Housing Model Research Articles

Care and Complexity in Emergency Housing: an Examination of the COVID-19 Shelter-in-Place (SIP) Hotel Program to House People Experiencing Homelessness in San Francisco

In this study, we consider the patient, provider, and public health repercussions of San Francisco’s (SF) COVID-related response to homelessness using tourist hotels to house people experiencing homelessness (PEH). We describe the demographics, medical comorbidities, and healthcare utilization patterns of a subset of PEH who accessed the shelter-in-place (SIP) hotel sites during the 2020–2021 pandemic. We focus on how SIP hotels impacted connection to outpatient care and higher-cost emergency utilization. Our mixed methods study integrates qualitative and quantitative data to consider the impact of this temporary housing initiative among a medically complex cohort in a time of increased morbidity and mortality related to substance use. We found that temporary SIP housing increased outpatient care and reduced higher-cost hospital utilization. Our results can inform the future design and implementation of integrated supportive housing models to reduce mortality and promote wellness for PEH.

Dourgouti and Tavros: the development of two Athenian neighbourhoods with social housing estates

ABSTRACT Dourgouti and Tavros are two neighbourhoods of Athens, Greece. They were constructed by the Ministry of Welfare as areas with social housing estates. However, they are exceptional cases in Greek housing models. The main premise of this paper is derived from the analysis of the changes in social physiognomy and the relationships amongst residents in Dourgouti and Tavros, and whether these two neighbourhoods are paradigms of the ‘community saved’ argument or the ‘community lost’ argument.

An accessible experiment to assess the impact of shapes of buildings and roofs on wind resistance

Hurricanes cause extensive amounts of damage in coastal communities each year. Rebuilding is costly, and the impact of hurricanes can be alleviated by mitigating the destruction to buildings. As such, buildings that are resistant to high winds are the key to increasing the resilience of communities to hurricanes. Here, we designed an accessible experiment to evaluate the effects of house and roof shape on wind resistance. We built four types of house models: box-shaped houses with pyramid hip roofs, box-shaped houses with flat roofs, round houses with pyramid hip roofs, and round houses with flat roofs. To evaluate the stability of these house models, we applied strong winds using a leaf blower. We determined stability by measuring the distance between the leaf blower and the house models when they were blown away, and the time it took for the houses to be blown away if the distance was 0 cm. The smaller the distance and the longer the time, the more resistant the houses are to strong winds. We found round houses were more resistant to strong winds than box-shaped houses, and houses with pyramid hip roofs were more resistant to strong winds than houses with flat roofs if other attributes of the houses were kept the same. Furthermore, we found roof shape was more important than house shape among the different combinations of house shapes and roof shapes we studied. Our study provides scientific data to facilitate policy making in improving coastal resilience, particularly through updating building codes that account for house and roof shape.

French Planner Henri Prost's Istanbul Master Plans, His Housing Planning Ideas and Methods as an Architect-urbanist

The scope of the French architect-urbanist Henri Prost’s Istanbul planning and his doctrinal approach have been researched and discussed in each period, but the housing issue in his studies remained unknown. The presented research was expected to contribute to the literature as it is the first research to examine the housing issue in Prost plans and re-examine old planning methods recently comeback on the agenda like E. Howard. The research examined H. Prost’s Istanbul Master plans, in the first half of the 20^th century, in the context of housing and his main identity as an architect. Also, French planning theories and his ideological l’école (school’s) thinking resource Le Musée-Sociale (Social Museum) a think-tank, legislator and executory institution and its predecessor-influencer is Frédérick Le Play. The social-based old ideologies were transformed via French architect-urbanist H. Prost in the Early Republican period in Türkiye, and they played an important role in the modernization and development of Istanbul. Although the housing problem was not included in the Governmental policies of that period, H. Prost planned some housing areas and housing models with his own initiative. Thus, the research methodology based on a paradigm change centered on the H. Prost's architect identity in lower-architectural scale instead of upper urban-scale research methods adopted by previous research. A taxonomy is prepared with the anachronic approach to reveal the housing models and typologies for various regions of Istanbul. It was found that H. Prost, empirical data, taxonomy and typologies, housing production supported the main assumption in the research.

