HPLC-MS Analysis Research Articles

Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oils and Crude Extracts of <em>Dittrichia viscosa maritime</em> (L.), an Aromatic and Medicinal Plant from Northern Morocco

Dittrichia viscosa, a perennial herb belonging to the Asteraceae family, was collected in a coastal site located in northern Morocco. This study focused on exploring the phytochemical composition and biological activities of essential oils (EOs) and solvents (methanol and acetone) extract of leaves, stems, and flowers. Total phenolic (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents were determined, and the result showed a high level of TPC and TFC in leaves with the values of 127.61 mg GAEs/g and 117.82 mg CEs/g, respectively. HPLC-MS analysis highlighted 18 phenolic acids and flavonoids, with notable quantities of apigenin 7-glucoside (2233 μg/g) and chlorogenic acid (1429 μg/g). GC‒MS analysis of EOs allowed the identification of 27 biologically active compounds, dominated by decanoic acid (20.98%) and toluene (19.66%). Regarding the biological activities, antioxidant activity was evaluated through the DPPH test, while antifungal activity was tested using the microdilution method. The most potent antioxidant effect was observed in the methanol extract of leaves, with a value of 0.18 mg/mL, while the weakest effect was noted in the acetone extract of flowers, registering a value of 1.63 mg/mL. Similarly, the antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts surpassed that of acetonic extracts in each part of D. viscosa. Concerning antifungal activity, the findings reveal that all extracts demonstrated important capacity against the tested pathogens. The methanolic extract displayed high efficacy compared to the acetonic one, with MFC values ranging between 1.94-3.38 mg/mL and 2.88-4.75 for Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Trichophyton rubrum, respectively. However, for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis, the MFCs were higher (7.5-8.5 mg/mL). Regarding EOs, the MFCs were more favorable for the three human pathogenic fungi, ranging between 1.88 and 3.35 µL/mL, compared to F. oxysporum, which has an MFCs of 3.5 µL/mL. In summary, the findings demonstrated that D. viscosa could be considered a useful alternative and reliable source of bioactive compounds for the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries.

Peroxydisulfate degradation of diclofenac sodium activated by nZVI@MoS2: Key roles of superoxide radicals in the free radical pathway and electron transfer in the nonradical pathway

Diclofenac sodium (DCF) has potential biological toxicity and is difficult to degrade through conventional methods; therefore, there is a pressing imperative to develop an approach to address this environmental predicament. In this work, nZVI@MoS2 was synthesized via liquid-phase reduction to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the degradation of DCF. The results demonstrated efficient degradation of DCF within 30 min with the nZVI@MoS2/PDS system. Quenching experiments, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, steady-state concentration calculations, and electrochemical experiments demonstrated that DCF predominantly underwent degradation through an O2−-dominated free radical pathway and an electron transfer-dominated nonradical pathway. The nZVI@MoS2 composite promoted the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle, generated O2− and showed exceptional electrochemical performance in enhancing electron transfer. The paths for DCF degradation were revealed via HPLC–MS analyses. Toxicological assessment software revealed reduced toxicity of DCF. This study presents a novel approach for the degradation of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs).

Studies on the Effects of Fermentation on the Phenolic Profile and Biological Activity of Three Cultivars of Kale.

Fermentation is used not only to preserve food but also to enhance its beneficial effects on human health and achieve functional foods. This study aimed to investigate how different treatments (spontaneous fermentation or fermentation with the use of starter culture) affect phenolic content, antioxidant potential, and cholinesterase inhibitory activity in different kale cultivars: 'Halbhoner Grüner Krauser', 'Scarlet', and 'Nero di Toscana'. Chosen samples were further tested for their protective potential against the Caco-2 cell line. HPLC-MS analysis revealed that the fermentation affected the composition of polyphenolic compounds, leading to an increase in the content of rutin, kaempferol, sinapinic, and protocatechuic acids. In general, kale cultivars demonstrated various antioxidant activities, and fermentation led to an increase in total phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Fermentation boosted anti-cholinesterase activity most profoundly in 'Nero di Toscana'. Extracts of spontaneously fermented 'Scarlet' (SS) and 'Nero di Toscana' (NTS) showed cytoprotective properties, as revealed by the malondialdehyde (MDA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) assays. Additionally, strong anti-inflammatory activity of NTS was shown by decreased release of cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Collectively, the conducted studies suggest fermented kale cultivars as a potential source for functional foods.

The phenylpropionamide extract of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) seed improves learning memory ability and survival rate by attenuating microglia activation and reducing amyloid deposition via the SIRT1-AMAD10 pathway in APP/PS1 mice

BackgroundFructus cannabis (Hemp seed), the dried and mature fruit of Cannabis sativa L., was reported to have effects against Alzheimer's disease (AD) in different experimental models. However, either chemical composition or mechanisms of action was not clear. Our previous work isolated and identified diverse phenylpropionamides such as cannabisin A-F, caffeoyltyramine and feryroyltyramine from hemp seed, which showed antioxidant and anti-neuroinflammatory activity in cell models. PurposeTo study the anti-AD effect and mechanism of the total phenylpropionamides (TPA) extract from hemp seed using APPswe/PS1dE9 mice model. MethodsTPA extract was prepared via extraction and column chromatography techniques, then analyzed and measured using HPLC, HPLC-MS and Folin-Ciocalteu method. The extract was administered by gavage to APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. The learning memory ability of mice were examined using new object recognition test and Morris water maze. Hematoxylin and Eosin staining was used to observe the morphology of neuronal cells in the hippocampal region of brain tissue; ELISA was used to measure the content of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain tissue; the deposition of Aβ protein was measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting; the activation of microglia was measured by immunofluorescence. The expression of APP, PS1, SIRT1, and ADAM10 proteins was measured by Western blotting. ResultsFolin-Ciocalteu method showed the total phenylpropionamides content was 238.03 μg caffeic acid equivalent /mg TPA. HPLC and HPLC-MS analysis showed the contents of N-trans-caffeoyltyramine, cannabisin A and B were 20.16 μg/mg, 32.16 μg/mg and 214.35 μg/mg, respectively, in TPA extract. TPA treatment significantly increased the survival rate of APP/PS1 mice, improved the learning and memory ability, reversed the neural cell damage in the hippocampal region, and reduced Aβ deposition and activated microglia in brain tissue. Meanwhile, the administration decreased the neuroinflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β expression, increased antioxidant enzyme SOD activity, and attenuated MDA expression. Western blotting showed that TPA administration increased SIRT1 and ADAM10 protein expression and decreased APP and PS1 protein expression. ConclusionTPA improved learning memory capacity, increased survival rate, attenuated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, microglia activation and hippocampal apoptosis, and reduced amyloid deposition via the SIRT1-ADAM10 pathway in APP/PS1 mice.

Neopetromin, a Cyclic Tripeptide with a C-N Cross-Link, from the Marine Sponge Neopetrosia sp., That Causes Vacuole Fragmentation in Tobacco BY-2 Cells.

HPLC-MS analysis revealed the presence of an unreported peptide in the extract of the marine sponge Neopetrosia sp. Its structure was determined as a tripeptide, named neopetromin (1), composed of two tyrosine and one tryptophan residues with a heteroaromatic C-N cross-link between side chains. The absolute configuration of amino acids was determined using Marfey's method after ozonolysis and hydrolysis of 1. Compound 1 promoted vacuole fragmentation in an actin-independent manner in tobacco BY-2 cells.

Preparation of magnetic amphiphilic resin microspheres via the one-step polymerization method and extraction of four glucocorticoids for HPLC–MS analysis

Amphiphilic materials can be used for sample preparation of chromatography or mass spectrometry. Amphiphilic materials with magnetic properties in combination with magnetic suction devices allow for automated sample preparation. However, conventional synthesis methods are cumbersome and not suitable for the mass production of the material. In this study, a micro-suspension polymerization method was developed to synthesize magnetic amphiphilic resin microspheres (MARMs), providing new ideas for the preparation of amphiphilic microspheres. MARMs with particle sizes ranging from 3 to 6 μm were successfully prepared, with BET surface area up to 653.2 m2/g. A magnetic solid-phase extraction method based on MARM-5 was developed for the extraction of four glucocorticoids including Cortisone, Hydrocortisone, Cortodoxone, and Corticosterone. This method had a very short adsorption time of 0.5 min and a total extraction time of only 13 min. The limit of detection for the four glucocorticoids ranged from 0.22 to 0.82 ng/L. There was a good linear relationship between sample concentration and peak area in the range of 25∼500 ng/L. Relative recovery of 98 %∼108 % and internal standard normalized matrix effect factors of 95∼114 % were obtained, and the relative standard deviation was between 2.3 % and 6.3 %. The MARMs would be used as excellent solid extraction material for glucocorticoids.

Changes in Chemical Composition of Red and Black Currant Fruits and Leaves During Berry Ripening

ABSTRACT The composition and variations of sugars, organic acids and phenolic compounds of red and black currant fruits and leaves were studied during the last four weeks of ripening. The results showed that sugar content increased during berry ripening in both species. In comparison, organic acids decreased in red currant, whereas no differences between sampling dates were observed in black currant. Forty-seven individual phenolic compounds, belonging to anthocyanins, flavonols, flavanols, hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavanones were identified in red currant fruits and 52 in black currant fruits by HPLC-MS analysis. In black currant fruits, the major phenolic compounds were anthocyanins (81.51–85.15% of total phenolics), which increased during ripening until the last sampling date. In both red and black currant leaves, 47 phenolic compounds were identified. The content of phenolic compounds in red currant leaves was 1.31-fold to 1.90-fold higher compared to the content in black currant leaves. The most abundant phenolics in both currant leaves were flavonol glycosides, accounting for 58.5–67.9% of total phenolics, and their content was the highest at the end of berry ripening.

Directional and rapid electron transfer in perylene diimide modified iron-manganese bimetallic metal-organic frameworks for enhanced photo-Fenton process

Bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with iron and another transition metal in the inorganic nodes, as newly developed photo-Fenton catalysts, have gained an ample attention because of the synergistic effect and enhanced properties compared to the monometallic counterparts. However, the photo-Fenton application of bimetallic MOFs still faces the obstacle of unsatisfactory photogenerated electrons transfer due to the fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. In this work, perylene diimide (PDI) was modified upon bimetallic NH2-MIL-88B(Fe, Mn) (FM88B) via the ammonolysis process to construct PDI/FM88B heterojunction structure. The constructed heterostructure mediated the directional transfer of photogenerated electrons from PDI (electron donor) to FM88 (electron acceptor). The built-in electric field (BIEF) between PDI and FM88B promoted the separation and directional transfer of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The interfacial amide bond as the high-speed electronic transmission channel reduced the transfer distance and energy barrier of photogenerated electrons from PDI to FM88B, accelerating the photogenerated electrons delivery. As a result, both Fe(III)/Fe(II) and Mn(III)/Mn(II) redox couples were continuously and rapidly cycled, ultimately boosting the performance of FM88B for H2O2 activation. Compared with FM88B, the optimal 6%PDI/FM88B exhibited excellent degradation performance against tetracycline (TC) (degradation efficiency and apparent rate constant, as 89% and 0.067 min−1) and notable synergy between photocatalysis and Fenton-like process (synergistic factor of 77.61%). DFT calculation and HPLC-MS analysis were used to verify the possible degradation pathways of TC. Meanwhile, the corresponding toxicity changes during TC degradation were studied in detail. This work paves the way for improving the heterogeneous photo-Fenton performance of the bimetallic MOFs in environmental remediation.

Application of TLC and HPLC/MS methods in the study of the interaction of N-phenytaconimide with 3-methyl-1-phenyl-5-aminopyrazole

The thin layer chromatography (TLC) method is widely used for the rapid analysis of reaction masses in fine organic synthesis. The use of this method allows not only assessing the purity of substances and identify individual components, but also to monitor the progress of synthesis [1-3]. To reliably identify a large number of substances in multicomponent systems and determine the degree of conversion of starting substances, the HPLC-MS analysis method can be used [4-6]. It was previously shown that N-arylitaconimides are easily recycled by various binucleophiles when they are boiled together in various solvents, but data on the choice of reaction conditions were scattered and unsystematized. The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of combining several chromatographic methods to control and optimize the synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine formed during the reaction N-phenylitaconimide and 3-methyl-1-phenyl-pyrazol-5-amine. The interaction of the components was carried out in low-polar as well as polar protic and aprotic solvents. For the control of the completeness of the reaction, thin layer chromatography on TLC Silica gel 60 F254 (Merck) plates was used, chloroform, methanol and their mixtures in various ratios were used as eluents. The components of the reaction mass were correlated with the declared structures using HPLC/MS studies. It was shown that the interaction of N-phenylitaconimide with 3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-amine in all studied systems for 10-15 hours did not lead to the complete conversion of the reagents. The use of aprotic solvents, both polar and low-polar, did not allow obtaining preparatively significant yields of the target product. In protic solvents, the yields of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine were significantly higher. It was also shown that an increase in the protonogenicity of the medium due to the addition of acetic acid led to a more complete conversion of the reagents. The TLC and HPLC/MS data correlated well with the data on the preparative yields of pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine. It was found that the most suitable medium for synthesis was a mixture of propan-2-ol and acetic acid in a ratio of 25:1.

A novel Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst CeO2@WO3 nanocomposite with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance for wastewater treatment by cephalexin antibiotic degradation: Process optimization

Considering growing global environmental concerns, there is a heightened focus on expediting the synthesis of highly efficient catalytic materials to address these challenges effectively. Herein, a novel CeO2@WO3 heterojunction photocatalyst was synthesized using an ultrasonic-assisted method for the environmentally friendly degradation of cephalexin (CPX) under visible light. The optimized photocatalyst synthesis condition was achieved by assessing the influence of effective parameters, including the CeO2 content (5–25 wt%) and calcination temperature (300–600 °C), employing the RSM method. The synthesized photocatalysts were comprehensively characterized through XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS-mapping, BET, FTIR, and UV–Vis band gap analysis. Using optimal photocatalyst (CeO2 content: 15.78 %, calcination temperature: 440.59 °C, and ultrasonic power: 80 W), the influence of four critical variables on CPX degradation was thoroughly investigated via RSM-CCD. The maximum CPX degradation efficiency of 98.8 % was attained under the following optimal conditions: CPX concentration: 20.00 mg/L, solution pH: 6.79, photocatalyst dosage: 0.019 g/L, and visible light time: 94.82 min. Statistical analysis confirmed the accuracy of the regression model based on empirical data. The CeO2@WO3 heterojunction demonstrated substantial Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal, reaching 73.26 % during the mineralization of CPX, surpassing the outcomes of previous studies. Trapping experiments and EPR analysis indicated the crucial involvement of hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals as highly active species due to their non-selective oxidation capabilities. Furthermore, a Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism was proposed to elucidate the enhanced photocatalytic activity. Identifying degradation intermediates was accomplished through HPLC-MS analysis, leading to a plausible pathway for CPX degradation. Overall, CeO2@WO3 exhibited excellent stability and could endure five cycles with minimal cerium leaching, highlighting its effectiveness in decomposing organic contaminants.

Screening of Azo-Dye-Degrading Bacteria from Textile Industry Wastewater-Activated Sludge

This study investigates the biodegradation of Reactive Red 141 (RR 141), an azo dye prevalent in the textile industry, by bacteria isolated from activated sludge in a textile effluent treatment plant. RR 141, characterized by nitrogen–nitrogen double bonds (-N=N-), contributes to environmental issues when improperly disposed of in textile effluents, leading to reduced oxygen levels in water bodies, diminished sunlight penetration, and the formation of potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic aromatic amines. This research focuses on identifying bacteria from activated sludge with the potential to decolorize RR 141. Microbiological identification employs MALDI-TOF-MS, known for its precision and rapid identification of environmental bacteria, enhancing treatment efficiency. Results highlight Bacillus thuringiensis and Kosakonia radicincitans as the most promising strains for RR 141 decolorization. Analysis of micro-organisms in activated sludge and database exploration suggests a correlation between these strains and the decolorization process. It is worth noting that this is the first report on the potential use of K. radicincitans for azo dye decolorization. Three distinct culture media—BHI, MSG, and MS—were assessed to investigate their impact on RR 141 decolorization. Notably, BHI and MSG media, incorporating a carbon source, facilitated the bacterial growth of both tested species (B. thuringiensis and K. radicincitans), a phenomenon absent in the MS medium. This observation suggests that the bacteria exhibit limited capability to utilize RR 141 dye as a carbon source, pointing towards the influence of the culture medium on the discoloration process. The study evaluates performance kinetics, decolorization capacity through UV-VIS spectrophotometry, potential degradation pathways via HPLC-MS analysis, phytotoxicity, and enzymatic activity identification. B. thuringiensis and K. radicincitans exhibit potential in decolorizing RR141, with 38% and 26% removal individually in 120 h. As a consortium, they achieved 36% removal in 12 h, primarily through biosorption rather than biodegradation, as indicated by HPLC-MS analyses. In conclusion, the research emphasizes the importance of exploring bacteria from activated sludge to optimize azo dye degradation in textile effluents. B. thuringiensis and K. radicincitans emerge as promising candidates for bioremediation, and the application of MALDI-TOF-MS proves invaluable for rapid and precise bacteria identification.

Screening for pigment production and characterization of pigment profile and photostability in cold-adapted Antarctic bacteria using FT-Raman spectroscopy

Microbial pigments can replace synthetic organic pigments which often produced in unsustainable way and can be toxic. Therefore, search for new pigment producing microorganisms is of high interest for industry. In this study, a screening and characterization of pigment profile and photostability in seventy-four newly isolated Antarctic bacteria using Fourier-transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy and HPLC-MS was performed. Screening of the bacterial biomass by FT-Raman identified thirty-seven bacterial strains from the genera Agrococcus, Arthrobacter, Brachybacterium, Cryobacterium, Leifsonia, Micrococcus, Paeniglutamicibacter, Rhodococcus, Salinibacterium and Flavobacterium as having relatively high pigment content. The impact of growth temperature on the pigment production in the studied Antarctic bacteria was species - specific, while blue light exposure triggered pigment production in majority of the studied bacteria. HPLC-MS analysis of a biomass of a set of ten pigmented Antarctic bacteria identified eighteen different carotenoids and precursors. FT-Raman spectroscopy showed to be suitable for both, semi-qualitative library-independent identification of pigment producing bacteria and determination of pigment profile using spectral library of reference pigment standards. This study provides valuable insights into the pigment production capabilities of Antarctic bacteria and highlighting the potential of FT-Raman spectroscopy for characterizing microbial pigments.

Ornidazole degradation by PMS activated by Co-Zr-TiO2 with abundant oxygen vacancies: Performance, mechanism and degradation pathway

Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation through free radical and non-free radical synergism is a promising technique for the removal of difficult-to-degrade organic contaminants. Due to the insufficient sites of action or low activation efficiency of existing activation materials, there are still significant hurdles to enhancing the performance of PMS activation for the degradation of organic matter. In this paper, a bimetallic cobalt- and zirconium-doped TiO2 catalyst (Co-Zr-TiO2) with abundant oxygen vacancies was effectively prepared and employed to activate PMS for the removal of ornidazole (ONZ). The degradation rate of ONZ in the Co-Zr-TiO2/PMS system reached 100% within 20 min, and catalytic performance was approximately 49.6, 52.7 and 4.1 times higher than that of TiO2, Zr-TiO2 and Co-TiO2. Furthermore, the Co-Zr-TiO2 catalyst showed strong catalytic activity in aqueous solutions for various pollutants in addition to good adaptability in the pH range of 3–11. The mechanisms for the generation of multi-reactive oxygen species are activation of PMS by surface Co3+/Co2+ to generate free radicals (SO4•- and •OH); bimetallic doping leading to an increase in oxygen vacancies, which generates 1O2; and Zr4+ doping leading to an increase in the specific surface area, which results in the accessible active sites increase. Radical scavenging and EPR experiments confirmed that SO4•- and 1O2 were the main active substances in the Co-Zr-TiO2/PMS system. Finally, HPLC-MS analysis of degradation intermediates provided a possible catalytic degradation pathway for ONZ. The study proposes a strategy for the construction of efficient PMS activation catalysts for environmental cleanup that combines free radicals with non-free radicals.

Degradation of tannic acid using monopersulfate activated CuO particles

A Copper(II) oxide material was synthesized and its efficiency in degrading Tannic acid (TA) was investigated using ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and CuO activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS). The CuO particle catalyst exhibited exceptional activity and was characterized using XRD, SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and laser diffraction particle size analysis (LDPS). The influence of calcination temperature, UV power, PMS dosage, CuO dosage, and coexisting anions on the degradation rate of TA was examined. The research results demonstrate that the addition of a structural guide enhances the catalytic performance of CuO. Among the different calcination temperatures investigated, CuO calcined at 500 °C demonstrates the best catalytic performance and achieves the highest degradation efficiency under neutral conditions. Under the optimal conditions of 0.1 g/L CuO and 1.2 mmol/L PMS, the TA degradation rate of 15 mg/L within 40 min was 97.69%, and the total organic carbon removal rate was 69.85%. Quenching experiments confirmed the participation of multiple active species in the decomposition process. After five experimental cycles, the CuO material maintained a TA removal rate above 92%. Furthermore, HPLC-MS analysis was employed to identify potential intermediates in the degradation of TA.

Bioactive compounds of honey from different regions of Brazil: the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

Monofloral and multifloral honey produced in different regions may have different bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacities, resulting in changes in the antimicrobial activity of honey. However, many of these compounds degrade due to the extreme digestion conditions, which may inhibit the antimicrobial activity. Given this context, this study aimed to describe the bioactive compounds of honey produced in Brazil and verify if honey samples from different botanical and geographical origins differ in bioactive compounds, and if honey maintains its antimicrobial activity after digestion simulation. Multivariate analysis was used to identify characteristics that differentiated the honey samples according to the botanical and geographical origin criteria. The amount of the bioactive compounds varied significantly: the total phenolic compound content varied from 20.49 to 101.44 mg GAE per 100 g, flavonoids varied from 1.41 to 13.52 mg QE per 100 g, phenolic acids varied from 13.61 to 56.41 mg CAE per 100 g, and carotenoids varied from 0.66 to 4.27 mg β-carotene per g. Multifloral honey (H22) produced in the dry season of northeastern Brazil presented the highest bioactive compound concentration except for the carotenoid content. HPLC-MS analysis showed the presence of six hydroxybenzoic acids, four hydroxycinnamic acids, eight flavonols, three flavanones, two flavones and two isoflavonoids; Pterodon pubescens monofloral honey (H14) from midwestern Brazil stood out in terms of the carotenoid content. All analyzed honey samples exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria before digestive process simulation, and bacteria were inhibited during in vitro digestion; this activity decreased during the simulation of the oral phase, remained in the gastric phase, and disappeared in the intestinal phase.

A green process for extracting and purifying coconut mesocarp polyphenols

Coconut, as one of the main tropical economic crops, has high yield and high demand. Coconut mesocarp (CM) is the main waste in coconut production, causing resource waste and bulk pollution issues. In this study, a green process for extracting and purifying CM polyphenols was developed, which was beneficial for turning waste into treasure and saving resources. The process included a series of steam explosion (SE) assisted alkali extraction methods for the total phenolic content (TPC) of total phenols (CTP) and insoluble phenols (CIP) in CM and purification process of macroporous resin. These results showed after SE treatment at 123 °C for 5 min, the TPC of CTP and CIP increased to 558.57 mg GAE/g dw and 280.67 mg GAE/g dw, which was higher 9% and 17.8% than the untreated sample, respectively. After purification with LX-83, the TPC of purified CTP (P-CTP) and CIP (P-CIP) increased to 773.16 mg GAE/g dw and 542.83 mg GAE/g dw. Both Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models could be used to describe the adsorption behaviors of CTP and CIP. They were influenced by multiple factors and belonged to a pseudo second-order kinetic model. Subsequently, the main compounds in P-CTP and P-CIP were the abundant catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid by HPLC-MS analysis. These results provided a basis for the green extraction and purification process of CM polyphenols.

High-throughput screening for aroma production in food fermentations

A microtiter plate (MTP) method was developed to screen 1064 unique microorganisms-substrate fermentations for production of 68 target aroma compounds. Based on the number of hits identified by GC–MS, 50 fermentations were repeated at 50-mL scale in flasks. Comparison of GC–MS data showed that scaling up from MTP to flask did not generally result in large differences between the volatile profiles, even with a wide variety of substrates (juice, food slurry and food side-streams) and microorganisms (yeast, bacteria and fungi) used. From the screening results, Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation of chilli pepper was further studied as a high amount of phenols, especially guaiacol and 4-ethylphenol, was produced after fermentation. From HPLC-MS and sensory analysis, capsaicin was shown to be a probable precursor for these phenols and a potential mechanism was proposed. The protocol described herein to screen aroma compounds from fermentation of agri-food products and side streams can support development of clean label flavourful food ingredients.

Kinetic modeling and mechanisms of parahalogenated phenols degradation by UV222/H2O2

Advanced oxidation technology of KrCl excimer lamp activated H2O2 (UV222/H2O2) have been received widespread attention in the field of water treatment recently, due to the higher radical yield and environmentally friendly nature compared to UV254/H2O2. In this investigation, four representative parahalogenated phenols (HPs) degradation kinetic and mechanisms by UV222 alone and UV222/H2O2 were studied, respectively. The results showed that the photolysis rate constants (kobs) under UV222 followed the order of p-Chlorophenol (p-CP) > p-Fluorophenol (p-FP) > p-Bromophenol (p-BP) > p-Iodophenol (p-IP), and the degradation rate constants (kobs) by UV222/H2O2 followed the order of p-FP > p-CP > p-BP > p-IP. The molar absorption coefficient (ε222nm) and quantum yield (Φ222nm) of HPs photolysis were measured. Kinetic model simulating results are in fair agreement with the experimental results. Through HPLC-MS analysis and DFT calculation, the impact of halogen ions on the degradation kinetics of HPS by UV222 and UV222/H2O2 was found, the possible reaction pathways and mechanisms were proposed. Compared with UV254/H2O2 for removing p-CP, UV222/H2O2 was much more energy efficient.

Evaluation of the anxiolytic activity of dry extract of Patrinia scabiosifolia under acoustic stress.

Patrinia scabiosifolia has been used in traditional medicine in East Asia, Africa, and South America for a variety of diseases for more than 2000 years. The purpose of the article is to evaluate the anxiolytic properties of dry extract of P. scabiosifolia. In vivo experiments were performed on outbred white male mice. The psychotropic effect of P. scabiosifolia dry extract was assessed using behavioral test systems aimed at identifying changes in the psycho-emotional state of animals under the influence of acoustic stress. In addition, the preparation toxicity was also assessed. HPLC-MS analysis was carried out to confirm the presence of active components in local raw materials. The article describes the possibility of using dry extract of P. scabiosifolia as an anxiolytic and sedative for psycho-emotional stress in experimental animals. Based on comprehensive research results, the effectiveness and safety of the studied herbal preparation have been proven. In this study, a dry extract of P. scabiosifolia has been proposed as a novel means of combating neuropsychiatric disorders. P. scabiosifolia showed efficacy comparable to the reference drug (Mebicar), reducing sleep time and increasing sleep duration. The results obtained can subsequently serve as the basis for clinical trials.

HPLC-MS Analysis of Ginsenosides in Morphogenic Cell Cultures of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)

HPLC-MS Analysis of Ginsenosides in Morphogenic Cell Cultures of Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer)