Hull Extract Research Articles

Antiplatelet Aggregation Activity of Walnut Hull Extract via Suppression of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation and Caspase Activation

Walnut hull (wal hull) is an agricultural by-product that is widely used in traditional medicine for alleviating pain and treating skin diseases, however, recently it has gained much attention in modern pharmacology due to its antioxidant properties. The current study was aimed to determine the total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin content of Persian wal hull extract and evaluate its biological effects on platelet function. Experimental data showed that acetone extract of wal hulls has a high content of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant properties. The analytical study of crude extract by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry demonstrated different types of high- and low-molecular-weight compounds that are basically and biologically important. Moreover, an in vitro study revealed that wal hull extract at a concentration of 50 μg/mL inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and protein secretion by 50%, without any cytotoxic effects on platelets. The examined extract suppressed reactive oxygen species generation and also caspase activation in thrombin-stimulated platelets. Identically, N-acetylcysteine inhibited the increase of reactive oxygen species level induced by thrombin in platelets, and supported a link between cellular redox status and caspase activation in activated platelets. Presumably, the antiplatelet activity of wal hull extract is related to its polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant properties. Therefore, wal hulls can be considered as a candidate for thrombotic disorders.

Modulation of Oxidative Stress in Thrombin-Stimulated Platelets by Almond by-Product

Almond (Al) green hulls are waste materials that are generated annually in the almond harvest and recently gained much attention due to their antioxidant properties. However, paucity information is in literature relevant to the modern pharmacological effects of Al green hulls. The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-platelet activity of Persian Al hull extract. The antioxidant activity of Al hull extract was investigated employing various established in vitro system including total antioxidant activity in linoleic acid emulsion system and DPPH assay. Platelet aggregation was monitored by spectrophotometer and intracellular ROS activity was evaluated by flow cytometry. Chemical composition of extract was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In vitro study showed that Al hull extract at 100 μg/ml inhibited thrombin-induced platelet aggregation and protein secretion by 50%, without any cytotoxic effects on platelets. Moreover, based on different free radical trapping assay, it has been revealed that the examined extract had high antioxidant capacity and could suppress ROS generation in thrombin-stimulated platelets. GC-MS analyses revealed that Al hull extract contains a variety of phenolic and benzoic acid compounds dominated by ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, homovanilic acid, catechin and methoxysalsylic acid. Collectively high antioxidant capacity of Al hull extract and also its anti-platelet activity with lack of toxicity, give validity to this agricultural waste material as appropriate candidate for treatment of cardiovascular diseases and thrombosis.

Metabolite profiling of tartary buckwheat-an underutilized neutraceutical crop of Kashmir Himalaya

<p>The aim of the present study was to explore the possible metabolites in the methanolic extract of root, stem, groat and hull of the neutraceutical crop, <em>Fagopyrum tataricum</em> using GC-MS technique. From GC-MS metabolite profiling, over 90 different metabolites were identified among root, stem, groat and hull extract. The most prevailing compounds were 3, 3’, 4’, 5, 7-pentahydroflavone-3-rhamnoglucoside (71.94%) in groat, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid (49.38%) in root, 6-octadecanoic acid, a steric acid (70.46%) in hull and Cis-9-hexadecanal (13.38%) in stem. Present investigation reveals that <em>F. tataricum</em> is an excellent source of many metabolites such as, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, steroids, terpenoids, esters, organic acids and aldehydes with excellent pharmaceutical properties. These results suggest that tartary buckwheat could be a promising alternative in the functional food sector and neutraceutical to improve social well-being and diminish malnutrition.</p>

Effect of pistachio seed hull extracts on quality attributes of chicken burger

ABSTRACTThe effect of pistachio hull water extracts (PHWE) at different levels on quality of chicken burger during storage at 4 ± 1°C was investigated. Differences between treatments parameters means were separated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). There was no significant difference in fat, protein, and ash contents of the burgers. The increase in PHWE levels increased the cooking yield and moisture retention (MR) in the treated burger from 59.82% to 66.99% and from 44.27% to 54.73%, respectively. The treated burgers had significantly (p < 0.05) higher phenolics than untreated. The pH of the burger was decreased with the increase of storage time. As the storage period increased, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and plate count were increased in untreated burger. The sensory results showed no significant difference in overall acceptability of the burger. The addition of PHWE to chicken burgers improved its quality during storage for up to 10 days at 4 ± 1°C.

