Housing In Poland Research Articles

Formal and Legal Aspects of Buying and Commissioning Flats

Formal and legal aspects of buying flats and their reception is very current topic and touches wide group of buyers. Annually in Poland great amount of flats is being sold and put to use. However, the case of housing purchase requires knowledge of both the construction and the legal aspects each buyer has to encounter. The paper faces the subject of formal and legal aspects, and analyses accompanying procedure of purchase and reception of housing in Poland. The article presents principles associated with the acquisition of a dwelling, process of works reception, removal of detected faults, fault-free reception, transfer of ownership, warranties, guarantees and possibilities of their enforcement. Contracting parties of the developer agreement were revealed. In addition, the entities present in the course of works such as general contractor were mentioned, due to the fact of his direct influence on the results of a contract terms between developer and buyer. Logical connection between three parties (buyer-developer-general contractor) were shown and direct and indirect dependencies were revealed. Existing laws and regulations that govern the relationship between the developer and the buyer of a dwelling were determined showing basic rights and responsibilities of each. The article also presents problems resulting from delaying the completion of works by developer’s fault and indicates possible legal paths to follow in order claim their rights. Due to the fact, that many of discussed formal and legal aspects in this subject have their origin connected to construction works and design issues, author suggests increased quality control and efficient work organization in order to solve problems before appearance.

Models for Experimental High Density Housing

The article presents the effects of research on models of high density housing. The authors present urban projects for experimental high density housing estates. The design was based on research performed on 38 examples of similar housing in Poland that have been built after 2003. Some of the case studies show extreme density and that inspired the researchers to test individual virtual solutions that would answer the question: How far can we push the limits? The experimental housing projects show strengths and weaknesses of design driven only by such indexes as FAR (floor attenuation ratio - housing density) and DPH (dwellings per hectare). Although such projects are implemented, the authors believe that there are reasons for limits since high index values may be in contradiction to the optimum character of housing environment. Virtual models on virtual plots presented by the authors were oriented toward maximising the DPH index and DAI (dwellings area index) which is very often the main driver for developers. The authors also raise the question of sustainability of such solutions. The research was carried out in the URBAN model research group (Gliwice, Poland) that consists of academic researchers and architecture students. The models reflect architectural and urban regulations that are valid in Poland. Conclusions might be helpful for urban planners, urban designers, developers, architects and architecture students.

Influence of environment factors on humidity conditions of selected external wall solutions in a heated building

Contemporary single-family houses in Poland are often built during 3 quarters of a year (spring to autumn) are usually settled in a winter season. It is a special case when exploitation humidity coincides with technological one, causing unfavourable humidity conditions during the first years of exploitation. In consequence, thermal parameters of partitions differ from those assumed in the project. In construction stage the humidity state of a wall stabilizes as a result of water: associated with storage, entered technologically during wall construction and plastering, coming from rainfall. Thermo-insulation materials are built-in at dry state. During erection and exploitation of a building their thermal conductivity is changing depending on humidity conditions. According to building rules, construction humidity should be removed from a partition before the building transfer to usage, because it lowers the thermal partition insulation ability and increases air humidity of building interior. Walls are plastered and insulated in condition of simultaneous presence of atmospheric and technological humidity which cause special humidity condition during first years of exploitation. As a consequence, heating costs are substantially higher. In this article the results of simulation are shown performed with WUFI ®PRO 5 software, which was intended to define the time necessary for reaching the stabilised humidity in selected solutions of two-layer walls applied in a heated building. In the research performed, the partition orientation along geographic directions, short and long wave radiation, and environment humidity (air humidity, driving rain) coincidence with technological humidity in assumed wall solutions were taken into account.

