Human AIDS Research Articles

Vocal recognition before recording: techniques of vocal documentation, classification and identification in the long nineteenth century

ABSTRACT This paper aims to sketch out a cultural history of documenting, classifying and identifying voices in the nineteenth century. Focusing on a period before technologies like the spectogram became widely available, I demonstrate that experts in this period already harboured many of the ideas and ambitions that would later drive the development of technologies in speech recognition and the voiceprint. First, the idea that each human voice was unique – and therefore individual – was thoroughly developed in. Secondly, various embodied techniques for the description, comparison and recognition of particular voices were developed throughout the century, mobilising both the human ear and visual aids. Drawing on insights from the fields of voice studies and sound studies, and based on scientific, pedagogical, and musical expertise formulated and circulated in Britain, France, and Germany in the nineteenth century, the paper teases out the trajectory of these techniques, and changing vocabularies of vocal uniqueness. Central to the idea that voices were “as different from each other as faces”, were cultural assumptions about distinctions between different (European) national, cultural, and gendered voices, making the pre-history of speech recognition a cultural history, as much as it is a history of science or technology.

Brain Tumor Diagnosis Using CNN and Image Processing

Abstract: Among the most tedious and time-consuming tasks in medical image processing is brain tumor identification and segmentation. Magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, is a medical procedure that radiologists primarily utilize to examine the human body without having to do surgery. The substantial information that MRI provides on human soft tissue aids in the diagnosis of brain tumors. It is crucial to accurately segment MRI images in order to detect a brain tumour utilizing computeraided clinical techniques. Brain tumor identification facilitates determining the precise size and location of the tumor. Initially, the scanned image's quality is upgraded, and tumors are located in the image using morphological operators

Disability and the social impact of hemophilia.

In addition to receiving the medical treatment they need, people with hemophilia or other coagulopathies must acquire the strategies required to deal with the physical, emotional and social challenges they will encounter at the different stages of their lives. To this end, it is necessary to offer support for any uncertainty that may arise for the patient or parents upon diagnosis of the disease, and to help them develop a healthy response pattern to bleeding episodes. First years and decades of life are essential because self-image is built and the foundations for socialization are laid, making it necessary to foster communication and self-esteem. However, in later life, the social impact of the consequences of hemophilia, including disability and dependency, require the introduction of technical and human adaptations and aids. Hematological, rehabilitative, orthopedic psychological and social approaches focus on improving the individual's ability to carry out daily activities independently and facilitate social integration. Patient associations play a key role in minimizing the social impact of hemophilia. Finally, recognition of disability helps to compensate to some extent for the difficulties faced by people with hemophilia.

A pan-cancer analysis of the role of WDFY2 in human tumors

ABSTRACT WDFY2 is a protein that may provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying human tumors and aid in the development of novel therapies. Despite its potential importance, the role of WDFY2 in pan-cancer has not been systematically investigated. In this study, we comprehensively explored the expression pattern and function of WDFY2 across 33 cancers using various databases, including TCGA, CPTAC and GEO datasets. Our results indicate that WDFY2 is downregulated in most cancer types, including BRCA, KIRP, KICH, LUAD, KIRC, PCPG, PRAD, THCA, ACC, OV, TGCT and UCS, while it is upregulated in CESC, CHOL, COAD, HNSC, LUSC, READ, STAD and UCEC. Prognostic analyses showed that higher levels of WDFY2 were associated with worse disease outcomes in ACC, BLCA, COAD, READ, SARC, MESO and OV. WDFY2 mutations were most frequent in colorectal cancer but were not associated with disease prognosis. We also found that WDFY2 expression correlated with monocyte infiltration status in SKCM, endothelial cell infiltration in COAD, KIRC, MESO, OV and THCA, and cancer-associated fibroblast infiltration in COAD, LUAD and OV. Additionally, functional enrichment analysis revealed that WDFY2 is involved in metabolism. Overall, our comprehensive analysis sheds light on the role of WDFY2 in various cancers, providing a better understanding of its role in tumorigenesis.

