Parental Housing Research Articles

What explains intergenerational associations in home ownership and value in the UK? Investigating the transmission mechanisms

Evidence shows strong associations in wealth across generations, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Some studies attribute these associations to direct financial transfers between generations, while others suggest more indirect mechanisms such as the impact of parental wealth on children’s earnings, family formation, or saving and investment behaviour. Factors such as residential homophily and house value appreciation may also play a role. This study examines the extent to which these mechanisms explain intergenerational associations in home ownership and home value in the UK. Using 30 years of high-quality panel survey data, we link 1341 parent-child pairs, track children’s sources of wealth accumulation in early adulthood, and assess their home ownership and value outcomes at mid-life (around age 35). We employ mediation analysis to determine the relative importance of different transmission mechanisms. Our findings reveal significant age-adjusted correlations in home ownership (0.27) and home value (0.40) between parents and their adult children. These correlations are mainly explained by children’s accumulated earnings, savings and investment income, while parental financial transfers and children’s family lives play limited roles. A substantial part of the correlations in home values are also explained by parental characteristics other than their housing wealth, particularly their place of residence. Future research should pay more attention to the role of place and the influence that parental housing wealth has on the earnings and financial behaviour of young adults.

Parental financial support for housing: the importance of investment homes and family size

Purpose Homeownership for younger generations is exacerbated by the deterioration in affordability worldwide. As a result, the role of parental support in facilitating homeownership requires attention. This study aims to assess the influence of parental wealth and housing tenure as support mechanisms to facilitate homeownership for their children. Design/methodology/approach This study uses data from a representative survey of the New Zealand population. Findings Parents who are homeowners tend to offer more financial support to their children than those who rent. Additionally, the financial support increases when parents have investment housing as well. The results further reveal differences in financial support when considering one-child and multi-child families. The intergenerational transmission of wealth inequality appears to be more noticeable in multi-child families, where parental housing tenure plays a dominant role in determining the level of financial support provided to offspring. Originality/value The insights gained serve as a basis for refining housing policies to better account for these family transfers and promote equitable access to homeownership.

Expectations Regarding Reciprocity of Flows of Intergenerational Support in China: Does Gender or Birth Order Matter?

This study investigates the flows of downward intergenerational transfer to adult children of different gender and birth order, and their influence on parental expectations towards old-age care and financial support, using data from the 2015-2016 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Based on the analytic sample of 1218 parents and 3237 adult children, we found that in multi-child families, sons are more likely to be expected by their parents as future caregivers if both they and their siblings received parental housing support, while it is the case for daughters when only they themselves received parental housing support. Parents' downward housing support shows a stronger effect on care expectations than on expectations of future financial support. This study contributes to our understanding of intergenerational transfer norms and expectations from parents' perspective and has important implications for old-age care policies in contemporary China.

Does spouse's parental housing support affect one's happiness: Evidence from China

AbstractObjectiveThe study empirically investigates the relationship between spouse's parental housing support and one's happiness.MethodsLeveraging three waves of data from the Chinese General Social Survey, this study employs a methodological approach that encompasses the utilization of an ordinal logit model, ordinary least squares regression, selection on observables to measure selection on unobservables, and Lewbel's instrumental variable method.ResultsWe find that spouse's parental housing support has an asymmetric association with one's happiness within family: wife's parental housing support is not associated with her husband's happiness, while husband's parental housing support is positively associated with his wife's happiness. This positive association is notably pronounced among women from rural backgrounds and younger women residing in urban areas.ConclusionOur findings contradict the assertion that women have achieved economic and psychological independence from men and men's families. It elucidates that women continue to rely on the conventional patriarchal system for enhanced welfare. Specifically, women, particularly those residing in rural areas, and younger urban cohorts continue to anticipate their spouses' parental housing support in contemporary China.

Parental homeownership and education: the implications for offspring wealth inequality in Great Britain

Abstract The rapid widening of wealth inequalities has led to sharp differences in living standards in Great Britain. Understanding whether and separately the rate at which individuals accumulate particular types of wealth by family background is important for improving wealth and social mobility. We show offspring wealth inequality is driven by housing wealth, and holding such wealth is becoming increasingly associated with early life circumstances relating to parental housing tenure and education, even after controlling for adult offspring’s own characteristics. Importantly, we find adult offspring whose parents hold a degree and are homeowners are no less likely to report homeownership and housing wealth compared to older cohorts from the same background. Our findings infer the intergenerational rank correlation in housing wealth is set to double in approximately three decades.