The Acoustic Comfort in the House Made of Plastic Waste

This research is conducted to test the plastic waste house, a house prototype from a mixture of plastic waste materials and sawdust in terms of acoustics. In the previous studies, we used 20 different percentage compositions for the plastic waste, rice husks, and sawdust added with cement adhesive. The best results were found in 30% plastic waste composition and 70% sawdust with Portland cement adhesive. In this composition, the result obtained is a sound absorption value of 0.468 s [1]. This study continues previous research, which includes analyzing the comfort of a prototype house with the best mix in previous studies. The method used is a sound absorption chorus test using research instruments such as microphones, real-time analyzers, and the INSUL application. This study aimed to determine whether the bricks made with the same mixing ratio have the same value when used in the house model and to determine the absorption value. This study found that the absorption value of the plastic waste bricks used for house prototyping walls has good absorption with a reverberation time of T₃₀=0.468 seconds; the temperature inside the room is 30.8 ℃ with a humidity of 54%, while at the same time the temperature outside is 37℃ with a humidity of 57%.

The Impact of Intergenerational Co-living Models on Community Active Aging under the Perspective of Sharing Economy

With the pressing issue of urban aging, there is a growing awareness of the impact that living environments and housing models have on the aging process. The breakdown of traditional family structures and agricultural economies has led to an increasing number of elderly individuals living alone in cities, which has prompted the emergence of intergenerational co-living models. These models involve young and old people living together, sharing resources and building a sense of community. From this perspective, this paper explores how these new intergenerational co-living models, viewed through the lens of the sharing economy, can positively affect active aging by promoting effective resource allocation, lifestyle integration, and value alignment between generations. Furthermore, this paper discusses how these models can be used to further promote active aging in both international and domestic contexts.

Adaptive thermal comfort assessment of a naturally ventilated log house during summer under climate change impacts

The study deals with a three-storey log house located in the suburbs of Ljubljana, Slovenia (temperate climate). Firstly, the calibrated thermal model of the log house was defined. The calibrated model had an hourly NMBE between −2.12 % and 1.84 % and a CV(RMSE) between 3.16 % and 3.57 %. Then, the adaptive thermal comfort during the warmer part of the year was assessed according to EN 16798-1 and future climate (SRES A2 scenario). Additionally, various building-related and organisational measures for overheating prevention were evaluated. It was found that the most effective measures to prevent overheating are the organisational measures of shading activation and night ventilation. It was demonstrated that the efficiency of night ventilation would even improve over time. Thus, at the end of the 21st century, discomfort hours could be reduced by 67 % compared to the baseline. In contrast, building-related measures have a significant effect only when combined with organisational measures. Overall, in 2071–2100 adaptive thermal comfort was improved most when the measure of increased thermal insulation was coupled with shading and night ventilation, resulting in 1053 discomfort hours less than the baseline case.

Creation of a universal housing for a liquid purification filter made of corrosion-resistant steels

Scientists from different countries are engaged in the development of new or improvement of existing water purification technologies. At the same time, not enough attention is paid to the development of equipment for water purification and technologies for their manufacture. The article presents a model of a universal filter housing for cleaning liquids from solid particles. Mechanical filters of cartridge or bag type can be used as filter elements. The main supporting element of the filter housing is a thin-walled cylindrical flask. The use of rotary rolling in the process of manufacturing a cylindrical flask makes it possible to reduce the negative effect of welded seams and increase the strength of the cylindrical shell. The results of experimental studies on assessing the effect of the relative deformation value along the wall thickness during rotary rolling of steel cylindrical shells on their strength and stability are presented.