Specification, stochastic modeling and analysis of interactive service robotic applications

Assistive robotic systems are quickly becoming a core technology for the service sector as they are understood capable of supporting people in need of assistance in a wide variety of tasks. This step poses a number of ethical and technological questions. The research community is wondering how service robotics can be a step forward in human care and aid, and how robotics applications can be realized in order to put the human role at the forefront. Therefore, there is a growing demand for frameworks supporting robotic application designers in a “human-aware” development process. This paper presents a model-driven framework for analyzing and developing human–robot interactive scenarios in non-industrial settings with significant sources of uncertainty. The framework’s core is a formal model of the agents at play – the humans and the robot – and the robot’s mission, which is then put through verification to estimate the probability of completing the mission. The model captures non-trivial features related to human behavior, specifically the unpredictability of human choices and physiological aspects tied to their state of health. To foster the framework’s accessibility, we present a verification tool-agnostic Domain-Specific Language that allows designers lacking expertise in formal modeling to configure the interactive scenarios in a user-friendly manner. We compare the formal analysis outputs with results obtained by deploying benchmark scenarios in the physical environment with a real mobile robot to assess whether the formal model adheres to reality and whether the verification results are accurate. The entire development pipeline is then tested on several scenarios from the healthcare setting to assess its flexibility and effectiveness in the application design process.

Transformational Leadership and Knowledge Management Impact on Organization Performance: A Systematic Review

A leader is a frontrunner who will bring an organization to sail to its desires. In wearing out its functions a leader will normally use the management style/version this is believed to be the most perfect to support his achievement. Transformational leadership is leadership that gives freedom to the enterprise to offer thoughts for the progress of the employer, lets in subordinates to see troubles from special views, enables adapt to the converting environment, and improves the effectiveness of Human aid control in numerous sectors of the business enterprise. The influence of transformational management on organizational overall performance through expertise control has been studied in various research. This journal is the end result of systematic opinions from several journals on the influence of transformational management and information control on organizational overall performance. From the consequences of the literature search, five journals related to transformational leadership and know-how management effect on organizational overall performance had been determined. The consequences of the systematic evaluation show that the transformational management fashion and information management has a positive influence on enterprise performance, both at once and in a roundabout way.

Transformational Leadership & Knowledge Management Impact on Organization Performance: A Systematic Review

A leader is a frontrunner who will bring an organization to sail to its desires. In wearing out its functions a leader will normally use the management style/version this is believed to be the most perfect to support his achievement. Transformational leadership is leadership that gives freedom to the enterprise to offer thoughts for the progress of the employer, lets subordinates to see troubles from special views, enables adaptation to the converting environment, and improves the effectiveness of Human aid control in numerous sectors of the business enterprise. The influence of transformational management on organizational overall performance through expertise control has been studied in various research. This journal is the end result of systematic opinions from several journals on the influence of transformational management and information control on organizational overall performance. From the consequences of the literature search, five journals related to transformational leadership and know-how management's effect on organizational overall performance had been determined. The consequences of the systematic evaluation show that the transformational management fashion and information management have a positive influence on enterprise performance, both at once and in a roundabout way.

Media impact research: a discrete SIR epidemic model with threshold switching and nonlinear infection forces.

The media's coverage has the potential to impact human behavior and aid in the control of emergent infectious diseases. We aim to quantify and evaluate the extent to which media coverage can influence infectious disease control through a mathematical model, thus proposing a switching epidemic model that considers the effect of media coverage. The threshold strategy incorporates media influence only when the number of infected cases surpasses a specific threshold; otherwise, it is disregarded. When conducting qualitative analysis of two subsystems, focusing on the existence and stability of equilibria. Using numerical methods, the codimension-2 bifurcation analysis is adopted here to investigate the various types of equilibria within the switching system that play a vital role in pest control. On the other hand, codimension-1 bifurcation analysis reveals the existence of periodic, chaotic solutions, period-doubling bifurcations, multiple attractors and other complexities within the proposed model, which could pose challenges in disease control. Additionally, the impact of key parameters on epidemic outbreaks is analyzed, such as the initial values of susceptible and infective individuals, and discuss the potential benefits of mass media coverage in preventing emerging infectious diseases. The modeling and analytical techniques developed for threshold control strategies can be applied to other disease control efforts.

Sentiment Analysis of Opinions on the Use of Devices in Students Using the Support Vector Machine (SVM) Method

Sentiment Analysis is a field of science in analyzing a sentiment or opinion on a particular object or problem and the opinion can be divided into several purposes (classes) that lead to negative, neutral or positive opinions. Gadgets (gadgets) are human aids in many fields including work, entertainment, communication and information, the use of gadgets themselves encompasses all ages including school students who use gadgets excessively that affect the mental, physical and attitudes of users. Twitter social media is one of the social media that is used by the public in making opinions about the influence of gadgets, especially parents, these opinions are useful for other users in determining the granting of access rights and direction for children, especially students in using gadgets. Opinion classification is needed in making it easier for other users to see whether opinions from the influence of gadgets fall into the negative, neutral or positive classes. The method used in the classification of opinion is Support Vector Machine (SVM). The data used in this study amounted to 1354 taken in 2019 using web scraping techniques on the Twitter site which are then pre-processed so that it can be processed into the program and classified into 3 classes of sentiments, namely negative, neutral and positive sentiments. In finding the average value of accuracy in the distribution of training data and test data using k-fold cross validation of 10-fold produces an average value of 85.3%. Then testing is done to measure the performance of the SVM method using confusion matrix in the percentage of training data and different test data and produces the highest accuracy value of 83.3%.

Practical synthesis of the therapeutic leads tigilanol tiglate and its analogues.

Tigilanol tiglate is a natural product diterpenoid in clinical trials for the treatment of a broad range of cancers. Its unprecedented protein kinase C isoform selectivity make it and its analogues exceptional leads for PKC-related clinical indications, which include human immunodeficiency virus and AIDS eradication, antigen-enhanced cancer immunotherapy, Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Currently, the only source of tigilanol tiglate is a rain forest tree, Fontainea picrosperma, whose limited number and restricted distribution (northeastern Australia) has prompted consideration of designed tree plantations to address supply needs. Here we report a practical laboratory synthesis of tigilanol tiglate that proceeds in 12 steps (12% overall yield, >80% average yield per step) and can be used to sustainably supply tigilanol tiglate and its analogues, the latter otherwise inaccessible from the natural source. The success of this synthesis is based on a unique strategy for the installation of an oxidation pattern common to many biologically active tiglianes, daphnanes and their analogues.

Cis-regulatory architecture of human ESC-derived hypothalamic neuron differentiation aids in variant-to-gene mapping of relevant complex traits

Cis-regulatory architecture of human ESC-derived hypothalamic neuron differentiation aids in variant-to-gene mapping of relevant complex traits

Examining 5-Year Cervical Cytology Progression Among Minority Women Living With HIV and Baseline Negative Cytology.

Women living with HIV (WLWH) have increased risk of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, precancers, and invasive cervical cancers. This study aims to determine the rate of cervical cytologic progression and related factors in minority WLWH across 5 years. We used our HIV clinic database, complemented with a retrospective chart review to identify WLWH with a baseline negative cervical cytology between 2009 and 2012 and 5-year follow-up. Data included race/ethnicity, age, years living with HIV, AIDS status, viral load, history of smoking, drug use, and HPV status. Multivariate logistic regression tested progression of negative cytology to low-grade/high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL/HGSIL). Among 162 WLWH, 42% were African American, 30% non-Hispanic African Caribbean, and 26% Hispanic. At baseline, 21% had detectable viral load (>200 cp/mL), mean age was 44.8 (±11 years), and mean years living with HIV was 9.6 (±6.9). After 5 years, 19% of the cohort progressed to LGSIL/HGSIL. Human papillomavirus was detected consistently among women with cytologic changes (30% vs 7%, p < .01). Significant factors that predicted higher likelihood of progression to LGSIL/HGSIL were detection of HPV (adjusted odds ratios = 5.11 [1.31-19.93]; p = .02), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-defined AIDS status (adjusted odds ratios = 4.28 [1.04-17.63]; p = .04). Of the women who maintained negative cytology at 1 to 2 years (n = 102), 5 women (5%) progressed during the following 3 years before the recommended follow-up. Human papillomavirus detection and AIDS status were significant factors predicting progression to LGSIL/HGSIL among minority WLWH. Providers screening WLWH for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia should carefully decide screening intervals for minority populations.

A Comprehensive Overview of Classical and Modern Route Planning Algorithms for Self-Driving Mobile Robots

Mobile robots are increasingly being applied in a variety of sectors, including agricultural, firefighting, and search and rescue operations. Robotics and autonomous technology research and development have played a major role in making this possible. Before a robot can reliably and effectively navigate a space without human aid, there are still several challenges to be addressed. When planning a path to its destination, the robot should be able to gather information from its surroundings and take the appropriate actions to avoid colliding with obstacles along the way. The following review analyses and compares 200 articles from two databases, Scopus and IEEE Xplore, and selects 60 articles as references from those articles. This evaluation focuses mostly on the accuracy of the different path-planning algorithms. Common collision-free path planning methodologies are examined in this paper, including classical or traditional and modern intelligence techniques, as well as both global and local approaches, in static and dynamic environments. Classical or traditional methods, such as Roadmaps (Visibility Graph and Voronoi Diagram), Potential Fields, and Cell Decomposition, and modern methodologies such as heuristic-based (Dijkstra Method, A* Algorithms, and D* Algorithms), metaheuristics algorithms (such as PSO, Bat Algorithm, ACO, and Genetic Algorithm), and neural systems such as fuzzy neural networks or fuzzy logic (FL) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are described in this report. In this study, we outline the ideas, benefits, and downsides of modeling and path-searching technologies for a mobile robot.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE ORAL CAVITY: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE

<h3>Objectives</h3> The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus transmitted through the exchange of body fluids, which can result in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, which is associated with the etiology of oral malignancies. The aim was to evaluate the association between the etiology of oral malignant neoplasms and HIV. <h3>Study Design</h3> A survey of studies published in the previous 5 years in the PubMed database was conducted using the keywords "oral neoplasm, oral cancer, acquired immunodeficiency virus, HIV, human immunodeficiency syndrome and AIDS." <h3>Results</h3> 85 articles were found in PubMed. Only 9 studies remained after the selection. The mean age of the patients was 36.8 years with a predilection for males (5/4). The most prevalent neoplasms were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 3) and Kaposi's sarcoma (n = 3). The most common locations were alveolar ridge and hard palate. The therapeutic approaches were diverse and frequently included the administration of antiretroviral therapy associated with surgical excision or chemotherapy. Three patients died, 5 had regression of the disease, and 1 case did not state the prognosis. <h3>Conclusions</h3> Although the literature is limited, the reported cases show the influence of HIV on the etiology of multiple malignant neoplasms, revealing the significance of early diagnosis to the positive prognosis.

Creation and application of war trauma treatment simulation software for first aid on the battlefield based on undeformed high-resolution sectional anatomical image (Chinese Visible Human dataset)

BackgroundEffective first aid on the battlefield is vital to minimize deaths caused by war trauma and improve combat effectiveness. However, it is difficult for junior medical students, which have relatively poor human anatomy knowledge and first aid experience. Therefore, we aim to create a treatment simulation software for war trauma, and to explore its application for first aid training.Methods This study is a quantitative post-positivist study using a survey for data collection. First, high-resolution, thin-sectional anatomical images (Chinese Visible Human (CVH) dataset) were used to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) wound models. Then, the simulation system and the corresponding interactive 3D-PDF, including 3D models, graphic explanation, and teaching videos, were built, and used for first aid training in army medical college. Finally, the interface, war trauma modules, and training effects were evaluated using a five-point Likert scale questionnaire. All measurements are represented as mean and standard deviations. Moreover, free text comments from questionnaires were collected and aggregated.ResultsThe simulation software and interactive 3D-PDF were established. This included pressure hemostasis of the vertex, face, head-shoulder, shoulder-arm, upper forearm, lower limb, foot, and punctures of the cricothyroid membrane, pneumothorax, and marrow cavity. Seventy-eight medical students participated in the training and completed the questionnaire, including 66 junior college students and 12 graduate students. The results indicated that they were highly satisfied with the software (score: 4.64 ± 0.56). The systems were user-friendly (score: 4.40 ± 0.61) and easy to operate (score: 4.49 ± 0.68). The 3D models, knowledge of hemostasis, and puncture were accurate (scores: 4.41 ± 0.67, and 4.53 ± 0.69) and easily adopted (scores: 4.54 ± 0.635, and 4.40 ± 0.648). They provided information about hemostasis and puncture (all scores > 4.40), except for cricothyroid membrane puncture (scores: 4.39 ± 0.61), improved the learning enthusiasm of medical students (score: 4.55 ± 0.549), and increased learning interest (score: 4.54 ± 0.57).ConclusionOur software can effectively help medical students master first aid skills including hemostasis, cricothyroid membrane and bone marrow puncture, and its anatomy. This may also be used for soldiers and national first aid training.

Transforming human resource management with HR analytics: A critical Analysis of Benefits and challenges

Human resources have long been a valuable organizational asset. Employees must be considered as resources to gain a competitive edge, and firms may survive in a competitive market by aligning human resources with essential business objectives. Organizational success has always revolved around human resources. The alignment of HR strategy with the company's overall strategy relies heavily on personnel analysis. Human resource analysis aids HR managers in developing strategies that will allow the company to outperform its competition. The revolution and difficulties of human resource management using hr analytics are examined in this study. Human resource analysis (HR) has the ability to greatly improve HR departments' decision-making capabilities in human and organizational capital. Sample of 217 respondents from HR team of different organizations were surveyed to know the benefits, challenges and impact of Transforming Human Resource Management with HR Analytics. It is found that there is a significant impact of transforming human resource management with HR analytics in an organization.

