Human Body In Health Research Articles

Update on the gut microbiome in health and diseases.

The Human Microbiome Project, Earth Microbiome Project, and next-generation sequencing have advanced novel genome association, host genetic linkages, and pathogen identification. The microbiome is the sum of the microbes, their genetic information, and their ecological niche. This study will describe how millions of bacteria in the gut affect the human body in health and disease. The gut microbiome changes in relation with age, with an increase in Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. Host and environmental factors affecting the gut microbiome are diet, drugs, age, smoking, exercise, and host genetics. In addition, changes in the gut microbiome may affect the local gut immune system and systemic immune system. In this study, we discuss how the microbiome may affect the metabolism of healthy subjects or may affect the pathogenesis of metabolism-generating metabolic diseases. Due to the high number of publications on the argument, from a methodologically point of view, we decided to select the best papers published in referred journals in the last 3 years. Then we selected the previously published papers. The major goals of our study were to elucidate which microbiome and by which pathways are related to healthy and disease conditions.

SEHAT AND MARZ(HEALTH AND DISEASE) IN LIGHT OF UNANI SYSTEM OF MEDICINE: A REVIEW

The name Unani, derived from a Greek word Ionian, means the knowledge of the states of the human body in health and disease. It means having information on different body conditions in health and illness. It draws from the education of Roman physician Jalinoos and Greek physician Buqrat, focusing on the four temperaments and four humours.Unani System of Medicine has a comprehensive approach for the treatment of diseases and also safeguarding of health. It recognizes that every community has its own perspective on health and illness, as these concepts are fundamental across cultures.The concept of health as a balance between a person and the environment, the unity of soul and body, and the natural origin of disease, was the backbone of the perception of health in ancient Greece. The primary goals of Unani medicine are the maintenance of good health and healing of disease.The main concern of the Unani system of medicine is health and its maintenance by tabiat. Tabiat maintains tadeel-e-mizaj (normal constitution) which is the basis of health. Seven basic components of umur-e-tabiyah areform the base of a healthy human being determining its state of health and disease.The present paper is a literature review of different Unani physicians regarding the concept of health and disease and investigate the historical context and origins of this concept within the Unani system, as well as its significance in understanding human health and disease within this traditional medical framework. In the Unani system, human health takes centre stage, with physicians elucidating all factors responsible for sustaining well-being and good health.

Computational Biomedicine (CompBioMed) Centre of Excellence: Selected Key Achievements.

CompBioMed is a Centre of Excellence for High Performance Computing Applications, funded by the European Commission's Horizon 2020 program, running from October 1, 2017, to April 1, 2024. CompBioMed develops computer-based tools to simulate each human body in health and disease. The author provides a general overview and then presents his personal opinion on key achievements: collaborations between industry and academia, the two IMAX short films, training to foster a culture of HPC among biomedical practitioners, our free service to port and tune biomedical applications to HPC, providing future supercomputers access to surgery, and bringing FDA-endorsed credibility to biomedical simulations.

Next-Generation Pathology Using Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry: Mapping Tissue Architecture at Single-Cell Level.

Single-cell omics aim at charting the different types and properties of all cells in the human body in health and disease. Over the past years, myriads of cellular phenotypes have been defined by methods that mostly required cells to be dissociated and removed from their original microenvironment, thus destroying valuable information about their location and interactions. Growing insights, however, are showing that such information is crucial to understand complex disease states. For decades, pathologists have interpreted cells in the context of their tissue using low-plex antibody- and morphology-based methods. Novel technologies for multiplexed immunohistochemistry are now rendering it possible to perform extended single-cell expression profiling using dozens of protein markers in the spatial context of a single tissue section. The combination of these novel technologies with extended data analysis tools allows us now to study cell-cell interactions, define cellular sociology, and describe detailed aberrations in tissue architecture, as such gaining much deeper insights in disease states. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the available technologies for multiplexed immunohistochemistry, their advantages and challenges. We also provide the principles on how to interpret high-dimensional data in a spatial context. Similar to the fact that no one can just “read” a genome, pathological assessments are in dire need of extended digital data repositories to bring diagnostics and tissue interpretation to the next level.

PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS FOR DENTAL STUDENTS (STATUTORY TERM OF TRAINING)

Applicants for higher medical education usually demonstrate a highly developed logical and abstract thinking and the ability to control their own mental processes effectively. However, some of them, due to not fully formed certain personality traits (willingness to learn, ability to learn independently, the ability to control themselves and their emotions and properly distribute learning and free time) do not always successfully master new knowledge and skills. The training course of students who have got a diploma of a junior specialist and then enter medical universities in the specialty "Dentistry", lasts four years, a shorter term compared with applicants applying after high schools because a range of disciplines delivered at medical colleges should no be retaken. Students with statutory term of training demonstrate better and faster adaptation to university routine compared with freshmen who enter universities after the school graduation. Students who have graduated from medical colleges have a background including basic professional knowledge, which facilitates the process of their adaptation to learning. At each department of the university, educational materials essential for the hight quality training are available on the websites of the departments and are used for classroom activities, students’ independent and individual work. Depending on the direction of specialization of the departments, students are provided with relevant knowledge, skills and abilities. At the departments of morphological profile, the students learn different levels of living organization, biological phenomena and processes, the structure and functions of individual organs, systems and the human body in health and in the development of pathological processes; they are trained to apply acquired knowledge in further learning and future practice. Much attention is paid to the study of the fundamentals of histology and embryology of the head, neck, and oral cavity, the emergence of possible disorders, macroand microscopic structure of tooth structures, functions, timing of eruption, disease prevention and treatment. The purpose of training at clinical departments is to apply theoretical knowledge for mastering practical skills of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of dental diseases and preparation of students for independent professional activity. The organization of the educational process for students at the Faculty of Dentistry with a statutory term of training in medical universities is aimed at implementing the principles of the competency approach and focuses on the ultimate goals of the educational process, consisting in the preparation for professional activities in dental care settings.

Role of microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of esophageal mucosal disease: A paradigm shift from acid to bacteria?

Genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and initial speciation (e.g., relative abundance) of the commensal microbiome have revolutionized the way we think about the “human” body in health and disease. The interactions between the gut bacteria and the immune system of the host play a key role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases, including those impacting the esophagus. Although relatively stable, there are a number of factors that may disrupt the delicate balance between the luminal esophageal microbiome (EM) and the host. These changes are thought to be a product of age, diet, antibiotic and other medication use, oral hygiene, smoking, and/or expression of antibiotic products (bacteriocins) by other flora. These effects may lead to persistent dysbiosis which in turn increases the risk of local inflammation, systemic inflammation, and ultimately disease progression. Research has suggested that the etiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related esophagitis includes a cytokine-mediated inflammatory component and is, therefore, not merely the result of esophageal mucosal exposure to corrosives (i.e., acid). Emerging evidence also suggests that the EM plays a major role in the pathogenesis of disease by inciting an immunogenic response which ultimately propagates the inflammatory cascade. Here, we discuss the potential role for manipulating the EM as a therapeutic option for treating the root cause of various esophageal disease rather than just providing symptomatic relief (i.e., acid suppression).

Hypoxia/HIF Modulates Immune Responses.

Oxygen availability varies throughout the human body in health and disease. Under physiological conditions, oxygen availability drops from the lungs over the blood stream towards the different tissues into the cells and the mitochondrial cavities leading to physiological low oxygen conditions or physiological hypoxia in all organs including primary lymphoid organs. Moreover, immune cells travel throughout the body searching for damaged cells and foreign antigens facing a variety of oxygen levels. Consequently, physiological hypoxia impacts immune cell function finally controlling innate and adaptive immune response mainly by transcriptional regulation via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Under pathophysiological conditions such as found in inflammation, injury, infection, ischemia and cancer, severe hypoxia can alter immune cells leading to dysfunctional immune response finally leading to tissue damage, cancer progression and autoimmunity. Here we summarize the effects of physiological and pathophysiological hypoxia on innate and adaptive immune activity, we provide an overview on the control of immune response by cellular hypoxia-induced pathways with focus on the role of HIFs and discuss the opportunity to target hypoxia-sensitive pathways for the treatment of cancer and autoimmunity.

