Ever since humans began committing their view of the world to flat slabs of rock and papyrus, we had a sense that our mental maps are laid out in much the same way, but this couldn't be farther from the truth. ‘Humans rely strongly on route-based maps’, says Miguel de Guinea, from Oxford Brookes University, UK. The internal maps used by many animals and humans are composed of well-trodden routes linking frequently visited locations, with little or no understanding of where these routes lie relative to one another. Fortunately, humans are able to supplement these rudimentary representations with knowledge of the distances we cover and direction to take occasional short-cuts. Yet many creatures negotiate far more complex environments than our 2D experience, and do so on a meagre diet, making efficient navigation a priority. Black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) comb the forests of central America in search of fruit and edible vegetation, so de Guinea, Sarie Van Belle (University of Texas at Austin, USA) and colleagues from Mexico and the UK wondered whether these resourceful primates are also capable of refining their route-based mental maps with additional knowledge to search their terrain efficiently for nourishment.However, GPS-tagging the endangered primates wasn't possible, so de Guinea and his colleagues had no choice but to visit the forests covering the Mayan ruins in Palenque National Park, Mexico, and follow the roaming animals. ‘We'd arrive at the study area where our focal group was expected to be found before sunrise’, says de Guinea, explaining that it was relatively easy to locate the troops of black howler monkeys, from 4 to 11 individuals, as they called loudly in the morning. Then de Guinea, Van Belle, field assistant Elsa Barrios and an international team of volunteers pursued the monkeys, at ground level, wherever they roved through their 50 ha domain. ‘Sometimes the monkeys decided to travel to the top of the tallest temple in the area, making us climb at a very fast pace in intense heat to reach them’, says de Guinea. On other occasions, the primates dragged the scientists across steep waterfalls. One time the monkeys encountered a 5 m gap on one of their regular routes; ‘a tree had fallen overnight’, Van Belle explains. ‘They stopped for half an hour and then travelled along the edge to reconnect with the second half of their travel path… as if they knew this was a new obstacle and they needed to consider their options on what to do next’, she laughs.After a year of tracking five black howler packs, de Guinea and Van Belle painstakingly reconstructed the monkeys’ movements as they covered 91.5 km over 250 days, repeatedly revisiting their favourite fruit trees – always approaching from a few select directions – travelling through the same sequences of trees. In contrast, when the pair simulated how the animals would move if they were roving randomly through the park, the virtual primates rarely revisited the same routes. The black howlers were clearly following mental maps of familiar routes, like humans.In addition, the researchers compared the distances covered by the foraging monkeys with the routes used by the simulated primates, and it was evident that the black howlers were able to link routes together in order to navigate between distant locations. They can supplement their simple route-based view of the world with knowledge of direction and the distances between locations to take short-cuts and manoeuvre efficiently through the ever-changing forest. ‘It was a big effort to collect such detailed and reliable data, but it was worth it to understand the fascinating cognitive skills that black howler monkeys demonstrate in the wild’, says de Guinea.
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Nov 26, 2021
Victor Yunes Guimarães + 4
Open Access