Abstract 2080: LAG3-targeted IL15/IL15Rα-Fc (LAG3 x IL15) fusion proteins for preferential TIL expansion

Abstract The IL2Rβ/γc binding human cytokines IL2 and IL15 aid in the activation, proliferation, and survival of T and NK cells, and their therapeutic potential has been well established in animal models and human trials. However, therapeutic approaches utilizing these cytokines have suffered from low tolerability, fast clearance, and limited therapeutic window due to extensive activity on peripheral lymphocytes. Conversely, higher drug concentration and prolonged exposure are desirable to allow lymphocyte activation and proliferation at the tumor site, but this can be difficult to achieve due to dose-limiting toxicities associated with this axis. IL15 functions as a stabilized heterodimeric complex with membrane-bound IL15Rα on the surface of monocytes and DCs, which is presented in trans to lymphocytes expressing IL2Rβ/γc. We hypothesized that we could selectively target tumor-reactive TILs by combining a reduced potency IL15/IL15Rα heterocomplex with an immune checkpoint(CP)-targeting arm to bias binding and activation to CP-positive TILs, potentially improving therapeutic index. Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3) was chosen as the CP targeting-arm due to its frequent co-expression with PD1, bias to CD8+ T cells, ability to easily combine with anti-PD1 agents, and recent promising results with anti-LAG3 agents in the clinic. First, potency-reduced IL15/IL15Rα were created by engineering amino acid substitutions in IL15 - at the IL2Rβ/γc interface - that reduced in vitro potency by at least 1000-fold. We then designed LAG3 x IL15 fusion proteins containing single-chain IL15/IL15Rα and LAG3-targeting arms attached to a heterodimeric-Fc region, relying on targeting avidity to recover potency on LAG3+ cells. In vitro proliferation of lymphocytes in human PBMCs, stimulated with sub-optimal concentrations of anti-CD3 to induce LAG3 expression, was monitored by CFSE dilution or by counting Ki67+ cells after incubation with LAG3 x IL15 for 4 days. In vivo activity was evaluated using humanized mouse models by measuring the extent of human leukocyte expansion. Lead LAG3 x IL15 were evaluated for pharmacodynamic activity, pharmacokinetics, and tolerability in non-human primates. LAG3 x IL15 showed &amp;gt;500-fold selectivity compared to a non-targeted IL15 in an in vitro proliferation assay of lymphocytes stimulated for induced LAG3 expression. In vitro potency was greatest on effector memory CD8 T cells. LAG3 x IL15 were 3-fold more potent on CD8 T cells compared to CD4 T cells and had very weak activity on NK cells, consistent with minimal LAG3 expression on this population. In mouse models, treatment with LAG3 x IL15 promoted significantly increased numbers of T cells. Moreover, LAG3 x IL15 combined productively with anti-PD1 to promote additional T cell expansion. These results demonstrate that LAG3 x IL15 show a promising profile of selective IL15 delivery to TIL with minimal peripheral activity. Citation Format: Matthew J. Bernett, Suzanne Schubbert, Michael Hackett, Lukasz J. Ochyl, Lizett E. Scott, Christine Bonzon, Rumana Rashid, Kendra N. Avery, Irene W. Leung, Nicole Rodriguez, Connie Ardila, Umesh S. Muchhal, Norman J. Barlow, Rena Bahjat, John R. Desjarlais. LAG3-targeted IL15/IL15Rα-Fc (LAG3 x IL15) fusion proteins for preferential TIL expansion [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2080.

Molecular Docking Study of HIV-1 Antiretroviral Candidate via Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor from Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe

HIV-1 is a member of the Retrovirus and the virus causes AIDS in humans. AIDS affects the dynamics of the immune system leading to fatal opportunistic infections. Reverse transcriptase plays an important role as a functional enzyme in the viral replication process, the enzyme works to carry out the transcription process of ssRNA into cDNA and then initiates the viral integration process of the genome into the nucleus. Currently many use of HIV-1 NNRTIs, the nevirapine type, with a molecular mechanism that can bind to the active site of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase enzyme to inhibit its activation. A new problem arises because the reverse transcriptase in HIV-1 undergoes a cross mutation and causes nevirapine resistance. Previous research using an in vitro approach showed the ability to inhibit the process of replication, attachment, and internalization of the virus shown by Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe, then another ability is that these herbal plants can trigger cell stimulation for interferon-β secretion. This study aims to screen the chemical compounds of Zingiber officinale var Roscoe for the discovery of new antiretrovirals through computational study. Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe is predicted to act as an antiretroviral agent through with a mechanism of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity inhibition at Pro95, Tyr181, Val179, Leu100, Tyr188, Val106, Leu234, Phe227, Tyr318, Asn103, Gly99 residues, β-sitosterol is predicted to act as a drug-like molecule, the antiretroviral potential of Zingiber officinale var. Roscoe must undergo further analysis to provide strong scientific evidence.

A Review on Metabolic Paradoxes and their Impact on Metabolism.

The current review paper portrays the important link of different nutrients like trace elements, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, and amino acids with the immune system as well as information related to metabolic paradoxes. Optimum working of the metabolic system is essential because it gives various types of supplements to the human body and aid in chemical pathways. Here related data have been retrieved from two databases i.e., PubMed and Google scholar to grasp detailed knowledge about micronutrients and nutrients as well as their association in the metabolic system. Like protein play important role in the normal development of different immune components, amino acids including alanine, Arginine, and glutamic acid properly control the movement of neutrophils, macrophages, and cytokines. While fatty acids act as an anti-inflammatory agent because they possess the ability to inhibit the expression of the MHC class. Apart from these, many essential molecules like uric acid, proteins, calcium, lanolin are also obtained as end products after catabolic and anabolic reactions, and it was found that the uric acid paradox has a cancer inhibitory role. Additionally, TGF and IL-6 paradoxes have a role in the development of tumors, the onset of diabetes, and low-grade inflammatory disorders respectively. However, the entire functioning of metabolic processes depends upon daily diet because humans get the important nutrient from the diet which further vital role in the immune system. Moreover, it was also observed that calcium paradox is related to heart disorders because high calcium accumulation leads to cardiac disorders. Thus, the complete knowledge about these essential components as well as metabolic paradoxes is very important due to their antagonistic role to plan better and improved therapeutic strategies for various diseases.

HIV Infection and Secondary Bacterial and Fungal Respiratory Tract Infections in Central Indian Patients, as Well as a Heart Survey

Background: Respiratory tract infections (RTI) can cause severe morbidity and morbidity in HIV-uninfected patients with even intact full functioning immune system, and for the majority of HIV paglents, RTl are the first secondary infections which may infect even detect HIV-positivity in some of the cases. In this study attempt has been made to correlate the degree of damage to immune system of the HIV patients and different etiological agents of RTl. Naturally, in HIV-infected, Immuno-compromised patients the prevalence of routine bacteriological and fungal RTl would be more, this study is designed to know exact prevalence rate of RTl in HIV patients of this region. RTl has broad spectrum of fungal and bacterial etiology, when combined with HIV, this feature confuses the treating physician. Without knowledge of incidence of common etiological agents and their susceptibility/ pattern it is difficult for him to select the right drug for treatment.&#x0D; Aim: HIV Infection and Secondary Bacterial and Fungal Respiratory Tract Infections in Central Indian Patients, as well as a Heart Survey.&#x0D; Material and Method: Secondary infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract are highly common in HIV-positive patients, and the majority of them have a bacterial etiology. The respiratory tract infections of HIV-infected patients do not differ too much than HIV-uninfected patients, except in degree. This study was done on a total number of 200 sputum samples collected from ICTC and ART Center during the study period. &#x0D; Results: The HIV-positive patients were the ones who had the highest polymicrobial isolation. PCP was not detected in our investigation, perhaps due to the nature of the sample, which was sputum. According to the findings of this study, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are the most common opportunistic pathogens among HIV-positive people in the Central Indian regions investigated. Constant monitoring of infections in HIV positive patients is crucial for better management and to improve the quality of life of such patients, due to the changing pattern of infections based on the degree of immuno-suppression.&#x0D; Conclusion: Despite the risks of side effects, the provision of highly active antiretroviral therapy in underdeveloped countries like ours should be supported, especially since these life-saving drugs are still unavailable to the vast majority of patients who require them. Even though there are certain side effects, HIV patients are advised to continue taking HAART. However, in order to manage the morbidity associated with HAART, appropriate clinical follow-up is also essential, and all of these factors may help them live longer.&#x0D; Keywords: Respiratory tract infections, Immuno-compromised patients, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, AIDS and HAART