Hull York Medical School Research Articles

Editorial introductions

Editorial introductions

Looking forward to looking back

Looking forward to looking back

Predictors of professional behaviour and academic outcomes in a UK medical school: A longitudinal cohort study

Background: Over the past 70 years, there has been a recurring debate in the literature and in the popular press about how best to select medical students. This implies that we are still not getting it right: either some students are unsuited to medicine or the graduating doctors are considered unsatisfactory, or both.Aim: To determine whether particular variables at the point of selection might distinguish those more likely to become satisfactory professional doctors, by following a complete intake cohort of students throughout medical school and analysing all the data used for the students’ selection, their performance on a range of other potential selection tests, academic and clinical assessments throughout their studies, and records of professional behaviour covering the entire five years of the course.Methods: A longitudinal database captured the following anonymised information for every student (n = 146) admitted in 2007 to the Hull York Medical School (HYMS) in the UK: demographic data (age, sex, citizenship); performance in each component of the selection procedure; performance in some other possible selection instruments (cognitive and non-cognitive psychometric tests); professional behaviour in tutorials and in other clinical settings; academic performance, clinical and communication skills at summative assessments throughout; professional behaviour lapses monitored routinely as part of the fitness-to-practise procedures. Correlations were sought between predictor variables and criterion variables chosen to demonstrate the full range of course outcomes from failure to complete the course to graduation with honours, and to reveal clinical and professional strengths and weaknesses.Results: Student demography was found to be an important predictor of outcomes, with females, younger students and British citizens performing better overall. The selection variable “HYMS academic score”, based on prior academic performance, was a significant predictor of components of Year 4 written and Year 5 clinical examinations. Some cognitive subtest scores from the UK Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT) and the UKCAT total score were also significant predictors of the same components, and a unique predictor of the Year 5 written examination. A number of the non-cognitive tests were significant independent predictors of Years 4 and 5 clinical performance, and of lapses in professional behaviour. First- and second-year tutor ratings were significant predictors of all outcomes, both desirable and undesirable. Performance in Years 1 and 2 written exams did not predict performance in Year 4 but did generally predict Year 5 written and clinical performance.Conclusions: Measures of a range of relevant selection attributes and personal qualities can predict intermediate and end of course achievements in academic, clinical and professional behaviour domains. In this study HYMS academic score, some UKCAT subtest scores and the total UKCAT score, and some non-cognitive tests completed at the outset of studies, together predicted outcomes most comprehensively. Tutor evaluation of students early in the course also identified the more and less successful students in the three domains of academic, clinical and professional performance. These results may be helpful in informing the future development of selection tools.

Human embryos from overweight and obese women display phenotypic and metabolic abnormalities.

Is the developmental timing and metabolic regulation disrupted in embryos from overweight or obese women? Oocytes from overweight or obese women are smaller than those from women of healthy weight, yet post-fertilization they reach the morula stage faster and, as blastocysts, show reduced glucose consumption and elevated endogenous triglyceride levels. Female overweight and obesity is associated with infertility. Moreover, being overweight or obese around conception may have significant consequences for the unborn child, since there are widely acknowledged links between events occurring during early development and the incidence of a number of adult disorders. We have performed a retrospective, observational analysis of oocyte size and the subsequent developmental kinetics of 218 oocytes from 29 consecutive women attending for ICSI treatment and have related time to reach key developmental stages to maternal bodyweight. In addition, we have measured non-invasively the metabolic activity of 150 IVF/ICSI embryos from a further 29 consecutive women who donated their surplus embryos to research, and have related the data retrospectively to their body mass index (BMI). In a clinical IVF setting, we compared oocyte morphology and developmental kinetics of supernumerary embryos collected from overweight and obese women, with a BMI in excess of 25 kg/m(2) to those from women of healthy weight. A Primovision Time-Lapse system was used to measure developmental kinetics and the non-invasive COnsumption/RElese of glucose, pyruvate, amino acids and lactate were measured on spent droplets of culture medium. Total triglyceride levels within individual embryos were also determined. Human oocytes from women presenting for fertility treatment with a BMI exceeding 25 kg/m(2) are smaller (R(2) = -0.45; P = 0.001) and therefore less likely to complete development post-fertilization (P < 0.001). Those embryos that do develop reach the morula stage faster than embryos from women of a BMI < 25 kg/m(2) (<0.001) and the resulting blastocysts contain fewer cells notably in the trophectoderm (P = 0.01). The resulting blastocysts also have reduced glucose consumption (R(2) = -0.61; P = 0.001), modified amino acid metabolism and increased levels of endogenous triglyceride (t = 4.11, P < 0.001). Our data further indicate that these differences are independent of male BMI. Although statistical power has been achieved, this is a retrospective study and relatively small due to the scarcity of human embryos available for research. Consequently, subanalysis of overweight and obese was not possible based on the sample size. The analysis has been performed on supernumerary embryos, originating from a single IVF unit and not selected for use in treatment. Thus, it was not possible to speculate how representative the findings would be of the better quality embryos transferred or frozen for each patient. The data indicate that a high BMI of women at conception is associated with distinct phenotypic changes in the embryo during the preimplantation period, highlighting the importance of prepregnancy body weight in optimizing the chances of fertility and safeguarding maternal and offspring health. These changes to the metabolic fingerprint of human embryos which are most likely a legacy of the ovarian conditions under which the oocyte has matured may reduce the chances of conception for overweight women and provide good evidence that the metabolic profile of the early embryo is set by sub-optimal conditions around the time of conception. The observed changes could indicate long-term implications for the health of the offspring of overweight and obese women. This study was funded by the Hull IVF Unit Charitable Trust and the Hull York Medical School. There are no conflict of interests.