Assessment of single-family house thermal renovation based on comprehensive on-site diagnostics

This paper presents test methods and results of assessment data necessary for determination of building energy consumption, based on measurements in an occupied typical single-family house in Poland. Comprehensive on-site measurements included the building envelope, heating system, domestic hot water system, ventilation system with heat recovery and indoor environment quality. A new wireless measurement system was used. The results obtained from the thermal diagnostics were used to analyze the energy consumption of the house in four different successive building modernization stages. The steps undertaken included improvement of wall and window insulation, installation of mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, improvement of house airtightness and replacement of the boiler and the hot water storage vessel with more efficient ones. Such steps are typical activities undertaken without a prior energy analysis by owners of single-family houses. Before thermal renovation the indicator of non-renewable primary energy was 243kWh/(m2y) and after renovation this decreased to 147kWh/(m2y). Proper selection of thermo-modernization measures would allow to reach the lower value of this indicator. However, it still would be higher than the required for newly built single-family houses in Poland. The execution of thermal diagnostics both before and after thermal renovation of the house enable the correct performance of that process and the achievement of greater energy savings.

Nadmierny optymizm w wycenach przedsiębiorstw

The main aim of the article is an attempt to show the phenomenon of excessive optimism on capital market on the example of recommendations provided by the brokerage houses in Poland. The structure of recommendations indicates that there is more positive recommendations than negative and neutral ones. It would be reasonable statistically in constant market growth conditions, meanwhile, stock market is characterized by bull, bear and horizontal trend periods. The question is, why then, in the changing conjuncture there outweigh of the positive recommendation over the negative and neutral ones is observed. To achieve the research aim, the companies from the Warsaw Stock Exchange were selected and recommendations describing them were compared. Research results indicate that positive recommendations are dominant. The next stage was to compare the stock quotation at recommendation issue date with the price achieved by the company a year after. Research results indicate that despite positive recommendations of the brokerage houses, significant number of recommendations have overestimated the price in relation to real value achieved by the particular company on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. In addition, I compared selected companies’ financial projections with real reports. This analysis also showed the existence of an excessive optimism among analysts.

Possibilities for the Growth of Social Housing with the Participation of Developers in Poland

Abstract Development activity, understood as an economic activity consisting of transforming a property so as to induce an increase in value, has been expanding in Poland since the early nineties of the twentieth century. However, in this country, it is an activity associated mainly with the profit which a developer can make from the sale or rental of the transformed property. In the West, however, non-profit development activity, providing mainly housing for rent for people with limited financial resources, has become increasingly popular. Under the current institutional conditions, the growth of this type of activity in Poland seems impossible. In this situation, Social Housing Associations could play a similar role, subject to the extension of the scope of their activities and funding opportunities. Therefore, it is reasonable to put forward the thesis that, in order to make the growth of social housing in Poland more dynamic, it is necessary to expand for the range of SHA activities as well as to initiate non - profit development activity based on the model of Western countries. The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the legitimacy of the presented thesis by analyzing the available literature, statistical data and case studies.

COLLABORATIVE HOUSING PERSPECTIVES. DEFINITION, HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND EXAMPLES

Abstract In this paper the author describes the phenomenon of collaborative housing, provides its definition, historical outline, systematics and variants, and presents selected examples of this kind of housing from Western European countries (Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands), where collaborative housing has been successfully developing at least since the 1970s. This paper, together with the paper that follows it, entitled: “Collaborative Housing Perspectives. Potential, Barriers and Legal Possibilities in the Polish Conditions”, constitutes a monographic study of the problem of collaborative housing in Poland. This paper constitutes part one of the study.

Programy wspierania budownictwa mieszkaniowego w Polsce i ich wpływ na rynek nieruchomości mieszkaniowych

W opracowaniu przedstawiono stan mieszkalnictwa w Polsce na tle wybranych państw, wskazując potrzeby w zakresie poprawy sytuacji mieszkaniowej w Polsce. Wskazano instrumenty wsparcia mieszkalnictwa stosowane w państwach UE. Dokonano przeglądu programów wspierania mieszkalnictwa w Polsce w okresie ostatnich 25 lat. Pokazano wpływ rządowych programów wsparcia mieszkalnictwa na rynek nieruchomości mieszkaniowych. Przedstawiono rekomendacje mogące poprawić sytuację mieszkaniową w Polsce.

The Impact of Wind Farms on the Prices of Nearby Houses in Poland: A Review and Synthesis

Abstract Since 2009/10 Poland has experienced a dynamic growth of wind energy production. Currently, wind energy is the most popular resource of renewable energy in Poland. Despite the importance of wind energy for the Polish economy, there is no reliable and comprehensive research on the causal effects of wind farm facilities on property prices. The aim of this article is to critically review existing research related to the impact of wind farms on prices of nearby residential properties. The article concentrates on Polish as well as international scientific literature. Besides presenting the main findings obtained from the review of literature, the article clusters these findings based on information that is crucial to the analysis: methodology, data, and subject of study. The literature review is followed by a description of the characteristics of wind energy in Poland, which includes differences in the location of wind farms between Poland and other countries. The article concludes that despite the fact that some international research points to a significant causal effect of wind farms on property prices, these results cannot be easily transposed to Polish circumstances. Based on the reviewed literature, the article moreover shows directions for improving future analyses in Poland, particularly with respect to the methodology.

Atrium Houses in Poland – Expectations and Reality

The article discusses the issue connected with the formation and functioning of the atrium housing in the modern urban tissue. Spatial and functional analyses of atrium housing lead to conclusions of the simplicity and diversity of these fascinating solutions. Residential atrium estates were once the embodiment of the modern city in social terms and the guarantor of the quality of life of residents. But now this type of construction is unpopular and is very rarely found in developing Polish cities. Although this type of housing could fill the gap between the numerous multi-family buildings of major cities and single-family housing, presently, it is treated only as an experiment in shaping the residential environment. The original buildings undergo expansions and visual changes, while new projects are not created. What are the reasons for such a situation? Are they social, historical, economic or perhaps others? Is the demand for flexible and diverse architecture subjected to constant changes resulting from the times it concerns?

Housing in Germany

The article presents the housing situation in Germany in years 2000—2011. Conditions for the development of housing, the situation in housing, resources and expenditure on housing are discussed. The author also presents a comparison of indicators characterizing the housing in Poland and Germany.

From the apartment for the worker to the apartment for Kovalsky: concepts and realities of housing in Poland in years 1918–1939 and 1944–1989

In pre-war Poland housing for families of modest incomes in towns (chiefly workers) was not the object of particular interest of the state authorities. Direct state involvement in solving the deteriorating conditions of workers’ housing, cooperative building and employer initiatives in providing workers’ housing were of negligible significance. Two factors had a decisive influence on the transformations of this housing policy after World War II : varied war consequences (demographic and wide-scale destruction of the housing stock), and the political concepts of the new Polish authorities. The new housing policy was already formulated in 1944–45. In accordance with the new law, local authorities acquired the right to allocate housing to people whose work required living in towns. The ideological pressure to ensure better housing conditions, above all for industrial workers, caused restrictions on investment opportunities in the private housing sector initiative. It began to change after 1956. The Polish housing question was to be solved by state-subsidised cooperative building . Distinguishing workers as that social group which for ideological reasons deserved privileged access to new housing was ever more frequently replaced in the official language of the authorities with “non-class” distinctions (faceless Mr and Mrs Kovalski). In the end phase of the People’s Republic, workers’ housing conditions bore no comparison to those from before the war. But while the gaps separating them from those of other, higher social strata remained, the disproportions were reduced as compared to those of the prewar period.

The Level of Airtightness in Energy-efficient Single-family Houses in Poland

The article presents the results of the research concerning tightness in the single family houses with superior energy. The first part contains of the main requirements for the tightness of the building contained in the Polish norms, European standards and National Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management. In order to reach conclusions quantitative and qualitative research of tightness of the buildings energy-efficient and passive single family houses have been conducted. Test procedure was based on the PN-EN ISO 9972:2015. The results indicate in some buildings deviations from the requirements specified in the standards.

Sytuacja i polityka mieszkaniowa w Polsce - miejsce sektora publicznego w latach 2002–2011

The paper presents an analysis and assessment of changes in housing situation in Poland on basis of 2002 and 2011 Censuses. The analysis shows that between 2003–2011 a regression was observed in scale and significance of many elements of the public sector in housing in Poland. The regression corresponds with excessive market orientation of the housing policy in Poland and resulting immediacy and short-sightedness of institutional and legal regulations. Simultaneously, improvement in housing and increase in the average size and density of population of flats in Poland were observed, including in the public sector

Verifying a Need of Artificial Cooling - A Simplified Method Dedicated to Single-family Houses in Poland

This paper presents a simplified comparative method supporting decision-making process if a particular construction of a single- family house involves applying artificial cooling.A variety of building constructions are applied in the case of single-family houses, some of which actually require cooling so that the internal thermal comfort can be provided, as a result of specific dynamic properties of a building.A normalised relative standard deviation of the operative temperature and normalised internal heat capacity were selected as important parameters. To solve the problem the simplified 5R1C model was applied and various methods of overheat protection were tested.

Housing in Slovenia

The article presents the housing situation in Slovenia in 2000–2012. The development of housing conditions, the situation in housing, and housing resources, as well as expenditure on housing are discussed. The article also compares indicators characterizing the housing in Poland and Slovenia.

Budownictwo mieszkaniowe na Słowacji

The article presents the housing situation in Slovakia in 2011, also compared to previous years. The development of housing has been presented as well as the size, structure and standards of housing against the background of the economic situation in Slovakia. The author also presented a comparison of indicators characterizing the housing in Poland and Slovakia.

Revitalization of prefabricated housing. Implementation of European solutions to Polish conditions

The problem regeneration of prefabricated housing in Poland is invariably the current issue. Due to a housing shortage, the demand for apartments in pre-fab housing is still high. Western Europe has begun to struggle with this problem much earlier and has a large experience in the subject of revitalization. However, the context of socio - economic development in Poland, different from the Western European, makes the transfer of complete solutions revitalization impossible . Presented examples show different strategies used in the past and now in Europe (housing revitalization Bijlmer in Amsterdam and building in Halle - Neustadt). They were based on the demolition to a lesser or greater extent. The difficult housing situation in Poland, related to the lack of sufficient amount of housing, poor infrastructure of social housing and complicated housing ownership structure of the buildings, mostly excludes demolition. However, the quality of prefabricated housing living could be significantly improved, without the need for demolition, as evidenced by the spectacular example of the revitalization of the Parisian skyscraper Tour Bois le Prêtre.

Mieszkalnictwo w Polsce

Analyses of housing in Poland was made using data obtained from the Local Data Bank, National Census of Population and Housing 2011 and CSO publications. A linear trend function, multi-dimensional cluster analysis and the dynamics of change were used to analyze the topic. In Poland, both in urban and in rural areas the number of apartments is increasing, which is evident especially in urban areas. In most voivodships also increased the average size of a dwelling and the average number of chambers. Also the average number of rooms in a dwelling increased. Diminished role of public housing and cooperative, and flourished construction condominiums and development for the purpose of sale or rent were observed, too. Furnishing in water, lavatories and bathrooms improved, while dwellings are less equipped with central heating and mains gas.

Urban policy and the rise of gated housing in post-socialist Poland

The aim of this article is to investigate regulations regarding housing and spatial planning to determine the extent to which these have influenced the development of gated housing in Poland since 1989. The focus is on how government policy with regard to spatial planning and housing, together with the law on property and ownership, influences the emergence and development of gated forms of housing in the country. Legal regulation documents concerning issues of housing and spatial planning between 1990 and 2013 have been studied. The article argues that the liberal policies and legal regulation in the country is resulting in a disregard for spatial planning and housing, but also the lack of integrated urban policies. Existing spatial plans are of a consultative nature and bear no regulatory capacity, at the same time as housing programmes and spatial planning in the country is strongly in favor of private investors and new construction. All these shortcomings have created a differentiated housing market, one in which housing developers maximize their profits by constructing gated housing complexes, combined with a tendency among those who have the means to move to newly built housing behind gates. The long period of developer-friendly policies and governmental support of purchasers of new construction, have resulted in increased popularity of gated communities in Poland and their spread to many Polish cities.