OF 3-DIMENSIONAL BODY SCANNING-THE VERIFICATION OF ACCURACY OF 3-DIMENSIONAL SCANNED DATA-

3-D human body scanning is certainly an interesting research topic. A lot of useful information about the dimensions of the human body can be extracted. However, still a lot of problems arise when it is used. The specification and standardization of the processes/tasks in the 3-D body scanning is not enough such as data acquisition, data translation, data storage, data analysis and extraction and so on. That is, there has not been a standardized method of measurement and procedures for utilization of 3-D scan data or body size.Therefore this study are to provide exploratory data for standardization of 3-D body measurement by discovering and analyzing by stages the cause of an error which is expected to occur while extracting a human body size from 3-D human body scanned data and to check if we can get the same body image from the 3-D scanning method as the one by the skilled anthropometrist's traditional method accurately.

Technetium-99m Tetrofosmin Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography to Detect Metastatic Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Patients with Elevated Human Serum Thyroglobulin Levels but Negative I-131 Whole Body Scan

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of technetium-99m tetrofosmin (Tc-99m TF) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the neck and chest to detect metastatic lesions in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) after near total thyroidectomy and radioiodine (I-131) treatment in patients who present with elevated serum human thyroglobulin (hTg) levels but negative I-131 whole body scan (WBS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients with PTC treated by near total thyroidectomy and I-131 treatments were included in this study. All 20 patients had negative I-131 WBS results and elevated hTg levels (hTg 2.0 μIU/ml) under thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) stimulation (TSH 30 μIU/ml). Nineteen of the 20 cases were confirmed to have metastases by operation/biopsy histopathological findings or clinical follow-up longer than 1 year by additional morphological imaging techniques. The remaining patient has been followed up closely and has been disease free for 10 months. Tc-99m TF SPECT was performed to detect metastatic lesions. RESULTS: Tc-99m TF SPECT demonstrated lesions in 11/19 patients; a sensitivity of 57.9%. Tc-99m TF SPECT failed to demonstrate lesions in eight patients including smaller lymph nodes and miliary lung metastases. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that Tc-99m TF SPECT is a useful additional tool to detect metastatic lesions in PTC with elevated hTg but negative I-131 WBS. However, smaller lymph nodes and miliary lung metastases may be missed.