Artificial Intelligence in Nutrients Science Research: A Review.

Artificial intelligence (AI) as a branch of computer science, the purpose of which is to imitate thought processes, learning abilities and knowledge management, finds more and more applications in experimental and clinical medicine. In recent decades, there has been an expansion of AI applications in biomedical sciences. The possibilities of artificial intelligence in the field of medical diagnostics, risk prediction and support of therapeutic techniques are growing rapidly. The aim of the article is to analyze the current use of AI in nutrients science research. The literature review was conducted in PubMed. A total of 399 records published between 1987 and 2020 were obtained, of which, after analyzing the titles and abstracts, 261 were rejected. In the next stages, the remaining records were analyzed using the full-text versions and, finally, 55 papers were selected. These papers were divided into three areas: AI in biomedical nutrients research (20 studies), AI in clinical nutrients research (22 studies) and AI in nutritional epidemiology (13 studies). It was found that the artificial neural network (ANN) methodology was dominant in the group of research on food composition study and production of nutrients. However, machine learning (ML) algorithms were widely used in studies on the influence of nutrients on the functioning of the human body in health and disease and in studies on the gut microbiota. Deep learning (DL) algorithms prevailed in a group of research works on clinical nutrients intake. The development of dietary systems using AI technology may lead to the creation of a global network that will be able to both actively support and monitor the personalized supply of nutrients.

The role of the gut microbiome in health and diet-related diseases

In recent years, new data have been obtained on the participation of the organism-associated microbiota in the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. However, these data are mostly multidirectional and require interpretation. The aim - to highlight the role of the intestinal microbiome in the human body in health and some nutritional-dependent pathologies, taking into account modern scientific knowledge. Material and methods. The analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature in the field of studying the intestinal microbiome in humans and practical measures for its correction in the most common diet-related non-communicable diseases, using the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Schoolar, eLibrary, Cyberleninka databases has been held. Results. The data on the significance and function of the intestinal microbiome for the human body in health and in nutrient-dependent diseases, with attention to publications containing information that meets the criteria of scientific evidence have been summarized. It has been shown that the intestinal microbiome plays a biologically significant role not only in digestion processes, but also in many metabolic processes and in the adaptive potential of the human organism. The role of the microbiome in the metabolism of lipids supplied with food, as well as its participation in the mechanisms of development of dyslipidemias and metabolic syndrome in the case of dysbiotic disorders in the intestine, have been described. Conclusion. Nowadays the importance of the intestinal microbiome as an integral factor in the vital functions of the organism that determines the development and maintenance of the immune system, digestive processes, and biochemical balance in humans in norm has been convincingly proven at all levels of numerous studies. However, the study of the effect of dysbiotic changes in the gut microbiota as a direct cause of the development of non-communicable diseases requires further research with a high level of evidence.

A Stepping-Stone to Fully Integrated Whole-Body PET/MRI.

PET and MRI have long been used to obtain molecular, functional, and morphologic information to study the human body in health and disease. In addition to allowing the simultaneous acquisition of these complementary datasets, fully integrated PET/MRI systems have the potential to combine their

Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool in Orofacial Disorders

Saliva is formed by major exocrine organs, namely the parotid gland, “sub-mandibular” gland and “sublingualglands” and many minor “salivary glands.” Nature has bestowed saliva “The natural source” with manyfunctional capabilities that have a crucial value in maintaining the well being of mouth. Saliva plays a majorrole in the protection of oral tissues, food preparation, digestion, lubrication and speech.1 But one purposenot given by life is the utilization of saliva for investigative value, it is the human who has to explore thisprecious wonder fluid marvelously studded with clues about the human body in health and disease. Saliva asa diagnostic aid in orofacial disorders is the traditional monitoring tool for various diagnosis.2

Interaction of the microbiota with the human body in health and diseases.