PS-R01-1: BLOOD PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS AND THE INDOOR ENVIRONMENT WITH A HIGHLY INSULATED AND AIRTIGHT MODEL HOUSE DURING THE COLD WINTER SEASON

At cold temperatures, blood vessels constrict to suppress heat dissipation to maintain a constant core body temperature, leading to increased blood pressure (BP). Increased BP affects the increased mortality from cardiovascular disease in cold seasons. We examined the effect of the indoor environment on BP fluctuations with an automatic BP monitor during the cold winter season (Mar 3rd to 10th in 2019), both at home and in a highly insulated and airtight model house (Model House). The indoor environments were recorded by installing data loggers equipped with temperature sensors in various rooms. BP was measured once per hour in the daytime (from 3 or 4 pm to 12 pm and from 6 am to 1 pm) and once every two hours in the nighttime (from 12 pm to 6 am). This study protocol was approved by the Nara Hospital, Kindai University Ethics Committee (No. 527). Four subjects (two couples) (Subject 1–4: 60, 59, 59, 56 years old, respectively) were enrolled, who took no medication for high BP. The room temperature at the home of Subjects 1 and 2 was low. In contrast, the room temperature of the Model House was high and stable throughout the day, even if the outside temperature at nighttime was very low on that day. The 24-hour BP of Subject 1 tended to be higher in their home than in the Model House [average ± SD (standard deviation) of the systolic BP (mmHg):131 ± 21.7 vs. 120 ± 16.6, diastolic BP (mmHg): 87 ± 14.6 vs. 82 ± 16.4]. Surprisingly, the 24-hour BP of Subject 2 was high throughout the day and was extremely higher in their home than in the Model House [systolic BP (mmHg): 171 ± 33.8 vs. 148 ± 22.7, diastolic BP (mmHg): 102 ± 20.4 vs. 88 ± 11.4]. The same trend was observed for Subject 2 in the blood pressure variation (CV) which was defined as SD divided mean BP [CV of the systolic BP (%):19.4 vs. 15.3, diastolic BP (%): 20.0 vs. 13.0]. Compared with that of Subjects 1 and 2, the room temperature at the home of Subjects 3 and 4 was relatively high in the living room, and the BPs of Subjects 3 and 4 tended to be similar in both their home and the Model House. To prevent cardiovascular events at home, a suitable indoor thermal environment for BP management should be proposed, especially in the winter season.

Some features of the structural systems of houses built from materials

This paper discusses the technological and design features of houses built from local clay materials, in particular, those built from a wooden frame filled with clay materials called “synch” and from adobe or clay materials of irregular shape “pakhsa”. Such buildings built from local materials, as a rule, related to buildings with walls made of low-strength materials, were mostly erected without observing technological, anti-seismic measures and are characterized as the most vulnerable in seismic terms. A comparative analysis of the technology of erection by the owners themselves with some violations and the technology of erection proposed by us in compliance with the rules during the construction process was carried out. In houses built using the “synch” technology, foam balls (expanded polystyrene) were used as a filler to reduce the mass of clay, the optimal ratio of clay and expanded polystyrene was revealed, in the course of research we received a patent for a modified clay material with expanded polystyrene. And also, the results of testing models of houses built from a wooden frame filled with clay materials (synch) and from clay materials using the “pakhsa” technologies are given.

Evaluation of indoor air dose rate based on Cs‐137 depth distribution in surrounding artificially paved surfaces surveyed 10 years after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident

AbstractUnderstanding residual radioactive contamination state and the resulting radiation environment is vital before reconstructing the lives of residents in areas affected by nuclear power plant accidents. In this study, we surveyed the depth profiles of Cs‐137 in three artificially paved ground surfaces: impermeable asphalt, permeable asphalt, and concrete, in areas affected by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident after a period of 10 years and analyzed the gamma‐ray air dose rate distribution in a two‐story wooden house model surrounded by different ground surfaces using the Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System of the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. The air dose rate distribution tendencies within the building for different surrounding ground surfaces were clarified by analyzing the transport of gamma rays emitted from the Cs‐137 in the ground. Moreover, the shielding effect of an ordinal concrete fence on the indoor air dose rate was analyzed. The analysis showed that the indoor air dose rate was higher in an environment with artificial pavement than in that with a soil surface, and even a simple measure, such as installing an ordinal concrete fence, could significantly reduce indoor radiation dose rates.

