Hudson Valley Research Articles

Examining Terrain Effects on an Upstate New York Tornado Event Utilizing a High-Resolution Model Simulation

AbstractThe complex terrain at the intersection of the Mohawk and Hudson valleys of New York has an impact on the development and evolution of severe convection in the region. Specifically, previous research has concluded that terrain-channeled flow in the Mohawk and Hudson valleys likely contributes to increased low-level wind shear and instability in the valleys during severe weather events such as the historic 31 May 1998 event that produced a strong (F3) tornado in Mechanicville, New York.The goal of this study is to further examine the impact of terrain channeling on severe convection by analyzing a high-resolution WRF model simulation of the 31 May 1998 event. Results from the simulation suggest that terrain-channeled flow resulted in the localized formation of an enhanced low-level moisture gradient, resembling a dryline, at the intersection of the Mohawk and Hudson valleys. East of this boundary, the environment was characterized by stronger low-level wind shear and greater low-level moisture and instability, increasing tornadogenesis potential. A simulated supercell intensified after crossing the boundary, as the larger instability and streamwise vorticity of the low-level inflow was ingested into the supercell updraft. These results suggest that terrain can have a key role in producing mesoscale inhomogeneities that impact the evolution of severe convection. Recognition of these terrain-induced boundaries may help in anticipating where the risk of severe weather may be locally enhanced.

Delayed Tornadogenesis Within New York State Severe Storms

Past observational research into tornadoes in the northeast United States (NEUS) has focused on integrated case studies of storm evolution or common supportive environmental conditions. A repeated theme in the former studies is the influence that the Hudson and Mohawk Valleys in New York State (NYS) may have on conditions supportive of tornado formation. Recent work regarding the latter has provided evidence that environments in these locations may indeed be more supportive of tornadoes than elsewhere in the NEUS. In this study, Weather Surveillance Radar–1988 Doppler data from 2008 to 2017 are used to investigate severe storm life cycles in NYS. Observed tornadic and non-tornadic severe cases were analyzed and compared to determine spatial and temporal differences in convective initiation (CI) points and severe event occurrence objectively within the storm paths. We find additional observational evidence supporting the hypothesis the Mohawk and Hudson Valley regions in NYS favor the occurrence of tornadogenesis: the substantially longer time it takes for storms that initiate in western NYS and Pennsylvania to become tornadic compared to storms that initiate in either central or eastern NYS. An analysis of approximate near-storm environments using the 13-km Rapid Refresh (RAP) is used to confirm that the long-lived storms encounter more tornado-favorable conditions leading up to tornadogenesis in the NYS valley regions.

Early Dutch Explorations in North America

The Tawagonshi document suggests that an official treaty was conducted between the Dutch and Native Americans in 1613. Yet a close look at the background of Dutch-Native interaction in the Hudson and Delaware Valleys during the 1610s throws doubt on the historical veracity of the document. Prior to 1621, Dutch traders did not have any need for an official treaty with local Indian groups on behalf of the authorities in the Dutch Republic, nor were they authorized to engage in such treaty-making. Thus any agreement cannot be construed to be a treaty between sovereign nations. Yet there is reason to believe that Dutch traders and local native people entered into some form of negotiation. The Dutch building of Fort Nassau on native lands and the military collaboration of which the Kleyntjen affair is evidence suggest as much.

Pleistocene sequence stratigraphy of the shallow continental shelf, offshore New Jersey: Constraints of Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Leg 313 core holes