Ultrasound assisted extraction of polyphenols and their distribution in whole mung bean, hull and cotyledon.

In this study, extraction of polyphenols using different solvents (acetone, ethanol, methanol and water) with ultrasound and conventional method from whole mung bean (WMB), hull and cotyledon was conducted. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), total antioxidant activities (TAA), ferric reducing power (FRP) and DPPH radical scavenging activity were determined. Ultrasound treated extracts exhibited higher TPC, TFC, TAA, FRP and DPPH in different mung bean fractions than CSE. Among the solvents, acetone showed better TPC, TFC, TAA, FRP and DPPH. Hull had significantly higher TPC, TFC, TAA, FRP and DPPH than WMB and cotyledon. Sinapic acid (SA) was the major polyphenol in different fractions. Acetone extract of hull showed high polyphenol content. SA, ferulic acid, catechin, p-coumaric acid, resveratrol, quercetin and luteolin were the major contributors to antioxidant activity of acetone extract. Mung bean hull contained the maximum polyphenols and acetone was observed to be the best extraction medium for polyphenols in combination with ultrasound.

Nanoliposomal carriers for improvement the bioavailability of high - valued phenolic compounds of pistachio green hull extract.

In present study, nanoliposomes were prepared by thin hydration method with different concentrations of phenolic compounds (500, 750 and 1000ppm) of pure extract and lecithin (1, 2 and 3%w/w) and characterized by considering the particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE) and morphology. The results showed that nanoliposome (90.39-103.78nm) had negative surface charge varied from -51.5±0.9 to -40.2±0.2mV with a narrow size distribution (PDI≈0.069-0.123). Nanoliposomes composed of 1% lecithin with 1000ppm of phenolic compounds had the highest EE (52.93%). The FTIR analysis indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds between the polar zone of phospholipid and the OH groups of phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds also increased phase transition temperature (Tc) of nanoliposomes (2.01-7.24°C). Moreover, nanoliposomes had considerable stability during storage. Consequently, liposome is an efficient carrier for protection and improving PGHE biofunctional actives in foodstuffs.

Determination of phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of pistachio hull using high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector–electro-spray ionization–mass spectrometry as affected by ultrasound and microwave

ABSTRACTThe phytochemicals content and radical scavenging activity of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull extract obtained by different solvents (water, ethanol, and butanol) were measured and compared. Water was selected as superior solvent. Ultrasound-assisted aqueous extraction of the hull by power ultrasound (35 kHz) was more efficient in ascending the phytochemicals content than the sonochemical ultrasonication (130 kHz). High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed increased amounts of vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid, naringenin, and catechin in ultrasound-assisted extracts. Post-extraction sonication declined significantly the phenolics amount and antioxidant property of the aqueous extract. Microwave-assisted extraction increased the phenolics and flavonoids content at extract in a power-dependent trend.

Green Synthesis of NiFe2O4/Fe2O3/CeO2 Nanocomposite in a Walnut Green Hulls Extract Medium: Magnetic Properties and Characterization

Green Synthesis of NiFe2O4/Fe2O3/CeO2 Nanocomposite in a Walnut Green Hulls Extract Medium: Magnetic Properties and Characterization

Erectogenic, Antihypertensive, Antidiabetic, Anti-Oxidative Properties and Phenolic Compositions of Almond Fruit (Terminalia catappaL.) Parts (Hull and Drupe) -in vitro

This study was conducted to determine the effects of almond (Terminalia catappa L.) fruit parts (hull and drupe) extracts on key enzymes (arginase, angiotensin-1-converting enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase) relevant to erectile dysfunction, type-2 diabetes and hypertension, assess their antioxidant properties and characterize their phenolic constituents. The hull and drupe extracts were prepared by a mixture of absolute methanol and 1N HCl, evaporated to dryness and used for subsequent analysis. The result revealed that the hull and drupe extracts inhibited arginase, angiotensin-1-converting enzyme, α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities in a dose-dependent manner. Both extracts scavenged radicals, reduced Fe3+ to Fe2+, chelated Fe2+ and inhibited lipid peroxidation in rat penile homogenate in vitro. Chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid and kaempferol were identified as the major phenolic compounds. This study suggests that these fruit parts can be natural sources of erectogenic, antihypertensive antidiabetic and anti-oxidative agents. However, the hull showed better potential than the drupe. Practical Applications The results suggest that Almond (Terminalia catappa L.) fruit parts, including the hull and drupe, have potential applications as functional foods and nutraceuticals for both animal and human nutrition. In addition, the hull and drupe could be useful for therapeutic purposes as erectogenic, antihypertensive, antidiabetic and anti-oxidative agents.

Characterization and comparative evaluation of volatile, phenolic and antioxidant properties of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) hull

Pistachio hull is a good source of natural phenolics and antioxidants. Thanks to these bioactive molecules, the use of pistachio hull as nutritional ingredients in foods has attracted the interest of the food industry. In this study, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, total phenol content, and volatile compounds were measured in the hull of two cultivars of pistachio, Uzun and Ohadi. LC-ESI-MS/MS method was used for the phenolic compounds analysis; 11 compounds were identified and quantified in the samples in which the major phenolic compound was gallic acid. The aroma composition of the pistachio hulls was isolated by SAFE (solvent-assisted flavor evaporation) method with dichloromethane and analyzed by GC–MS. Aroma compounds, including terpenes, acids, alcohols, phenols, and benzenes, were identified in both types of hulls, numbering 22 in the Uzun variety and 20 in the Ohadi. A significant linear correlation was confirmed between total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of hull extracts.

Rice Hull Extract Suppresses Benign Prostate Hyperplasia by Decreasing Inflammation and Regulating Cell Proliferation in Rats.

Even though rice hull has various physiological functions with high antioxidant potential, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying the effects of rice hull on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of rice hull water extract (RHE) against BPH, which is a common disorder in elderly men and involves inflammation that induces an imbalance between cell proliferation and cell death. In this study, RHE-treated mice exhibited lower prostate weights and ratios of prostate weight to body weight compared to those for the BPH-induced group. In addition, RHE-treated mice had lower serum levels of dihydrotestosterone, mRNA expression of 5α-reductase2, and protein expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Furthermore, RHE treatment significantly decreased cell proliferation by regulating the expression levels of inflammatory-related proteins (iNOS and COX-2) and apoptosis-associated proteins (Fas, FADD, procaspase-8, -3, and Bcl-2 family proteins). These results suggest that RHE could protect against the development of BPH through its anti-inflammatory and apoptotic properties and has good potential as a treatment for BPH.

Effect of Pomegranate Hull Extract on Liver Neoplastic Changes in Rats: More than an Antioxidant

ABSTRACTHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The current work was designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the antitumorigenic effect of pomegranate hull extract (PHE) in livers of rats exposed to the hepatocarcinogen diethyl nitrosamine (DENA) with emphasis on oxidative stress, proliferation, and apoptosis. Male albino rats were divided into three groups: normal control, DENA group, and PHE group. PHE was given to rats orally 3 times weekly for 10 wk, 4 wk before and 6 wk after DENA (200 mg/kg, single i.p. dose). The results indicated a prophylactic effect of PHE against neoplastic changes in the liver, which was evidenced by the decrease of tumor size, liver index, and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2; and the increase of glutathione. PHE group also showed decreased expression of liver cyclin D1 and β-catenin genes compared with DENA group. It is proved that PHE has antitumorigenic effect and could be a candidate for anticancer drugs.

Liver alteration and hematological and serum biochemical responses of common carp,Cyprinus carpioLinnaeus, 1758, following long-term feeding of pistachio (Pistacia vera) green hull extract as a source of natural phenol

Summary This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pistachio green hull extract (PGHE) on hematological and serum biochemical changes in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Three hundred common carp (11.65 ± 1.65 g) were fed one of five different dietary treatments (with three replications) containing 0, 0.5, 1.5, 4.5 or 9 g PGHE kg−1diet for ten continuous weeks. Each tank had a 90-L capacity and water flow rate of about 500 ml min_1.Total phenolic compounds of the different diets differed significantly (P < 0.001) according to the amount of PGHE. At the end of experiment, six fish were removed randomly from each treatment. Blood samples were taken for hematological and serum biochemical analyses at room temperature. Liver tissue samples were processed for histology and stained by H&E. The results indicated that all doses of tested PGHE induced no significant changes in hematocrit, hemoglobin, or erythrocytes, nor alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, total protein, albumin, globulin, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, glucose or cholesterol in the serum. Leukocytes were higher (P < 0.01) in fish fed a 1.5, 4.5, or 9 g PGHE kg−1 diet when compared to the 0.5 g PGHE kg−1 diet group or the control. Serum aspartate transaminase in treatments containing a 4.5 or 9 g PGHE kg−1 diet was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in comparison with the control. Liver histology showed focal necrosis, cytoplasm degeneration, lateral nuclei and an increase in Kupffer cells following PGHE administrations. The results of this trial indicated that although there were no significant changes in most hematological and biochemical parameters, PGHE could induce some adverse pathological effects on liver tissue.

Argania spinosa (L.) as a source of new and efficient green corrosion inhibitor for copper in acidic medium: a comparative study of three green compounds

The inhibition effect of three green inhibitors, Argan Oil (AO), Cosmetic Argan Oil (CAO) and Argan Hulls Extract (AHE), against copper corrosion in 2 M H3PO4 containing 3·10 M NaCl solutions were evaluated using conventional weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The weight loss results showed that all the three green inhibitors are excellent corrosion inhibitors, electrochemical polarizations data discovered the mixed mode of inhibition and the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have shown that the change in the impedance parameters, charge transfer resistance and double layer capacitance, with the change in concentration of the inhibitors employed is due to the adsorption of the molecule leading to the formation of a protective layer on the surface of copper. The values of the inhibition efficiency calculated from these techniques are in reasonably good agreement.

Chemical composition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of pistachio hull extracts

Phytochemical and bioactivity analyses of pistachio hulls revealed the presence of anacardic acids (3198mg/100g), fatty acids (1500mg/100g), and phytosterols (192mg/100g) as major components. Carotenoids (4.93mg/100g), chlorophylls (10.27mg/100g), tocopherols (8.83mg/100g), and three triterpene acids (mangiferolic, isomangiferolic and mangiferonic acids) were characterized. A polar (P) extract contained quercetin-3-O-glucoside (6.27mg/g), together with smaller concentrations of quercetin, myricetin and luteolin flavonoids, accounting for 5.53mg/g. Gallotannins and other phenolic compounds esterified with a gallic acid moiety characterized the P extract. P extract potently inhibited the release of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. The mRNA expression levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine COX-2 were significantly inhibited by fractions P2-P5, while IL-6 was only inhibited by fraction P3. Moreover, the P extract significantly decreased the non-mitochondrial oxidative burst associated with inflammatory response in macrophages.

Biosynthesis of iron nanoparticles and their application in removing phosphorus from aqueous solutions

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the biosynthesis of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) using the extracts of Shirazi thyme leaf (Th-nZVI) and pistachio green hulls (P-nZVI). Scanning electron microscopy verified the successful synthesis of the poorly crystalline nZVI with a spherical shape and diameter in the range of 40–70 nm. According to X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscope analyses, the synthesised nZVI were composed of iron oxides nanoparticles and ployphenol obtained from Shirazi thyme leaf and pistachio green hulls extracts acting as both reducing and capping agents. The phosphorus removal efficiency of Th-nZVI and P-nZVI increased with time and reached equilibrium at about 4 and 2h, respectively. Sorption of phosphorus on both sorbents was observed to be pH-dependent with maximum phosphorus removal occurring in the pH range of 2–5. Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich–Peterson, and Temkin models were used to describe phosphorus sorption at pH 5 and maximum sorption capacity for Th-nZVI and P-nZVI was about 40.52 and 29.33 mg g−1, respectively. Correlation coefficient (R2) and standard errors of estimate showed that the Elovich model was better than other models at describing the kinetic data. These results suggested that the synthesised nZVI with Shirazi thyme leaf and pistachio green hulls extracts could be employed as an efficient sorbent for the remediation of phosphorus from contaminated water sources.

Enzyme and high pressure assisted extraction of tricin from rice hull and biological activities of rice hull extract.

Enzymatic hydrolysis was performed in conjunction with high hydrostatic pressure (HPP) treatment to extract tricin from rice hull. Enzymatic hydrolysis performed with Celluclast (0.5%, w/w) prior to HPP (500 MPa) treatment yielded maximum tricin content (32.9 mg/kg rice hull). The tricin content obtained by conventional solvent extraction and HPP treatment alone were 14.7 and 19.7 mg/kg rice hull, respectively. The rice hull extract containing tricin displayed antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiadipogenic activities. The efficacy of rice hull extract obtained by either HPP or combination of enzymatic hydrolysis and HPP treatments was significantly greater than that of extract prepared by traditional solvent extraction.

Oxidation and Colloidal Stability of Oil‐in‐Water Emulsion as Affected by Pigmented Rice Hull Extracts

AbstractExtracts from the hull of pigmented rice were prepared using a mixture of methanol–water (1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, v/v) for different extraction times (0–180 min). Total phenolic content (TPC) of the extracts increased with increasing concentration of methanol and extraction time (P &lt; 0.05). A positive correlation between TPC and antioxidant activities, i.e., DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power, was observed. The extracts prepared using methanol–water at the ratio of 3:1 for 180 min at 50 °C, referred as rice hull phenolic extract (RHPE), showed the highest TPC and free radical scavenging abilities and reducing power (P &lt; 0.05). When the effects of RHPE on physicochemical stability of the emulsions stabilized by different emulsifiers, i.e., Tween 20 and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were examined, the collapse of emulsion was retarded when RHPE was applied in BSA‐based emulsions, whereas a negative effect was noticeable in Tween 20‐based counterpart. Lower oxidative degree was found for BSA stabilized emulsions, compared to Tween 20 containing system. RHPE (1–3 %) markedly improved the oxidative stability, particularly for BSA stabilized emulsions. Therefore, RHPE could be employed along with the selected protein to increase physicochemical stability of emulsion.

Iron Chelating and Antioxidant Activities and Cytotoxicity Effect of the Pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) hull and kernel Extracts in the A549, HT29 and MCF-7 Cancerous Cell lines

Synthetic iron-chelators have been considered for treatment of some clinical situations such as iron overloading and cancer. However, their side effects and incomplete effectiveness limit their usages. Natural products could be a source of safe and novel metal chelating agents. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxicity effect, iron chelatory and antioxidant activities of different parts of pistachio (Pistachio vera L.). The iron chelatory effects and Total phenolic content of hull and kernel of pistachio extracts were determined by Ferrozine reagent and Folin Ciocalteu method, respectively. Antioxidant activities were measured by DPPH and FRAP assays. The cytotoxicity of the extracts and deferiprone (synthetic Fe-chelator) were evaluated in the A-549 lung and HT-29 colon and MCF-7 breast cancerous cell lines using MTT cytotoxicity assay. The extracts show potential of iron chelation and antioxidant activity. The cytotoxicity potency of extracts and deferiprone are rated as follows: MCF-7 ＞ A549 ＞ HT-29. The MCF-7 cell lines have the most sensitivity to the cytotoxicity of samples. Our results show that Pistachio hull and kernel are containing cytotoxic compounds for lung (A549 cancer cell line), colon (HT-29 cancer cell line) and breast (MCF-7 cancer cell line). Also, pistachio may be a great natural source for iron chelating, anti-cancer and antioxidant agents in some applications including food and medicinal.

Oryza sativa (Rice) Hull Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response in RAW264.7 Macrophages by Suppressing Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase, c-Jun N-terminal Kinase, and Nuclear Factor-κB Activation.

Background:Rice (Oryza sativa) is a major cereal crop in many Asian countries and an important staple food source. Rice hulls have been reported to possess antioxidant activities.Materials and Methods:In this study, we evaluated the antiinflammatory effects of rice hull extract and associated signal transduction mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages.Results:We found that rice hull extract inhibited nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 by suppressing the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, respectively. The release of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α was also reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, rice hull extract attenuated the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), as well as the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Conclusion:This suggests that rice hull extract decreases the production of inflammatory mediators by downregulating ERK and JNK and the NF-κB signal pathway in RAW 264.7 cells.SUMMARY Rice hull extract inhibits the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages.Rice hull extract inhibited nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 by suppressing the expression of inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase-2, respectively.Rice hull extract exerted anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathways.Rice hull extract may provide a potential therapeutic approach for inflammatory diseases. Abbreviations used: COX-2: cyclooxygenase-2, ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase, IκB: inhibitory kappa B, IL-1β: interleukin-1β, iNOS: inducible NO synthase, JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase, LPS: lipopolysaccharide, MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases, NF-κB: nuclear factor-κB, NO: nitric oxide, PGE2: prostaglandin E2, RHE: rice hull extract, ROS: reactive oxygen species, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α