The first community housing model constructed in Hungary - the collective house in Miskolc

The purpose of the study is to present Hungary?s first project related to today?s co-housing model in many ways, and which was thus ahead of its time in terms of its social, technical, and economic aspects. The building was completed in 1979 at the initiative of architecture students in Miskolc, Northern Hungary, where young engineers were needed due to the forced industrialization of state socialism. For this reason, the city administration of the era accepted the novel initiative of a university architectural community and built the so-called Collective House, which created the framework for a form of housing previously unknown in Hungary. In addition to the unique use of space, the building was experimental in several ways, including the plans being prepared within the framework of participation, with the involvement of later movers. In addition, panel technology was used for the structure of the building, which until then was mainly typical for the construction of monotonous 5-10-story panel apartment buildings.

The Effect of Probabilistic Window Opening Behavior of Occupants on Adaptive Thermal Comfort (The Case of Courtyard House in Yazd, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz)

Considering the global energy crisis and the need to reduce energy consumption while providing thermal comfort to occupants, building performance prediction using building simulation programs requires higher accuracy of output data. Therefore, it seems necessary to study the impact of occupant behavior, which is the main source of uncertainty in residential buildings. The traditional courtyard houses, which are recognized as a successful passive house model, respond to different climatic conditions. Therefore, this research focuses on this building type to analyze occupant window opening control scenarios and determine which control works better. For this purpose, several probabilistic controls and their effects on the adaptive thermal comfort of occupants in zones around a central courtyard were compared in the three cities of Yazd, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz. Energy Plus was used as a simulation program for the application of Grasshopper's energy management system (EMS) along with the Ladybug and Honeybee environmental plugins. The results show that the window control algorithms can increase the adaptive thermal comfort of occupants by 25.7%, 32.2%, and 20.3% in each of the climates of Yazd, Bandar Abbas, and Tabriz cities, respectively. Indoor and outdoor temperature were the most significant variables for opening windows in the warm and cold seasons, respectively.

Housing for a Lonely Generation

Organised around the advertising language for three co-living platforms—WeLive, Quarters (now Habyt), and the Collective—this essay frames the corporate housing model as inseparable from the digital media infrastructures that distribute its contents. Building, on one side, upon the existing research in the domain of housing, real estate, and media, and on the other, on the performative reading of the real estate advertisements of the contemporary co-living projects, it positions this housing typology as a genuine product of the 'real-estate-media complex,' referring to the close entanglements of speculative property markets, media infrastructures, and digital technologies in commodification of housing.

Effect of household size on housing type case study: city of Al-Dujail

One of the most important reasons for the incompatibility of housing plans with spatial development is the presence of shortcomings in the methods of calculating the housing need, as planning studies often tend to set a time ceiling that includes predicting the number of households and housing without clarifying other population characteristics that affect the determination of housing need, such as household size and their life cycle. This research aims to determine the housing needs based on the number of households according to their sizes, to determine the features of the housing development in urban areas, the needs of the household for housing, and then calculate the net residential area. The city of Dujail was chosen to achieve the goal of the research under the premise: that estimating the housing types required based on the housing need according to the size of the household contributes to fulfilling the need of those households for the appropriate housing type and helps in calculating the housing spaces to meet the required need. The population of the city of Dujail was determined according to Cowhart’s method for predicting the population until 2030, estimating the number of households according to their sizes, calculating the housing need, and distributing the need for housing among households based on urban and rural housing standards in Iraq. And to reach a set of conclusions and recommendations related to the topic of the research. The research reached an analysis of the housing need of the city of Dujail at a detailed level of household sizes to identify the subjective need for housing and to identify the factors and variables associated with it depending on the updated housing standards. The research recommended the necessity of compatibility of housing plans with spatial development, due to the presence of shortcomings in methods of calculating the housing need and developing housing models that fit the sizes of different households and the spaces of the minimum standard.

Beyond Modernist Housing: Can the Mass Housing Model Accommodate Human Agency?

Beyond Modernist Housing: Can the Mass Housing Model Accommodate Human Agency?