We used cores and logs from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 313 to generate biostratigraphic, lithofacies, biofacies, and geochemical data that constrain the ages and paleoenvironments of Pleistocene sequences. We integrate sequence stratigraphy on cores with new seismic stratigraphic data to interpret the Pleistocene history of the Hudson shelf valley and paleoenvironmental and sea-level changes on the inner to middle continental shelf. Improved age control compared to previous studies is provided by integrated calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy, Sr isotopic stratigraphy, and amino acid racemization. We recognize four upper Pleistocene–Holocene sequences: sequence uP1 is correlated with Marine Isotope Chrons (MIC; “chron” is the correct stratigraphic term for a time unit, not “stage”) 7 or 5e, sequence uP2 with MIC 5c, sequence uP3 with MIC 5a, and sequence uP4 with the latest Pleistocene to Holocene (MIC 1–2). However, within our age resolution it is possible that sequences uP2 and uP3 correlate with MIC 4–3c and 3a, respectively, as suggested by previous studies. Lower Pleistocene sequences lP1 and lP2 likely correlate with peak interglacials (e.g., MIC 31 and MIC 45 or 47, respectively). Thus, we suggest that preservation of sequences occurs only during peak eustatic events (e.g., MIC 45 or 47, MIC 31, and MIC 5), unless they are preserved in eroded valleys. The architecture of the Pleistocene deposits at Sites M27 and M29 is one of thin remnants of highstand and transgressive systems tracts, with lowstand deposits only preserved in the thalwegs of incised valleys. Incised valleys at the bases of sequences uP3 (IODP Site M27) and uP2 (IODP Site M29) document more southward courses of the paleo–Hudson valley, compared to the more southeastward course of the MIC 1–2 paleo–Hudson valley. The patchy distribution of Pleistocene sequences beneath the New Jersey inner-middle continental shelf is due to low accommodation during an interval of large eustatic changes; this predicts that sequences in such settings will be discontinuous, patchy, and difficult to correlate, consistent with previous studies in Virginia and North Carolina.

Onshore record of Hudson River drainage to the continental shelf from the late Miocene through the late Wisconsinan deglaciation, USA: synthesis and revision

Stanford, S. D. 2009: Onshore record of Hudson River drainage to the continental shelf from the late Miocene through the late Wisconsinan deglaciation, USA: synthesis and revision. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00106.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.Fluvial and glacial deposits in New Jersey, Long Island, and the Hudson valley provide a record of Hudson River drainage since the late Miocene. Late Miocene fluvial deposits record southerly flow across the emerged inner New Jersey shelf. In the late Miocene–early Pliocene this drainage incised, shifted southwesterly, and discharged to the shelf south of New Jersey. During late Pliocene or Early Pleistocene glaciation, discharge to the shelf in the New York City area was established. This drainage incised and stabilized in the Early and Middle Pleistocene and remained open during pre‐Wisconsinan (Oxygen Isotope Stage 6? (OIS‐6?)) and late Wisconsinan (OIS‐2) glacial advances. During late Wisconsinan retreat, moraine deposits dammed the valley at the Narrows to form Lake Albany. From 19 to 15.5 kyr BP (all dates in 14C yr), Hudson drainage was directed eastward into the Long Island Sound lowland. Drainage of Lake Wallkill into Lake Albany at 15.5 kyr BP breached the Narrows dam and initiated the unstable phase of Lake Albany, which was controlled by eroding spillways, first on the moraine dam, then on emerged lake‐bottom in the mid‐Hudson valley. Marine incursion between 12 and 11 kyr BP limited fluvial incision of the lake bottom, stabilizing the Quaker Springs, Coveville, and upper Fort Ann spillways. Lowering sea level between 11 and 10 kyr BP allowed incision from the upper to lower Fort Ann threshold. Sediment eroded by lake outflows between 15 and 10.5 kyr BP was trapped in the glacially deepened lower valley. Little inland sediment reached the shelf after 20 kyr BP.