Intergenerational transfer, parental support and housing: a literature review

PurposeThis paper aims to define intergenerational housing support and assesses and synthesizes the existing literature on intergenerational support for housing to identify trends and possible areas for future research.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology employed in this paper is a systematic literature review. A total of 32 articles were chosen for assessment. Upon thorough review, summary and synthesis, general trends and three specific themes were identified.FindingsThe review of 32 papers found that intergenerational support is a crucial strategy to help younger generations achieve homeownership. However, it also highlights the potential for social inequity resulting from unequal distribution of housing resources within families, especially regarding housing. Several potential gaps in the current research are identified, including the need for explicit attention to the provider's intention, exploration into the size and form of financial support for housing, understanding how parental housing resources differ in their transfer behaviors, and examining how parental motivations influence them to provide housing support.Originality/valueThis paper provides recommendations for further research on the topic, while also adding perspective to understand the micro-social mechanisms behind the intergenerational reproduction of socioeconomic inequality, especially in the housing market.

Access to homeownership in decline—rising housing inequalities for young people in the neoliberal housing market of Tallinn

The current housing affordability crisis, driven mainly by the financialization of housing and the government's retrenchment of social policies and provision of affordable housing, have affected growing inequalities in access to housing. The crises have hit young people especially hard. The recent trends call for systematic studies on the mechanisms generating such intergenerational inequality, considering the specifics of the prevailing housing regimes. Housing affordability in Tallinn has decreased due to fast-growing housing prices, as a result of an ultra-liberal housing regime, exemplified by housing financialization, capital accumulation, low level of governmental interventions and an overall increase in social inequalities. Based on EU-SILC data, it is shown how the recent trends during the decade between 2010 and 2020 have negatively impacted young people's access to homeownership—access has been greatly reduced for young cohorts, and it has become more differentiated, based on the socio-economic and labor market performance of households, as well as intergenerational transfers. Young households are increasingly residing in private rental dwellings, and many still rely on parental housing until their 30s. Rental housing, as compared to homeownership, has fewer advantages compared to homeownership—it brings no capital gains and is less secure, and rental stock tends to be located unevenly across urban space and to be in slightly worse condition compared to owner-occupied housing. This positions young people in an unfavorable position in the perspective of their housing career, and this can have severe consequences on their social inclusion.

ФУНКЦІЇ ГЕТЕРОТОПІЙ В СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ ДРАМАТУРГІЇ

The article reveals the specificity of the heterotopic approach in the analysis of artistic texts and characterizes the functions of heterotopias in modern Ukrainian drama. Examining artistic dramatic texts as «other space» it was found that modern Ukrainian playwrights at the liminal stage resorted to creating the image of a parental house, a village, a provincial town, which realize in the texts the heterotopia function of a prison that breaks time; the heterotopia of the Maidan, Donbass as a museum and archive that accumulates time, and interpreted the current state of the country through the function of the heterotopia of the library in intertextual images, motifs and plots. At the postliminal stage, the heterotopia of the parental house, the town, changed its function to that of a museum. By resorting to heterotopia as an artistic image in dramas, playwrights have the opportunity to highlight the collision of a private and public character, which strengthens the dramaturgical conflict, to demonstrate how the personal spaces of the characters are presented in «other spaces», which helps to realize the specificity of the character of the heroes, they have the opportunity to embody «rituals of transition» between topos and images of “ritual sacrifices” that the characters are ready for in order to go beyond heterotopia. Heterotopias of the subject of broadcasting in modern Ukrainian drama are manifested primarily by the time-spaces of captivity, prison, hospital, educational institution, train, ship. Ukrainian dramaturgy of the post-liminal period, in addition to changing the function of the heterotopia of the parental home, village, town, train, represents the heterotopia of the shelter (bomb shelter). Playwrights actively involve heterotopic images that realize the author's idea of an artistic return of a character to his own past in order to find and reflect on mistakes, to get answers to questions or strength to fight from the past. The hero's past, recorded in memories, has signs of a hermetic space with its internal laws, rituals, interrupts, stops or accumulates time.

Covid-19 and Violence against Women: An Analytical Study in the Context of Bangladesh

At the end of 2019, the people of the world experienced the Covid-19 pandemic situation. After a while, the pandemic situation was more acute and threatening to the mass people of the world. Women who have faced violence due to the pandemic situation. However, this paper tried to explore the relationship between Covid-19 and violence against women in the context of Bangladesh. This paper is quite qualitative in manner, and reports, articles, and content on relevant issues have been used as the sources of data. Simultaneously, the study found that the rate of VAW during Covid-19 has increased where women are passing a miserable conditions due to the pandemic situation both in the home and outside of the home. In most cases, women are beaten by their intimate partners and forced to go to the parental house. The Paper also found some reasons for increasing those violent occurrences such as mental depression, economic hardship, wife’s excessive demands, children disturbance, and male-dominant attitudes and behaviors. Moreover, it is inevitable to take collaborative initiatives where the government will take lead and non-government organizations and mass people will play a supportive role to eliminate violence against women during the pandemic situations.

The contribution of social norms and religious practices towards low death registration in 3 HDSS sites of Uganda

BackgroundUganda has low levels of death registration, estimated at two per cent by the National Identification and Registration Authority (NIRA). There are 56 tribes and over 5 religious denominations with so many social norms and religious practices that could have contributed to low death registration in Uganda. Previous studies on the factors affecting death registration have not assessed the contribution of social norms and religious practices toward low death registration in developing countries.MethodsA qualitative study design was adopted to examine the contribution of social norms and religious practices toward low death registration in the 3 Health and Demographic Surveillance systems (HDSS) sites of Uganda. The methods of data collection included: focus group discussions, key informant interviews, and a document review of the death registration booklet. 6 FGDs, 2 from each HDSS site were conducted comprising 1 female FGD of 10 participants and 1 male FGD of 10 participants. In addition, 26 key informant interviews were conducted with the district leaders, local council leaders, health care workers, cultural leaders, elderly, HDSS scouts and religious leaders in the 3 HDSS sites.ResultsIn the 4 sub-counties and 1 town council where the study was conducted, only 32 deaths were registered with NIRA, the Civil Registration authority in Uganda for the entire year from 1st January to 31st December 2020. The study shows that social norms and religious practices have contributed to the low death registration in the 3 HDSS sites in Uganda. Social norms and religious practices either hinder or discourage death registration initiatives by the government of Uganda. It was found out that burials that take place on the same day of death discourage death registration. Cultural taboo to announcing the death of infants, neonates, twins and suicides in the community hinder death registration. The burying of a woman at her parent's house after bride price payment default by the family of a husband discourages death registration. The religious institutions have their own set of rules, practices, and norms, which in most cases discourage death registration. For example, religious leaders refuse to lead funeral prayers for non-active members in religious activities. Results also showed that mixed religions in families bring about conflicts that undermine death registration. Lastly, results showed that traditionalists do not seek medical treatment in hospitals and this hinders death registration at the health facilities.ConclusionThe study shows that death registration is very low in the 3 HDSS sites in Uganda and that social norms and religious practices contribute greatly to the low death registration. To overcome the negative effects of social norms and religious practices, a social behaviour campaign is proposed. In addition, community dialogue should be conducted to identify all negative social norms and religious practices, how they are perpetuated, their effects, and how they can be renegotiated or eliminated to bring about high death registration in the 3 HDSS sites of Uganda. Lastly, there is a need for partnerships with cultural and religious leaders to sensitize community members on the effect of social norms and religious practices on low death registration in the 3 HDSS sites in Uganda.

The Construction, Deconstruction and Reconstruction of Marital Relationship in Shashi Deshpande’s That Long Silence

Over the years, Indian English Fiction has entered a new phase of an incomparable portrayal of the New Indian woman who is not always happy with the constraining cultural, natural, and sexual duties allocated to her by patriarchal India's unconscious dawn. In her parental house, the woman may be a daughter or sister, and in her husband's family, she can be a wife and mother. She will also be required to perform a professional role. Above all, Nature gave her a sex-based position in which she is naturally limited. Divided between her natural and cultural roles,a woman can be only a daughter, sister, wife, or mother but never her real ‘she’. She wants the freedom to think and live for herself as a human being and liberation from her womanhood. She sometimes escapesher culture-bound duties since there is no way out of her nature-bound responsibilities, particularly her function as a procreator and sexual partner.

Dimensions of women empowerment: A structural equation modelling approach

Study seeks to investigate the overall status of women at household level by measuring their empowerment level. The sample comprises of 250 married women from the households that were selected purposively for the study. Different dimensions of empowerment and the effect of these dimensions on the level of women empowerment is measured in the study. The study also investigates the effect of several personal characteristics on women empowerment. Using a structural equation modeling framework, women empowerment is measured along five dimensions. Study finds that among the several dimensions of empowerment Freedom of mobility and Household decision-making are the most important factors that affect women empowerment. Progressive attitude and Autonomy at parental house are the next two most important determinants of women empowerment while political participation has the lowest effect on the level of women empowerment. The study also shows that education has the highest positive influence and husband wife age difference has a negative influence on women empowerment.

Socio-spatial stratification of housing tenure trajectories in Sweden - A longitudinal cohort study.

Individuals tend to be most mobile when they are between 20 and 40 years of age. This pattern is relatively stable across regions and over time. For geographical mobility, less is known about their transitions between different types of housing and tenure forms. In Sweden, households may select between, principally, three different types of tenure forms, each often coupled with a specific housing type. Households may rent from either public companies (municipality owned) or private landlords in multifamily dwellings, households may own their single-family house privately, or they can cooperatively own a multifamily house as a tenant-owner in an apartment. Yet we lack knowledge of which tenure trajectories individuals tend to follow during their most mobile years, and we also lack knowledge about which factors determine tenure trajectories. Our sample consist of individuals who in 1995 were aged 18-25 and who left their parental house between 1994 and 1995. This study tracks their tenure trajectories for 21 consecutive years starting in 1995 until 2015. The cohorts in our sample were the first who encountered the conditions on the deregulated housing market that are still in place in Sweden today. We followed these cohorts until they were between 39 and 46 years old and used sequence analysis to classify tenure trajectories. One result that stands out is the outstanding and increasing emphasis on home ownership in our sample, quite unlike the traditional picture of the Swedish housing market. Additionally, we found that resources in a broad sense and spatial context have a great impact on the type of trajectory individuals follow.

Restrained freedom? Widows, blended families and inheritance in eighteenth-century urban Sri Lanka

ABSTRACT Challenging the optimistic thesis on female Asian agency in the early modern Dutch empire, this article studies widows’ socio-legal position in the cross-cultural setting of colonial Sri Lanka. Normative legislation and judicial records on stepfamilial feuds from eighteenth-century Dutch Sri Lanka allow us not only to understand how both litigating parties tried to work the Roman-Dutch legal system to get a favorable verdict, but also to unveil the underlying societal expectations of widows and stepchildren. Whereas in the Dutch Republic husbands often used prenuptial agreements or last wills to make their wives principal heirs or give them usufruct (thus increasing the customary half of ab intestato inheritances), Sri Lankan case-studies indicate that such legal documents were also used to reduce life choices of widows. Prenups and last wills drafted up and signed by their late husbands tied these women to their primary role as caretaker of both their own children as well as those of previous marriages. Further stipulations could even tie them quite literally to the parental house, which they were not allowed to leave for a longer period of time without losing their inheritance. These rules of engagement put additional strain on already fraught relationships between stepmothers and first-marriage children. The only structural solution for both parties was that the stepmother married another man, freeing both herself and the stepchildren of a difficult balancing act.

Parental housing wealth and children’s marriage prospects in China—evidence from CHARLS

We estimate the association between parental housing wealth and children’s marriage prospects in China by drawing data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Survey (CHARLS). We focus on children aged 16–35 who were unmarried in 2011 and track their marriage outcomes in 2015. Our results show that parental housing wealth acts as a signal for males in the Chinese marriage market, which is characterized by a strongly unbalanced sex ratio. Males are more likely to get married if their parents own high-value houses, especially among rural households. The relationship is not significant for females.

Family Intervention Projects as Poverty-Alleviating Measures: Results from a Norwegian Cluster-Randomised Study

This cluster-randomised study analyses the implementation of a family intervention model (the HOLF model) on four target areas: parental employment, the financial and housing situations, and the social inclusion of children. The study compares family coordinators implementing the HOLF model including tools, schemes and supervision structures, with those implementing local family intervention practices. All twenty-nine participating Labour and Welfare offices received two family coordinators per office, with a caseload of twenty-one families. Of the offices, fifteen were randomised to implement the HOLF model, while fourteen implemented local family intervention practices. In a twelve-month follow-up of 862 parents, baseline and T2 questionnaires and administrative data show a significant improvement on financial situation and children’s social inclusion; however, with no differences between offices implementing the HOLF model and those implementing local family intervention practices. The results show the need for further analyses of key elements and implementation practices within family intervention projects.

Married Women and Her Husband’s Visit to Parental House in Ryu Family of Gurye

본 연구는 유형업(1886~1944)의 일기를 자료로 하여 딸과 사위의 왕래와 그 왕래를 가능하게 했던 요인들을 조부 대와 비교하여 살펴보았다. 조선후기 여성들에게 주입한 출가외인 이데올로기와 달리, 일제하 구례 유형업의 딸들은 조부 대에 비하여 비교적 자유로이 친정을 방문하거나 친정에 머물면서 병 치료를 하고 있었다. 딸들이 친정 방문을 할 수 있었던 배경에는 유씨가의 경제적 위상, 지리적 근접성, 사돈과의 지인관계, 그리고 아버지가 딸들에 대해 가지는 사랑과 정(父情)이 있었다. 사위는 조부 대에 비하여 장인과 친밀한 관계를 가지며, 처가의 대소사를 도우며, 슬픔을 공유하는 정들어가는 아들과 같은 존재이다. 손자인 유형업 대에서 조부 대에 비하여 사위의 처가왕래가 다소 줄어들고 있는 것은, 쇠락해가는 경제 형편과 공교육의 확대로 축소된 외조의 역할과도 관련이 있어 보인다. 그럼에도 유형업의 딸들이 요양차 친정에서 머무는 것을 배려하는 시부모의 모습과 여동생의 친정 왕래는 유씨가의 무시할 수 없는 위상을 확인시켜준다. 시가로 돌아가는 여동생의 행차에 성의를 다하는 가장 유형업의 모습은 혈육에 대한 사랑과 정을 보여주지만, 비혈족인 며느리들의 친정 행에는 경제적 문제를 고민하고 있는 시아버지의 면모를 볼 수 있다. 유씨가의 딸과 사위의 왕래를 살펴본 이 논문이 시사하는 바는 일제하 부계적 친족질서와는 다른 사례를 보여주었다는 것과 혈족에 대한 인지상정을 확인시켜 주었다는 데에 있다.

Parental Support in the Process of Choosing a First House (Case Study: Batak Families in Jakarta)

First-time home buyers have many considerations to choose their house after leaving the parental house. One of the determinant roles is culture. Culture influences activities, the meaning of home perspectives, and parental support system. Indonesia has a strong family culture, one of which is the Batak tribe. As one of the largest populations in Jakarta, this study focuses on the next-generation Batak process of selecting the first house. This study using case studies and qualitative research with in-depth interviews. We found that culture influenced the moving stage and parental support role. The parents play two essential parts: they are mindset formers as well as providers of financial support. Although the housing preferences tend to be similar to the firsttime homebuyers in urban areas, culture influences the spatial arrangement process. The finding can contribute to how parental support affects the next generation of migrants while adapts to the housing market.Keywords: Batak family; culture; housing preferences; parental support

Parental Support in the Process of Choosing a First House (Case Study: Batak Families in Jakarta)

First-time home buyers have many considerations to choose their house after leaving the parental house. One of the determinant roles is culture. Culture influences activities, the meaning of home perspectives, and parental support system. Indonesia has a strong family culture, one of which is the Batak tribe. As one of the largest populations in Jakarta, this study focuses on the next-generation Batak process of selecting the first house. This study using case studies and qualitative research with in-depth interviews. We found that culture influenced the moving stage and parental support role. The parents play two essential parts: they are mindset formers as well as providers of financial support. Although the housing preferences tend to be similar to the firsttime homebuyers in urban areas, culture influences the spatial arrangement process. The finding can contribute to how parental support affects the next generation of migrants while adapts to the housing market.Keywords: Batak family; culture; housing preferences; parental support

Sustainability of working women and the social footprint

“Sustainability” is an integral part of the Indian ethos. The Gandhian philosophy of simple living in harmony with nature and community engagement, the Chipko movement of the 1970 s against deforestation, alternative, green energy projects, emphasis on environmental education in schools and institutes of higher education are only a few examples of Indians consciousness, care and commitment to sustainability issues In this scenario, the focus, in the workplace, is tilting towards a more inclusive and collaborative model of growth and development which values engagement of all stakeholders in safeguarding their larger common interests. This study has the prospect of fulfilment of desire, independence, marriage according to choice, better opportunity for development of children and of own, limitation of family size and above all the role in decision-making. The problems vary according to age, marital status and employment status. The young and unmarried women are more victimized at work place. The unmarried women in their parent house shoulder the responsibilities depending on family environment.