The human body contains many microorganisms, including a large number of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, which are referred to as the microbiota. Compared with the number of cells comprising the human body, that of the microbiota has been found to be much larger. The microbiome is defined as microorganisms and their genomes have been shown to contain about 100 times more genes than the human genome. The microbiota affects many vital functions in the human body. It contributes to regulation of the immune system, digestion of food, production of vitamins such as B12 and K, metabolization of xenobiotic materials, and many other tasks. Many factors affect the microbiota biodiversity, such as diet, medicines including antibiotics, relationships with the environment, pregnancy, and age. Studies have shown that the lack of microbiota diversity leads to many diseases like autoimmune diseases such as diabetes type I, rheumatism, muscular dystrophy, problems in blood coagulation due to lack of vitamin K, and disturbances in the transfer of nerve cells due to lack of vitamin B12, in addition to its involvement in a number of conditions such as cancer, memory disorders, depression, stress, autism, and Alzheimer’s disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest studies discussing the relationship between the microbiota and the human body in health and diseases.

A Fungal World: Could the Gut Mycobiome Be Involved in Neurological Disease?

The human microbiome has received decades of attention from scientific and medical research communities. The human gastrointestinal tract is host to immense populations of microorganisms including bacteria, viruses, archaea, and fungi (the gut microbiota). High-throughput sequencing and computational advancements provide unprecedented ability to investigate the structure and function of microbial communities associated with the human body in health and disease. Most research to date has largely focused on elucidating the bacterial component of the human gut microbiota. Study of the gut “mycobiota,” which refers to the diverse array of fungal species, is a relatively new and rapidly progressing field. Though omnipresent, the number and abundance of fungi occupying the human gut is orders of magnitude smaller than that of bacteria. Recent insights however, have suggested that the gut mycobiota may be intricately linked to health and disease. Evaluation of the gut mycobiota has shown that not only are the fungal communities altered in disease, but they also play a role in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and influencing systemic immunity. In addition, it is now widely accepted that host-fungi and bacteria-fungi associations are critical to host health. While research of the gut mycobiota in health and disease is on the rise, little research has been performed in the context of neuroimmune and neurodegenerative conditions. Gut microbiota dysbiosis (specifically bacteria and archaea) have been reported in neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Alzheimer's, among others. Given the widely accepted bacteria-fungi associations and paucity of mycobiota-specific studies in neurological disease, this review discusses the potential role fungi may play in multiple sclerosis and other neurological diseases. Herein, we provide an overview of recent advances in gut mycobiome research and discuss the plausible role of both intestinal and non-intestinal fungi in the context of neuroimmune and neurodegenerative conditions.

Acute Inflammation and Metabolism.

Inflammation is an adaptive process to the noxious stimuli that the human body is constantly exposed to. From the local inflammatory response to a full-blown systemic inflammation, a wide complex sequence of events occurs. Persistent immunosuppression and catabolism may ensue, until multiple organ failure finally sets in. And since clinically useful and specific biomarkers are lacking, diagnosis may come late. A thorough understanding of these events (how they begin, how they evolve, and how to modulate them) is imperative, but as yet poorly studied. This review aims to consolidate current knowledge of these events so that the management of these patients is not only evidence-based, but also built on an understanding of the inner workings of the human body in health and in disease.