Предпринимательская деятельность в сфере теплоснабжения: перспективы и риски

The heat supply sector of the Russian Federation has transitioned from state regulation to the alternative boiler house model. According to developers, this transition should contribute to the liberalization of the thermal power market, attract crucial investments in the industry, and become the foundation for active business. The Energy Strategy up to 2035 lays down a clear trend towards developing competition and forming efficient heat supply markets. However, the extent to which the theory corresponds to practice can only be understood by considering economic, legal, and social risks directly related to legal regulation methods in this industry. The paper provides a legal analysis of key aspects of business activities in the heat supply industry: independence, property liability, and the possibility of systematic profits. We make proposals on the legal regulation of this industry to assess promising and risky models. Purpose. Complete a legal analysis of business principles applied to the socially-significant reformed industry of heat supply to determine development models for heat supply markets which maintain a balance between the interests of suppliers and consumers. Methodology. Our objective can be achieved through general and field-specific scientific research methods: dialectical, formal-logical, systemic-structural, technical-legal, scientific, and historical analysis. Results. Our analysis shows that business independence is directly related to the specifics of the heat supply industry, where various relationships can be built both within the traditional natural monopoly and in the conditions of liberalization and competition. The paper shows that the thermal power transmission and distribution market functions better in a natural monopoly, while the thermal power generation and supply market thrives more in a competitive environment. At the same time, the development of a national system of benefits, preferences, and compensations will improve the business climate, stimulate cost reduction, and improve return on investments. Conclusion. The heat supply market in the Russian Federation, is characterized by complexity and technical risks, but also high social responsibility. Therefore, heat supply should not exclude the participation of a public entity (the state), either in the legal regulation of the participants' action, as a financial guarantor for investors to support business activities, or in the development of an effective mechanism for the legal regulation of competition in individual markets.

Dual-function smart windows with dynamic and fast thermal response for building energy-saving/storage

Thermochromic smart windows are considered an important element for increasing building energy efficiency. However, the phase transition of conventional devices only depends on the surrounding temperature with solar irradiation, which limits their application under different conditions. Here, a thermoelectrochromic dual response device has been designed by combining thermochromic hydroxypropyl cellulose/potassium chloride (HPC/KCl) hydrogel electrolyte and optothermal electrochromic polyaniline (PANI) films. The thermoelectrochromic device (T-ECD) exhibits electrochromic switchable colour tones (light yellow to purple), visible luminous transmittance (15.70–75.53%), and high solar modulation efficiency (60.89%) when this electrochromic switching is combined with thermochromic phenomenon arising from the electrolyte. Further, since PANI is able to store charge reversibly during the electrochromic transition, this device may also be used as a photovoltaic energy storage. Under solar irradiation, the photothermal effect of PANI films can drive the fast phase transition of HPC/KCl hydrogel. The phase transition time of T-ECD is 30 s which is much faster than 3 min of conventional TCD. In addition, a field test further demonstrates that the house model equipped with the T-ECD can reduce the indoor temperature by 13.3 °C compared with that using a traditional glass window. Thus, it is a valuable device to be used in buildings for energy-saving/storage situations. • An innovative T-ECD was designed and shows a wide range of T lum (15.70–75.53%), high ΔT sol (60.89%), low LCST (30 °C). • The T-ECD exhibited photothermal property to drive the fast phase transition (30 s). • Simulating real building-based T-ECD is 13.3 °C lower than that of using a traditional glass window.

A localized adaptive comfort model for free-running low-income housing in Mumbai, India

The nexus of thermal comfort, affordability, and resilient buildings is receiving great attention in the rapidly urbanizing world. Understanding the thermal comfort needs, and preferences of the low-income population are crucial in developing an equitable approach to fight climate change and meet sustainable development goals. However, thermal comfort is a contextual construct that requires a localized rather than a universal one-size-fits-all approach. This study proposes a novel AdaptiveComfort forLow-Income Housing (ACL) model for the free-running low-income housing of Mumbai, India through a longitudinal field study method. 6266 observations from low-income housing located within the warm humid region were gathered to examine the thermal comfort conditions of the vulnerable population. Lower thermal sensitivity and a wider comfort temperature band of 25.1 °C to 31.9 °C for occupants were observed as compared to their affluent counterparts. The existing national and international comfort standards proved to be ineffective in predicting comfort conditions for Indian low-income occupants. The localized ACL model developed here is a first-of-its-kind attempt in the Indian context toward improving thermal comfort and built environment sustainability in low-income housing.

A programmatic approach to the infrastructure management of united territorial communities

Relevance in the research topic. The objective necessity and relevance to develop conceptual system principles for the reforms management in housing and community amenities as a programme is explained by the current sphere`s position. It is unprofitable, needs subsidies, and resource support having high energy consumption rate. Among national housing and community amenities` hot button problems we should admit its financial and economic management, management of the conditions and state support line, preservation and maintenance of the housing stock, energy saving, etc. The main provisions of the reform`s programme principles will allow to determine the main development trends in housing and community amenities, sector`s further recovery and will provide the conditions for its effective functioning. At the same time, one should take into account that higher management efficiency in housing and community amenities should simultaneously correspond to the higher level of consumer welfare and the quality of life. Problem statement. Problems of housing and community amenities management require special attention amid current reforms of administrative-territorial system and decentralization of power in Ukraine, since its maintenance is provided by local state authorities and united territorial communities (UTC) formed as a result of reforms. Analysis of recent research and publications. Zapatrina I., Kachala T., Kyzym M., Tyshchenko O., Povazhnyi O. and others dealt with the modern aspects of solving housing and community amenities` development problems [1-3]. Unsolved parts of the general problem. Nowadays the problem of housing and community amenities` management reform is still relevant. Thus, there is a need to model the management process of housing and community amenities` regional programmes. Study task and objective. The study objective is to develop theoretical and methodological principles, and practical measures for housing and community amenities management programme using modelling. To achieve the study objective we defined and solved the following tasks: to form and substantiate the management model of the reform programme and economic development of UTC housing and community amenities amid decentralization of power in Ukraine; to build a systemic financially stable management algorithm for the provision of UTC housing and community amenities services. Research method and methodology. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and group analysis) and special (abstraction, economic and mathematical modelling, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes were used in the study. The main material. The housing and community amenities reform programme (the Programme) for UTCs should include improvement of current management system of housing and community amenities enterprises, development of market relations in the sector, reduction of costs and losses of energy carriers in housing and community amenities enterprises, implementation of effective energy-saving policy, support for self-organization types (homeowner associations, public associations) as partners of the Programme implementation. General management and funding of housing and community amenities are delegated to local executive bodies, which govern the majority of communal enterprises and housing and community amenities organizations. Amid national administrative and territorial system reform – to UTCs. Let us model the financial mechanism of housing and community amenities reform Programme in UTCs. Financing of housing and community amenities in UTCs is provided in case of self-financing at the expense of community budget funds. Income taxes of housing and community amenities enterprises are put to local budgets. At the same time, local budget funds cover the losses of housing and community amenities enterprises and, if necessary, fund the construction of new facilities. In the short run, the following options for the UTC budget are possible, namely: higher housing and community amenities debts may lead to stagnation (invariance) or lower budget profitability; profitability or reduction of housing and community amenities debts will ensure the budget revenue growth. In the long run, the further debts growth of housing and community amenities may lead to stagnation (revenue invariance), then to UTC incomes shortage and their bankruptcy. Conclusions. Based on the studied problems, the main goals of the current stage of the reformation process were set: to improve the quality of housing and community amenities services and management system, to build an effective system of market interaction between providers and consumers of housing and community amenities; to optimize the use of resources, real estate and housing infrastructure; to optimize price-making system for housing and community amenities services. In order to achieve the set goals, tree-based models were proposed: an oligopoly model of housing and community amenities providers; an oligopoly model of housing and community amenities consumers; finance management model for housing and community amenities using PPP mechanism; a model of the resource management information system; a model of the optimal price-making system in housing and community amenities. Parameters modelling of the reform Programme in housing and community amenities for different-sized local UTCs was made. The model of financial mechanism for the implementation of housing and community amenities reforms in UTC was proposed.