The birth of American tourism: New York, the Hudson Valley, and American culture, 1790-1830

This title shows how tourism first emerged as a cultural activity in early nineteenth-century America. Today, the idea of traveling within the United States for leisure purposes is so commonplace it is hard to imagine a time when tourism was not a staple of our cultural life. Yet, as Richard H. Gassan persuasively demonstrates, at the beginning of the nineteenth century travel for leisure was strictly an aristocratic luxury beyond the means of ordinary Americans. It wasn't until the second decade of the century that the first middle-class tourists began to follow the lead of the well-to-do, making trips up the Hudson River valley north of New York City, and in a few cases beyond. At first just a trickle, by 1830 the tide of tourism had become a flood, a cultural change that signaled a profound societal shift as the United States stepped onto the road that would eventually lead to a modern consumer society.According to Gassan, the origins of American tourism in the Hudson Valley can be traced to a confluence of historical accidents, including the proximity of the region to the most rapidly growing financial and population center in the country, with its expanding middle class, and the remarkable beauty of the valley itself. But other developments also played a role, from the proliferation of hotels to accommodate tourists, to the construction of an efficient transportation network to get them to their destinations, to the creation of a set of cultural attractions that invested their experience with meaning.In the works of Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper and the paintings of Thomas Cole and others of the Hudson River School, travelers in the region encountered the nation's first literary and artistic movements. Tourism thus did more than provide an escape from the routines of everyday urban life; it also helped Americans of the early republic shape a sense of national identity.

Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians (review)

Reviewed by: Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians Christina Snyder (bio) Peoples of the River Valleys: The Odyssey of the Delaware Indians. By Amy C. Schutt. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. Pp. 264. Illustrations. Cloth, $45.00.) In Peoples of the River Valleys, Amy Schutt traces the history of the Native peoples of the Delaware and Hudson valleys—most of whom came to be called "Delawares" or "Lenapes"—from 1609 to 1783. Although Schutt ranges broadly, she focuses mostly on how this group built and maintained alliances. Throughout this period, the Delawares forged ties with their neighbors in Pennsylvania and, more successfully, with other Indian groups. By the mid-eighteenth century, the Delawares secured a lofty reputation among Indian groups as great alliance builders and peacemakers; in the kinship-based parlance of Native diplomacy, [End Page 783] they were "grandfathers." Drawing upon careful archival research, including German-language Moravian sources, Schutt demonstrates how these disparate "peoples of the river valleys" became the grandfathers of eastern North America. The first portion of the book introduces the Native people who inhabited the Delaware and Hudson valleys in the seventeenth century and their early interactions with Europeans. According to Schutt, these people based their identity on kin and community ties, bonds reinforced by allegiance to leaders and participation in rituals. Schutt hints at the importance of the Delawares' early relationship to the Iroquois, a powerful confederacy of five (later six) nations. Although this line of inquiry is underdeveloped, it seems plausible that the Delawares' sixteenth-century dealings with the Iroquois equipped them with the diplomatic skills that facilitated later alliances. Schutt, however, is more interested in how the Delawares dealt with European colonization. She argues that they "responded to the warfare, epidemic disease, and other tumultuous events of the seventeenth century by developing and using networks of trade and other forms of exchange, creating new alliances, sharing territories, and in some cases merging with other groups" (31). Although initially peaceful, the relationship between the Delawares and the colony of Pennsylvania soured: Squatters invaded Delaware country, squabbles between settlers and Indians turned violent, the disgraceful "Walking Purchase" outraged Delaware leaders. In response, Delawares employed several strategies that they had developed in early encounters with Europeans. Many moved. Some formed new multiethnic Indian communities. Others found a new home among the Moravians who settled the forks of the Delaware. As Schutt demonstrates, the Delawares found surprising strength in this diaspora, for it enabled them to build power-conferring alliances with a diverse array of peoples. As Delaware leaders constructed ties of fictive kinship with host communities, they consciously carved out a role for the Delaware people as peacemakers and alliance builders. In fact, before they became "grandfathers," Delaware leaders called their people "women." As opposed to Indian men, who were often warriors, Native women made peace. By depicting themselves as nonviolent mediators, the Delawares forged ties with groups from the Great Lakes to New England. Despite the efforts of pacific chiefs like White Eyes, neutrality became an untenable path by the late eighteenth century. As Schutt demonstrates, the tensions surrounding the American Revolution "sabotaged [End Page 784] Delaware attempts to find consensus and come together as a people" (150). Many of the Delawares' allies sided with the British. Moreover, the Delawares—themselves a coalition of diverse peoples—took different paths during the conflict. Schutt concludes that the Delawares' chain of alliances, so carefully wrought through decades of diplomacy, fractured under the weight of war. Her epilogue, however, makes it clear that those bonds were damaged but not broken, for the Delawares continued to call on their old allies during the conflicts of the 1790s and thereafter as they faced forced removal from their homeland. Although Schutt illuminates the history of this important group in early America, her book offers too little interpretation. Often obfuscated, the overall argument—that alliance-building defined the Delawares and enabled them to survive as a people—comes through most clearly in chapter 5. Also, she does not explain her decision to focus on the period from 1609 to 1783, and while I applaud her epilogue, which briefly follows Delaware migrations from the Revolution...

Evidence from the Lake Champlain Valley for a later onset of the Champlain Sea and implications for late glacial meltwater routing to the North Atlantic

Ocean circulation models indicate that freshwater runoff from the North American continent during the last deglaciation may have had an effect on North Atlantic Ocean circulation, and thereby have altered regional climate. One such example is a flood from Lake Agassiz, which has been proposed by previous workers to have caused the onset of the Younger Dryas at around 12,850 calibrated years B.P. by entering the North Atlantic through the Gulf of St. Lawrence. We present two radiocarbon ages from terrestrial organic sources in the Champlain Valley that we associate with the pre-Champlain Sea proglacial lake phases; a musk-ox bone with an AMS age of 11,362 ± 115 14C years B.P. (13,438–13,020 calibrated years B.P.), and a wood fragment with an AMS age of 10,901 ± 76 14C years B.P. (12,995–12,793 calibrated years B.P.). These ages together with a glacial lacustrine varve estimate suggest that the initiation of the Champlain Sea may not have occurred until after the onset of the Younger Dryas. If the Lake Agassiz flood event occurred before the opening of the Champlain Sea then the floodwaters would have been diverted down the Champlain and Hudson valleys to the North Atlantic. Another possibility is that the Agassiz flood may have been contemporaneous with the opening of the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It is also possible that there may have been a large enough flood produced by meltwater originating in the Champlain Valley and St. Lawrence Lowlands at the inception of the Champlain Sea to have affected ocean circulation without the influence of Lake Agassiz.

Land and Liberty: Hudson Valley Riots in the Age of Revolution

This study of discontent in the Hudson River valley is intended as a firm corrective to existing scholarship. Thomas J. Humphrey charges earlier historians with limited vision—chron-ologically, geographically, or both—and with insufficient attention to the dialectic between the Revolution and ongoing unrest. He argues that casting a wider evidential net over both space and time (the entire valley from mid-century through the Revolution) will show, first, how insurgents moved from claims of ownership based upon title, practical possession (squatting), or improvement to a more sophisticated combination of the three, “insisting that their labor and occupancy of the land entitled them to own it,” and, second, how disputes in the postrevolutionary period “infused long-standing disputes with Revolutionary rhetoric to forge new definitions of citizenship, property ownership, and civic equality” (p. 10). There is much of interest here. Humphrey provides clear definitions of landlord, freeholder, and leaseholder, and he is especially interesting on why the gap between the first two was so large despite their sharing control over property. His portrayal of the worried improvisation that underlay the appearance of landlord domination, a scrambling that the Revolution only complicated, is strong. He is subtle on the players from Massachusetts and on other aspects of the extramural side of the valley's history. He works hard on why landlords in the southern reaches of the valley generally opted for Loyalism, while their northern counterparts went mostly Patriot. If readers feel unsure about how the same motivation (“Landlords in the southern valley sided with the king in part to preserve their land and power. Landlords in the northern valley joined the Revolution for the same reason,” p. 92) could produce such different results, Humphrey's account assures them that Robert Livingston and his contemporaries were often no less puzzled. When Humphrey concentrates upon the less prominent, less privileged segments of the valley's population, he humanizes discontent by finding individuals—the Wappinger Indian claimant Ninham, the insurgent Josiah Loo-mis. Where the evidence allows he is sensitive to background, revealing a population that is striking in its ethnic diversity. If he is thin on the most historically silent of all groups in the mix, that part of the tenant population that stubbornly did not revolt, did not petition, did not experiment with these and other ways of changing the status quo while often providing landlords with the muscle to maintain their hegemony, it is because those who do not get jailed do not leave much of a record.

A series of large, Late Wisconsinan meltwater floods through the Champlain and Hudson Valleys, New York State, USA

The Champlain Valley in northeastern New York lies at the junction of two important Late Wisconsinan proglacial outflow routes, the Hudson Valley to the south and the St. Lawrence Valley to the northeast. Freshwater outflow from proglacial lakes in the Hudson/Champlain valleys (glacial lake Albany/Vermont) and the combined Ontario and St. Lawrence valleys (glacial Lake Iroquois) may have affected ocean circulation and thereby altered climate during the last deglaciation. We have estimated steady-state and three flood pulse discharges from these large meltwater reservoirs into the North Atlantic using channel geometry and a high resolution digital elevation model of the Late Wisconsinan paleogeography of the region. We estimate the steady-state meltwater discharge into the North Atlantic to be 0.3–0.6 Sv. The first flood event was a combined Iroquois/Vermont outflow at around 10,900 14C yr BP that released 700 km 3 of meltwater into the North Atlantic through the Hudson Valley with an estimated discharge of 1.1 Sv. A second outflow event released 2500 km 3 through the Hudson Valley shortly after the first event. Finally, approximately 1500 km 3 was released to the North Atlantic through the Gulf of St. Lawrence at the incursion of the Champlain Sea about 150–300 years later.

The houses of McKim, Mead & White

With nearly one thousand commissions executed between 1879 and 1912, McKim, Mead & White was the architectural firm of choice of the most prestigious projects of the era, including the redesign of the White House and the Mall in Washington, D.C., and the campuses of Harvard and Columbia Universities. Among its residential clients were many of the most powerful figures of the Gilded Age-Vanderbilts, Whitneys, Pulitzers-for whom the firm built splendid summer cottages in Newport and throughout Long Island and the Hudson valley and sumptuous town houses in Boston, Washington, Baltimore and New York. More than thirty houses are presented here, their exteriors and interiors elegantly recorded in lush new color photographs. The book also provides the first look at the recent restoration of the Isaac Bell house in Newport and newly reinstalled Venetian room at the Payne Whitney house, now the French Cultural Services, in New York City.

A Comparison of Technological and Adaptive Strategies between Normanskill Occupations in the Delaware and Hudson Valleys

Review of models concerning hunter-gatherer subsistence (Cleland, 1976), resource procurement (Binford, 1980), and land-use patterns (Pagoulatos, 1992) suggests different adaptive strategies should be expressed in the archaeological record through variations in settlement patterns and technological assemblages. Comparison of data regarding site location, tool diversity, feature diversity, and subsistence strategies indicates Normanskill groups in the Hudson and Delaware valleys employed different adaptive strategies. Specifically, these data suggest Normanskill groups in the upper Delaware Valley employed a technological system and adaptive strategy which emphasized two site types, namely base camps and nearby target locations. Conversely, River phase groups in the Hudson Valley practiced a more diversified strategy whereby resources were procured and initially processed at target locations and subsequently returned to the base camp for final processing, distribution, and consumption. Observed differences in the respective technological systems and adaptive strategies have implications for their associated territorial range, social structure, and relationship with Broadspear groups.

Pottery Production and Cultural Process: Prehistoric Ceramics from the Morgan Site

Bert Salwen was a pioneer in the study of prehistoric ceramics. In this paper, we use Bert's procedures of classification and interpretation to analyze the pottery assemblage from the Morgan site, a Late Woodland horticultural community located in the lower Connecticut drainage at Rocky Hill, Connecticut. The analysis provides insight into Native American cultural development in southern New England during the 12th and 14th centuries A.D. especially in the realm of social interaction and inter-regional exchange with Hudson valley groups.

Volume and routing of late-glacial runoff from the southern Laurentide Ice Sheet

Melting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation added large volumes of water to many rivers and lakes of North America and to the world's oceans. The volume and routing of this meltwater not only helped shape the land's surface but also played a role in the evolution of late-glacial climate. A computerized model was prepared to quantify meltwater generation from seven drainage areas along the southern side of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at 500-yr time slices between 14,000 and 8000 yr B.P. Nearly all waters reaching the oceans flowed through the St. Lawrence, Hudson, or Mississippi River valleys. Discharge through the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico during late-glacial time varied by more than a factor of 5, ranging between 17,400 m3 sec−1 (550 km3 yr−1) and 98,200 m3 sec−1 (3200 km3 yr−1). Discharge entering the North Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence and Hudson valleys ranged between 20,300 m3 sec−1 (640 km3 yr−1) and 65,300 m3 sec−1 (2060 km3 yr−1), with very abrupt, twofold changes at about 11,000, 10,000, and 9500 yr B.P. as a result of the rerouting of water from the Lake Agassiz basin. As the areal extent and mass of the Laurentide Ice Sheet diminished, the total volume of meltwater plus runoff due to precipitation from its southern side declined from 3800 km3 yr−1 at about 14,000 yr B.P. to 2100 to 2600 km3 yr−1 between 11,500 and 8000 yr B.P. No meltwater entered the Gulf of Mexico after 9500 yr B.P. After the demise of the ice sheet over Hudson Bay about 8000 yr B.P., the modern continental drainage network was established and flows through the St. Lawrence declined to modern values of about 320 km3 yr−1.

Hudson Valley Fog Environments

Abstract Observations of 14 cases of radiation fog in the Hudson River valley in New York State are presented. Our emphasis is to connect the fog prediction problem to mechanisms in the nocturnal boundary layer that influence heat and moisture balances. Surface layer and boundary layer fogs are distinguished by the difference in dominant terms in the saturation specific humidity deficit budget. Fogs that persist longer than approximately 30 minutes are most frequently thicker than 50 m. The ultimate depth to which the fog grows is shown to be determined by initial conditions at sunset and by subsequent evolution of winds in the nocturnal boundary layer, as well as by surface transports and radiative cooling. Estimates of the surface and boundary layer heat budget are presented. Two new phenomena are identified: 1) A jump in specific humidity occurring during the early evening transition that shortens the time required to reach surface layer saturation; and 2) along-valley jetlike winds with maxima near 10...

Apple, Insect Control, Hudson Valley, Highland, NY, 1986

Abstract Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Baythroid, TD 2207, and Lorsban treatments were applied on 28 Apr (pink), 10 May (petal fall), and in cover sprays on 26 May, 10 Jun, 23 Jun, 7 Jul, 21 Jul, 5 Aug, and 19 Aug. Orthene was applied 27 Apr and 10 May followed by Danitol in all remaining cover sprays, while Brigade was applied 28 Apr and 10 May followed by Thiodan in remaining cover sprays. Dimilin treatments were applied 28 Apr, 23 Jun, and 5 Aug with Guthion applied on remaining forementioned spray dates. Larvin was applied along with Guthion at the 4 oz rate on 10 May, and alone at the 8 oz rate on 23 Jun and 5 Aug, while Guthion was applied alone at the 8 oz rate on 28 Apr, 26 May, 10 Jun, 7 Jul, 22 Jul, and 19 Aug. Danitol was applied once at the 10 oz rate on 10 May, and in 4 applications at the 4 and 2.6 oz rates on 27 Apr, 10 May, 23 Jun, and 5 Aug. Kelthane treatments were applied 13 Aug. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 4.2 gal spray per tree or 403 gal/acre. Trees were 22 years-old, 12 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on the EMII rootstock. Additional applications over the entire block included: Difolatan 80S 16 lb/acre 9 Apr; Bayleton 50W 3.5 oz/acre, 5 May; and Dithane M-45 78WP 4V2 lb per acre, 5 May and 20 May. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 15 May using from 5 to 15 ppm depending upon the cultivar. White apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs on 25 leaves from one ‘Greening’ tree per plot on 23 Jul and 6 Sep. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated 15 Aug by counting mines on 25 leaves from one ‘Greening’ and one ‘Cortland’ tree per plot. Apple aphids were evaluated by examining 25 termianls on one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 13 Jun and 27 Jun. Woolly apple aphids were evaluated by examining 25 terminals from one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 6 Sep. European apple sawfly and plum curculio were evaluated prior to Jun drop by examining all fruits in 50 fruiting clusters on one ‘Mcintosh’ tree per plot on 29 May. Insect damage to fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruits per cultivar per plot from ‘Mcintosh’ 6 Sep, and ‘Golden Delicious’ 1 Oct. Insect pressure during the season was very great for all species evaluated except apple maggot and external lepidopterous fruit feeders, e. g. leafrollers, for which we were unable to determine the predominant species causing injury. An early spring resulted in an early bloom lasting longer than normal. During bloom, warm periods were often followed by sudden temperature drops, and frost damage occurred on at least 2 occasions in low lying areas of the valley. Rainfall was above average throughout Jun and Jul but below average in other months, while temperatures were generally below normal.

The American Dutch, their church, and the revolution

F the outset of the American Revolution, the British rightly realized that their hope for victory lay in dividing the northern colonies from the middle and southern colonies by controlling the Hudson River valley. Little could Henry Hudson have realized in 1609, as he sailed up the river that was to bear his name, that the who were to take up his claim would provide the backbone of resistance to the British cause 170 years later. These middle colony Dutch—those who spoke the language, worshipped mostly in the Reformed Church, and exemplified the heritage in their homes and manners—were by no means limited to those of Netherlandish blood. Some, like the House of Orange itself, were German in origin; others were Swiss; some were French; and some had even come from Britain. A few were assimilated in the colonies; but most had Dutch in the old country itself. A typical example was the boy Robert Livingston, who, with his family, migrated to Rotterdam from Scotland among a group of religious refugees at the time of the Stuart restoration. In 1673, having adopted the culture of his neighbors, nineteen-year-old Robert sailed for the New World, where he was to become one of the richest and most powerful men in New York. In Albany he married the widow Alida Schuyler van Rensselaer, and their offspring for generations were among the leaders of the community. The ancient hospitality to foreigners was a part of the cultural pattern that these new Dutch absorbed and brought with them to America. The pivotal role of the Hudson Valley in American history became most powerfully clear in the 1750's, at the time of the French and Indian War. Archibald Kennedy, married to the widow of a settler, was an astute American political observer of the time. He noted

Eighteenth-Century Architecture of the Upper Delaware River Valley of New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Research Article| May 01 1972 Eighteenth-Century Architecture of the Upper Delaware River Valley of New Jersey and Pennsylvania Wesley I. Shank Wesley I. Shank Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1972) 31 (2): 137–144. https://doi.org/10.2307/988687 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Wesley I. Shank; Eighteenth-Century Architecture of the Upper Delaware River Valley of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 May 1972; 31 (2): 137–144. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/988687 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1972 The Society of Architectural Historians Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

PLEISTOCENE GEOLOGY OF CROTON POINT, N.Y.*

AbstractCroton Point, a peninsula projecting westward into the Hudson River, is inferred to have originated by deltaic deposition of glacial outwash in a postglacial lake that formerly existed in the Hudson valley.

Middle Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils: Problematic Occurrence in the Bronx

A possible glacial boulder of undeformed and unmetamorphosed siltstone containing Middle Pennsylvanian plant fossils was recovered from the Bronx. The rock cannot be explained by known geologic relations and suggests the possibility of undetected outliers of Pennsylvanian rocks in the Hudson valley.