Functional constipation in children: non-pharmacological approach

(medicine) as described by Avicenna on the opening pages of the al-Qānūn fī al-Tibb (The Cannon of Medicine) was “a science by which one learns the conditions of the human body in health and in the nonexistence of health to keep health or to bring it back”. According to Avicenna’s Canon of Medicine and other traditional Persian medicine (TPM) resources, the observance of the six essential qualities provides guidance to any medical intervention. These qualities include air, food and drink, physical activity and rest, sleep and wake, retention and release (the bodily functions of absorption and evacuation) as well as mood and mental states. According to Avicenna’s theory, there are different causes for diseases and ill health, and a single complaint may be linked to multiple combinations of excesses or deficiencies in these essential qualities. For example, the causes for developing constipation include mental stress, low food intake, dryness of food, low fluid intake, excessive urination, excessive sweating because of heavy exercise or hot weather (tissue dehydration), using astringent herbal medicines as well as intestinal sensory loss

BrightMed: an opportunity to open up anatomy to the next generation

BrightMed is a dedicated widening participation program created within Brighton and Sussex Medical School targeting gifted and talented pupils attending state schools in the region. Students are recruited in year 8 and begin the program in year 9. Over the next four academic years, students attend a number of activity days plus a week‐long summer residential. Currently BrightMed is working with 227 students. Anatomy features as a strong theme within the programme with sessions aimed at exploring the human body in health and disease. Highlights include living anatomy sessions, dissection and interactive ‘Anatomy Prof’ sessions. To date, all students who have applied to study medicine and have met the academic criteria have had at least one interview and of those 80% have received offers. The success of the programme has recently been recognised nationally and features as a best practice case study in a report for the UK Government.

The application of good clinical practice in nutrition research

High-quality human studies are indispensable to obtain credible scientific evidence for nutritional effects on the structure and functioning of the human body in health and disease. Although nutrition studies can have specific characteristics in terms of populations, outcomes, designs, methodologies and interventions,1 it is clear that human nutrition research should follow the established basic scientific and operational principles for high-quality design and execution of human studies. These aspects, together with those related to subject protection, form the basis of the ICH Good Clinical Practice (GCP) guidelines.2 Consequently, the GCP principles are relevant and important for human nutrition research. In fact, nearly all articles of the GCP guidelines can be applied to nutrition studies. However, some GCP aspects need a certain level of adaptation to be practically incorporated into nutrition trials. These are discussed in the current paper.

Complexity Science to Conceptualize Health and Disease: Is It Relevant to Clinical Medicine?

Clinical sciences are based on several implicit and explicit concepts, assumptions, and beliefs. The current discourse on clinical medicine is dominated by a mechanistic, deterministic, and reductionist world view and has much to gain by embracing the concepts in complexity science (CS). This article sets out to achieve 3 objectives: describe the evolution of models or frameworks used in clinical medicine, outline the application of CS to conceptualize the human body in health and disease, and briefly explore how CS sheds light on our understanding of clinical conditions, using severe sepsis as an example.

A Physician and a Man of Science: Patients, Physicians, and Diseases in Marcello Malpighi's Medical Practice

Marcello Malpighi (1628-94), the celebrated Italian anatomist, was also a very successful physician and, as his correspondence indicates, medical consultant by post. This article focuses on the professional and social network that developed around Malpighi's medical activity. The network played a major role in promoting Malpighi's professional career and in disseminating his scientific ideas. Malpighi's medical practice was indeed fully integrated within his views of the structure and functioning of the human body in health and disease. A fresh look into Malpighi's medical practice allows us to get new insights into early modern relations among medicine, the new science, and the identity of physicians.

MONITORING THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF HUMAN RED BLOOD CELLS BY MICROWAVE WAVEGUIDE SINGLE-FREQUENCY DIELECTROMETRY

Waveguide single-frequency method has been used to measure the complex permittivity of human red blood cells in the high-frequency domain (γ-dispersion). The relationship between the dielectric and physiological characteristics of human blood is described. It was experimentally detected that changes in complex permittivity of blood caused by the action of endogenous epinephrine in vitro can serve as criterion for assessing the functional state of the human body in health and disease. It opens an opportunity of using this method in the biomedical field for diagnostic purposes.