Medical student resilience, educational context and incandescent fairy tales

Medical EducationVolume 48, Issue 4 p. 342-344 Commentary Medical student resilience, educational context and incandescent fairy tales Gabrielle M Finn, Corresponding Author Gabrielle M Finn Heslington, York, UKCorrespondence: Dr Gabrielle M Finn, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. Tel: + 44 191 334 0737; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorFrederic W Hafferty, Frederic W Hafferty Rochester, Minnesota, USASearch for more papers by this author Gabrielle M Finn, Corresponding Author Gabrielle M Finn Heslington, York, UKCorrespondence: Dr Gabrielle M Finn, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK. Tel: + 44 191 334 0737; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorFrederic W Hafferty, Frederic W Hafferty Rochester, Minnesota, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 09 March 2014 https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.12415Citations: 4Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume48, Issue4April 2014Pages 342-344 RelatedInformation

Prof. Alyn Morice: the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of cough.

Prof. Alyn Morice (Figure 1) is the Professor of Respiratory Medicine, Head of Medicine, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull. Professor Morice qualified at Cambridge University and after House jobs in London, he undertook research (MD) into the pharmacology of asthma at St Mary’s Hospital. As Clinical Lecturer at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Professor Morice developed his interest in cough, demonstrating cough hypersensitivity caused by ACE inhibitors. In 1989 Professor Morice was appointed as Senior Lecturer in Sheffield developing a Pulmonary Vascular service and the first UK Cough Clinic. In 1998 Professor Morice was appointed to the Foundation Chair in Respiratory Medicine in Hull University (now part of Hull York Medical School). He has led the European Respiratory Society and British Thoracic Society Taskforces on Cough.

Oxidised low-density lipoproteins induce platelet adhesion, activation and spreading through novel CD36-tyrosine kinase/Rho kinase dependent signalling pathways

Oxidised low-density lipoproteins induce platelet adhesion, activation and spreading through novel CD36-tyrosine kinase/Rho kinase dependent signalling pathways

Dictyostelium discoideum protocols

As well highlighted and stressed by the two editors (Ludwig Eichinger, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany and Francisco Rivero, Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic research, the Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK), Dictyostelium discoideum is an acclaimed member of the so-called model organisms....

Correction: Spartan: A Comprehensive Tool for Understanding Uncertainty in Simulations of Biological Systems

1) Two of the corresponding author's three affiliations were missing. Kieran Alden's full affiliations are as follows: - Centre for Systems Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom - Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, United Kingdom - Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York and Hull York Medical School, York, United Kingdom 2) The 3rd and 6th authors should be listed as co-corresponding authors. Jon Timmis can be contacted at jon.timmis@york.ac.uk and Mark Coles at mark.coles@york.ac.uk.

“It's Not All Doom and Gloom”: Perceptions of Medical Students Talking to Hospice Patients

End-of-life care has become a priority in medical education internationally. A previous study of hospice patients and staff regarding medical students teaching in a hospice showed positive responses from patients and hospice staff. However concern was expressed by some staff regarding medical students' welfare, contributing to gatekeeping by professionals. Studies have shown that medical students feel underprepared to care for the dying by the time they qualify. The study's objective was to explore in more detail the views and experience of medical students who had spoken with patients during their hospice placement. This was a qualitative study. The study was carried out with 14 Hull York Medical School (HYMS) students who had responded in an electronic survey that they had spoken with patients during their hospice placement. Semistructured interviews provided the study's data. Although students expressed some anxieties prior to their hospice visit about meeting patients who were near the end of life, they felt that the overall experience, and the time spent with patients in particular, provided valuable learning about palliative care and preparation for caring for dying patients. We would encourage staff to not be overprotective but to support students to take every opportunity to meet with patients in a hospice.

Melanosis coli in the absence of anthranoid laxative use harbouring adenoma

Colorectal DiseaseVolume 15, Issue 8 p. 1044-1045 Correspondence Melanosis coli in the absence of anthranoid laxative use harbouring adenoma R. L. Loveday, R. L. Loveday Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Hughes, M. A. Hughes Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Lovel, J. A. Lovel Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorG. S. Duthie, G. S. Duthie [email protected] Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UK Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UKSearch for more papers by this author R. L. Loveday, R. L. Loveday Faculty of Health and Social Care, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UK Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorM. A. Hughes, M. A. Hughes Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorJ. A. Lovel, J. A. Lovel Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UKSearch for more papers by this authorG. S. Duthie, G. S. Duthie [email protected] Humber and Yorkshire Coast Bowel Cancer Screening Centre, Castle Hill Hospital, Hull, HU16 5JQ UK Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX UKSearch for more papers by this author First published: 22 April 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12254Citations: 3Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume15, Issue8August 2013Pages 1044-1045 RelatedInformation

Cardiovascular disease in polycystic ovary syndrome*

Clinical EndocrinologyVolume 78, Issue 6 p. 823-824 Commentary Cardiovascular disease in polycystic ovary syndrome* S. L. Atkin, Corresponding Author S. L. Atkin Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Michael White Diabetes Centre, Hull, UKCorrespondence: S. L. Atkin, Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Michael White Diabetes Centre, 220-236, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2RW, UK. Tel.: 01482 675312; Fax: 01482 675370; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author S. L. Atkin, Corresponding Author S. L. Atkin Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Michael White Diabetes Centre, Hull, UKCorrespondence: S. L. Atkin, Academic Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, Michael White Diabetes Centre, 220-236, Anlaby Road, Hull, HU3 2RW, UK. Tel.: 01482 675312; Fax: 01482 675370; E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 31 January 2013 https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12151Citations: 7 Please see related paper on pages 926–934 of this issue. Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume78, Issue6June 2013Pages 823-824 RelatedInformation

Can personal qualities of medical students predict in-course examination success and professional behaviour? An exploratory prospective cohort study

BackgroundOver two-thirds of UK medical schools are augmenting their selection procedures for medical students by using the United Kingdom Clinical Aptitude Test (UKCAT), which employs tests of cognitive and non-cognitive personal qualities, but clear evidence of the tests’ predictive validity is lacking. This study explores whether academic performance and professional behaviours that are important in a health professional context can be predicted by these measures, when taken before or very early in the medical course.MethodsThis prospective cohort study follows the progress of the entire student cohort who entered Hull York Medical School in September 2007, having taken the UKCAT cognitive tests in 2006 and the non-cognitive tests a year later. This paper reports on the students’ first and second academic years of study. The main outcome measures were regular, repeated tutor assessment of individual students’ interpersonal skills and professional behaviour, and annual examination performance in the three domains of recall and application of knowledge, evaluation of data, and communication and practical clinical skills. The relationships between non-cognitive test scores, cognitive test scores, tutor assessments and examination results were explored using the Pearson product–moment correlations for each group of data; the data for students obtaining the top and bottom 20% of the summative examination results were compared using Analysis of Variance.ResultsPersonal qualities measured by non-cognitive tests showed a number of statistically significant relationships with ratings of behaviour made by tutors, with performance in each year’s objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs), and with themed written summative examination marks in each year. Cognitive ability scores were also significantly related to each year’s examination results, but seldom to professional behaviours. The top 20% of examination achievers could be differentiated from the bottom 20% on both non-cognitive and cognitive measures.ConclusionsThis study shows numerous significant relationships between both cognitive and non-cognitive test scores, academic examination scores and indicators of professional behaviours in medical students. This suggests that measurement of non-cognitive personal qualities in applicants to medical school could make a useful contribution to selection and admission decisions. Further research is required in larger representative groups, and with more refined predictor measures and behavioural assessment methods, to establish beyond doubt the incremental validity of such measures over conventional cognitive assessments.

A Critique Of The First Two Teaching Cycles Of A New History Of Medicine Student Selected Component

The paper reviews the first two cycles of delivering a new Student Selected Component (SSC) for an undergraduate medical course. It uses current medical education theory to discuss parts of the design, delivery, and evaluation of the History of Modern Medicine SSC at Hull York Medical School (HYMS) in the United Kingdom. The content of the paper is supported by actual reflective diary excerpts from the author. This aims to show the value of such reflection in generating possible improvements to an undergraduate course as well as to the teachers professional practice.

Association of anaemia in patients with diabetic foot disease

s / International Journal of Surgery 10 (2012) S53–S109 S105 ABSTRACTS 0374: DOES SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS INFLUENCE AMPUTATION OUTCOMES? Risha Gohil, Rachel Barnes, Ian Chetter. Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull Royal Infirmary, Hull & E Yorkshire Hospital Trust, Hull, UK Aims: To analyse the effect of socioeconomic deprivation on amputation outcome.Currently 5,000 leg amputations occur annually in England and Wales and have a 50% mortality rate at 2 years. Methods: All patients undergoing major lower limb amputation from January 2005 to December 2009 were identified from a prospectively maintained vascular database. Patient's postcodes were used to determine socioeconomic status using the ACORN classification system (1 highest group to 5 lowest). Non parametric analysis of data was performed using SPSS version 19. Results:We identified354patients (218men;65.5%),medianage68 (IQR5878) years. 47 (14.8%) patients were ACORN grade 1, 4 (1.3%) were grade 2, 65 (20.4%) were grade 3, 56(17.6%) were grade 4 and 146 (45.9%) were grade 5. Significant differences were noted for the cardiovascular risk factors; hyper-cholesterolaemia (p1⁄40.034), diabetes (p1⁄40.020), smoking status (p1⁄40.006). No significant differences were noted between classes for gender, type of admission (emergency or elective) or mortality (perioperative or 1 year death rate) or blood test (haemoglobin, white cells, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium). Conclusions: Socio-economic status of amputees does not have an effect on mortality. However, their status does impact on their cardiovascular risk factors, therefore aggressive modification remains imperative. 0414: ASSOCIATION OF ANAEMIA IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETIC FOOT DISEASE Mustafa Khanbhai, Stavros Loukogeorgakis, Steven Hurel, Richards Toby. University College London, London, UK Aims: Anaemia and inflammation have been shown to play a role in diabetic foot disease. We aim to explore the association between anaemia and inflammation, particularly with stage of diabetic foot disease. Methods: 175 patients with diabetic foot disease were studied retrospectively. Patients were stratified in groups according to severity of diabetic foot disease according to NICE guidelines; D1 to D4, the lowest risk assigned; D1. Correlation with baseline haemoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP) and creatinine was evaluated. Longitudinal analysis of stage of diabetic foot disease was analysed. Results: Haemoglobin was 13.2, 12.3, 11.0 and 9.3 and CRP was 6.1, 22.8, 32.4 and 39.5 in patients stratified to group D1, D2, D3 and D4 respectively (P 5.5cm) infra-renal AAA between 1st January 2008 and 31st December 2009 were included. Patients were classified into two groups; those managed non-operatively, or those offered elective repair. Survival was reported by Kaplane Meier analysis. Multivariate analysis investigated factors leading to non-operative management. Results: 251 patients with a mean (SD) age of 75(8) years were assessed. Thirty-two(13%) patients were deemed unsuitable for repair, mostly because of medical co-morbidity (16/32). 219/251(87%) patients underwent repair(25/251(10%) open repair 194/251(77%) EVAR)with 1/219(0.5%) 30-day mortality. AAA repair was associated with significantly greater survival (p<0.001,log-rank test) at 2years. In multivariate analysis Glasgow Aneurysm Score, female gender and respiratory disease were significant predictors of the decision to treat patients conservatively(p< 0.001). Conclusion:Most patients were suitable for surgical interventionwith low perioperative mortality. Data on turndown rates should be routinely reported to quantify the denominator for operative success. 0593: MULTI-LEVEL BYPASS GRAFTING – IS IT WORTH IT? Alistair Sharples, Mark Kay, Anthony Fox, Tim Sykes, Andrew Houghton. Shrewsbury and Telford NHS Trust, Shrewsbury, UK Traditionally multi-level arterial disease has been treated with an inflow procedure only but simultaneous multi-level bypass graft procedures have

Examination results of medical students with dyslexia

dyslexia is a learning disorder, the primary sign of which is significant difficulty in learning to read and spell. However, accumulating evidence suggests that many people with dyslexia can overcome their reading difficulties and enjoy high levels of educational success. There is debate about the appropriateness of different forms of summative assessment for people with dyslexia, but there is little research investigating different examination formats, particularly in higher education, including medical education. Currently, medical school examinations comprise a range of different assessments, both written and performance-based, offering an opportunity to compare performance on different formats. This study compared results between students with and without dyslexia on all summative assessment types used at one UK medical school. examination scores were collated for all summative Year 1 and 2 examinations at Hull York Medical School (HYMS) over four cohorts entering from 2004 to 2007. These included scores on two types of forced-choice question (multiple-choice and extended matching question) examinations, on short written answer examinations and on performance in a 16-station objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Results for written answers were gathered separately for basic science questions and for questions involving critical analysis and evidence-based medicine. an overall multivariate analysis of covariance (mancova) on examinations across both years controlling for gender, ethnicity and age on entry indicated that there was no significant overall effect of dyslexia on examination results. Regression analysis further showed that dyslexia was not a significant predictor on any of the examination forms in Year 1 or Year 2. there is no indication that any of the assessment methods used in HYMS, in common with many other medical schools, disadvantage students with dyslexia in comparison with their peers. In the light of these findings, we support the current view that a variety of assessment types should be included in the assessment of all medical students, as is already considered to be best practice.

A hospital-based cost minimization study of the potential financial impact on the UK health care system of introduction of iron isomaltoside 1000

Background:The clinical need to be able to administer high doses of intravenous iron conveniently in a single rapid infusion has been addressed by the recent introduction of ferric carboxymaltose and subsequently iron isomaltoside 1000. Neither requires a test dose. Ferric carboxymaltose can be administered at 15 mg/kg body weight to a maximum dose of 1000 mg, whereas iron isomaltoside 1000 can be administered at 20 mg/kg body weight. The ability to give high doses of iron is important in the context of managing iron deficiency anemia in a number of clinical conditions where demands for iron are high (including chronic blood loss associated with inflammatory bowel disease, menorrhagia, and chronic kidney disease). It is also an important component in the strategy as an alternative to a blood transfusion. Affordability is a key issue for health services.Methods:This study was a comparative analysis of the costs of administering the newly available intravenous iron formulations against standard practice (blood transfusion, intravenous iron sucrose) by considering the cost of this treatment option plus nursing costs associated with administration, equipment for administration, and patient transportation in the secondary care (hospital) setting across three dosage levels (600 mg, 1000 mg, and 1600 mg).Results and conclusion:The analysis indicates that the use of iron isomaltoside 1000 results in a net saving when compared with iron sucrose, blood, and ferric carboxymaltose. At 600 mg and 1000 mg doses, it is cheaper than low-molecular-weight iron dextran but more expensive at a dose of 1600 mg. However, it takes six hours to administer low-molecular-weight iron dextran at this dose level, which is inconvenient and reduces patient throughput (productivity).

The Academic Dress of the University of Hull From 1954 to the Present Day, Including the Hull-York Medical School from 2003

University College Hull was founded in 1927 through the support of local benefactors, such as Thomas Robinson Ferens (who gave the land and £250,000), GF Grant and the City Council. The foundation stone was laid by the Duke of York (later George VI) in 1928, and the College opened in October with 39 students and 14 ‘one-man’ departments; the milestone of 100 students was reached in 1931. The College prepared students for external degrees of the University of London. The decision in the post-war years to create a number of new universities, including Nottingham (1948), Southampton (1952) Exeter (1955), and Leicester (1957), afforded a similar opportunity to Hull. The robemaker Wippell’s of Exeter had a contact in Hull in the form of Messrs. Woods Brothers Ltd. On 1 October 1953 Donald Wippell wrote to The Principal of The University College, Hull, observing that he had noted in the Yorkshire Post that the Court of Governors was to submit a petition for a Royal Charter granting full university status. Wippell’s were petitioning for the opportunity to supply all the ceremonial robes for the inauguration ceremony and to be appointed Robemakers to the University. [Excerpt].

Craniofacial biomechanics: in vivo to in silico

Craniofacial biomechanics: in vivo to in silico

Morphometrics and phylogenetics: Principal components of shape from cranial modules are neither appropriate nor effective cladistic characters

Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, and Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 USA Anatomical and Human Sciences, Hull York Medical School, The University of York, York Y010 5DD, UK Museo di Paleobiologia e dell’Orto Botanico, Universita di Modena e Reggio Emilia, via Universita 4, 41100, Modena, Italy Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA