Summer House Research Articles

Seismic behavior and failure analysis of prefabricated foamed concrete composite walls for passive houses

In view of the lack of research on the failure mode and seismic behavior of high-performance insulation walls utilizing lightweight concrete as the structural material, this study presents experimental findings from a seismic behavior investigation of prefabricate foamed concrete composite walls (PFCCWs) for passive house in China. The PFCCWs incorporate low thermal conductivity and high-strength foamed concrete, polyurethane, decorative magnesium straw slabs to provide excellent thermal and mechanical properties for prefabricated passive houses in hot summer and cold winter area. The seismic behavior of PFCCWs under different influence factors were elaborated using quasi-static test data and observation of external damage. The lightweight and porous nature of foamed concrete leads to significant crack formation during failure. The findings suggest that the skin effect of magnesium straw slabs and polyurethane impedes crack development and improve the load-bearing capacity with ductility enhancement. Additionally, reducing the aspect ratio and substituting post-cast column concrete with common concrete are effective to improve the seismic behavior. The window opening changes the worst damage area of the wall and notably weakens the seismic behavior. The enhanced integrity of cast-in-place wall leads to the difference in the failure mechanism and increases in load-bearing and deformation capacities. Meanwhile, design suggestions for the foamed concrete insulation walls are also proposed by comparing the failure mode and hysteretic response of various wall types.

The movement pattern changes of population following a disaster: Example of the Aegean Sea earthquake of October 2020

Unexpected seismic events can have a significant impact on our daily lives. Examining post-disaster population movement patterns contributes to disaster response and recovery operations. While most studies analyze population movement or displacement data, only a few examine multi-level movement patterns and consider public transportation demand. This paper aims to analyze changes in movement patterns following a major earthquake that severely affected İzmir in Türkiye, mainly using movement data from the Data for Good platform of Meta. According to the findings, on the first day following the earthquake, those traveling within İzmir considered the areas least damaged to be safer, despite the higher seismic intensity. The timeframe alignment between aftershock activity and the number of people traveling within İzmir suggests the routine movement pattern within the city was regained as the aftershocks decreased day by day. Unlike intra-city travel routines, there was an increase in the number of people moving to summer houses, located far from the center of İzmir. By November 2, 2020, three days after the earthquake, intra-city movements reached a new normal, as confirmed by public transportation use. However, intra-city travel patterns were impacted for approximately one month. This study reveals key findings from the evaluation of post-earthquake movements to improve disaster management decision making and aid crisis response and recovery operations.

Dust and Bacterial Air Contamination in a Broiler House in Summer and Winter

This study aimed to investigate dust and bacterial air contamination in a broiler house during different seasons. The study was carried out in commercial housing conditions during five weeks of the rearing cycle in summer and winter. The total dust concentration ranged from 1.90 to 4.50 mg/m3 in summer and from 2.80 to 5.10 mg/m3 in winter. The total bacterial count ranged from 2.85 × 104 to 1.03 × 105 CFU/m3 in summer and from 2.12 × 104 to 2.28 × 105 CFU/m3 in winter. The study results showed the dust concentration to be increased in winter as compared to summer, yielding a significant correlation (r = 0.602, p < 0.05) with a significantly higher airborne bacterial count in winter (p < 0.001). Furthermore, dust concentration showed significant correlations (p < 0.05) with air temperature (r = −0.418), relative humidity (r = 0.673), and broiler activity (r = 0.709), while bacterial count yielded significant correlations (p < 0.05) with air temperature (r = −0.756), relative humidity (r = 0.831), and airflow rate (r = 0.511). The results obtained in the study can prove useful in the field. Seasonal variability in dust and bacterial air contamination should be considered in the development of guidelines or standards of air quality in broiler housing and evaluation of the effectiveness of remedial strategies.

Sessiz Ev'in Çok Sesliliğinde Groteskin Sesini Duymak

ABSTRACT Having placed postmodern techniques at the basis of his works, Orhan Pamuk frequently benefited from these techniques in his second novel, Silent House, published in 1983. In this sense, the concept of polyphony, in which the narration is made through various sources rather than a single source, stands out in the novel. Polyphony enables the text to have a multi-layered quality; the narrator constantly changes within the text, thus the novel takes on a varied structure, as in Mikhail Bahtin’s concept of carnival. Moreover, this carnivalesque structure is supported by the descriptions of the summer house, which forms the main place of the text, and the events experienced by the three generations who came together in this house. On the other hand, in order to diversify the carnival, Pamuk also included the grotesque body, which is an integral part of it. The grotesque body, pushed out of society and condemned to live with the misfortune of its deformity, stands right next to the sublime, turning the text inquestion into a carnival venue. Based on this, this study will examine the position of the grotesque body in Silent House and its function within the text.

Analysis I of airborne microorganisms in mushroom cultivation houses in summer (airborne bacteria analysis)

Analysis I of airborne microorganisms in mushroom cultivation houses in summer (airborne bacteria analysis)

Analysis II of airborne microorganisms in mushroom cultivation houses in summer (airborne fungi analysis)

Analysis II of airborne microorganisms in mushroom cultivation houses in summer (airborne fungi analysis)

Introduction of summer houses into semi‐natural habitats: impacts on ground‐nesting birds

AbstractDegradation of natural and semi‐natural habitats is often initiated and facilitated by expansions in anthropogenic infrastructures. Identifying and reducing the impact of anthropogenic structures on the wildlife that these habitats support is vital for biodiversity conservation. In Iceland, the number of summer houses has increased over the past two decades, from ~10 000 to 15 000, and >7000 additional plots for summer house construction have been approved. Most of this housing infrastructure development is in the Icelandic lowlands, which support internationally important populations of several ground‐nesting bird species. To explore the effects of summer house infrastructure on the distribution of ground‐nesting birds, we conducted surveys at 292 points within 71 sites with varying density of houses and associated infrastructure (tracks, decking, etc). Significant reductions in abundance with increasing housing density occurred in five (Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria), Black‐tailed Godwit (Limosa limosa), Redshank (Tringa totanus), Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus) and Meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis)) of the seven study species, while one species (Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)) showed no change and one (Redwing (Turdus iliacus)) increased. The differences in abundance between plots with no houses and plots with high house densities (>0.5 houses ha−1) ranged from 34 to 95%, despite the housing infrastructure covering only ~6% of the area of these plots. These findings suggest that even relatively low densities of anthropogenic structures in natural or semi‐natural areas can have substantial impacts on wildlife in the surrounding areas and highlight the urgent need for effective planning regulations to limit the expansion of anthropogenic structures into currently undisturbed habitats, particularly in areas of high biodiversity value.

Measurement of PM2.5 Concentrations and Comparison of Affecting Factors in Residential Houses in Summer and Autumn

Measurement of PM_2.5 Concentrations and Comparison of Affecting Factors in Residential Houses in Summer and Autumn

An integrated assessment of the financial and environmental impacts of exterior building insulation application

In the literature, optimum thermal insulation thickness on building's exterior was examined by many researchers. Optimum insulation thickness was generally studied with the aim of minimizing the total cost, and suitable values were determined within this scope. In this study, it has also considered the amount of CO2 released into the atmosphere due to the fuels used in building heating and cooling processes, as well as insulation materials, in addition to the total cost. This study has been focused on optimization of the determination of the ideal insulation thickness of buildings by simultaneously minimizing the total cost and CO2 emission, using the knee point approach. In this context, a multi-objective optimization study has been conducted for thermal insulation applied to buildings located in different climatic zones considering the solar radiation. A comprehensive analysis has been carried out to determine the impact of the heating source type (natural gas, electricity, fuel oil), insulation material (expanded polystyrene, extruded polystyrene, mineral wool, polyurethane foam), climatic zone (I, II, III, IV) and the purpose of the building's use (summer house, winter house or all-season house) on the optimum insulation thickness. The degree-day approach has been used to calculate annual energy consumption, and accordingly the life-cycle cost (LCC) method has been used in economic analysis. The optimum insulation thicknesses have been calculated with two separate objectives: one to minimize only the total cost and the other to minimize only the CO2 emissions. It has been found that when the primary goal of insulation application is to minimize CO2 emissions, the calculated optimum insulation thicknesses are consistently higher compared to situations where the main goal is minimizing total cost. Furthermore, for various climatic zones and different purpose of the building's use, an ideal insulation thicknesses that simultaneously minimizes both the cost and CO2 emissions have been identified. In this research, the equations providing environmentally optimum insulation thicknesses to minimize CO2 emissions have been derived and presented to researchers. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that the knee point approach can be applied in insulation scenarios where two objective functions need simultaneous optimization.

Variation of PM2.5 and PM10 in emissions and chemical compositions in different seasons from a manure-belt laying hen house

Particulate matter (PM) emissions from animal houses and the corresponding hazard have raised increasing attention during recent years. In this study, a large-scale manure-belt laying hen house located in Beijing, China was selected as the experimental site for the study of the emission rates (ER) and chemical compositions of PM2.5 and PM10 in 3 seasons, namely, summer, autumn, and winter, to investigate their possible influences on ambient air quality and human health. The results showed that the mean ER from the hen house in summer, autumn, and winter were 9.0 ± 1.7, 2.4 ± 0.7, and 1.9 ± 0.7 mg hen-1 d-1 for PM2.5 (P < 0.05), and 30.7 ± 1.1, 12.8 ± 1.5, and 10.9 ± 0.9 mg hen-1 d-1 for PM10 (P < 0.05), respectively. Moreover, large amounts of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) were observed inside the house in summer, accounting for 11.4 and 9.6% of indoor PM2.5 and PM10 mass, respectively, compared with the value of <1.4% in autumn and winter. Among the 31 detected elements in indoor PM, arsenic concentration exceeded the threshold set in legislation. Zn had a notably high concentration of 3,403 to 4,432 ng m-3 in indoor PM10, which was 28 to 71 times higher than that in ambient PM10. The findings suggest that the poultry-raising house emit PM2.5 and PM10 containing SIA and toxic heavy-metal elements such as As and Zn to the ambient with much more emissions in summer than in autumn and winter. Considering the increasing development of poultry-raising farming in China, the potential hazard derived from the exhaust of PM2.5 and PM10 should be focused on, especially during summer.

Thermal environment evaluation and thermal comfort zone deviation ——a case study of Chinese seaweed house in summer

Renewing the vitality of traditional ecological dwellings in the context of global carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets has become one of the important topics in today's building sustainability research, and the evaluation of thermal comfort in traditional dwellings is the key to it. In this paper, one of the most representative ecological dwellings in the world, the “Seaweed House”, was selected as the research object. Firstly, the physical environment of a seaweed house in Dazhuang Xujia Village was measured from July 29 to August 3, 2022. Secondly, a thermal comfort questionnaire was conducted to grasp the current information of the thermal comfort in seaweed house. The results show that:1. The humidity of seaweed houses in summer is too high. 2. Residents have a thermally neutral temperature of 26.9 °C, an acceptable temperature region of (24.8–29.1 °C), and a thermally desired temperature of 25.8 °C. 3. The adaptive predicted mean vote (APMV) model suitable for thermal comfort evaluation of seaweed houses was developed. The results of the study provide a precise theoretical guide for the study of thermal comfort evaluation models in this region, and a useful reference for the study of the renewal and renovation of the seaweed houses.

Terra Nostra Garden 2023 dataset of Camellia species, hybrids and their cultivars (Azores, Portugal).

Camellias cultivars collections, comprising an exquisite array of meticulously bred and curated camellia varieties, emerged as indispensable elements within the resplendent 19th century gardens that adorned landscapes across the globe. The heart of Terra Nostra Garden, nestled within the captivating surroundings of the Furnas volcano on S. Miguel Island (Azores, Portugal), started in the year 1782 as an enchanting fishpond garden, strategically positioned in front of the summer house belonging to the esteemed Thomas Hickling, the American vice-consul. Soon this garden was enlarged and embellished with species from several continents. This tradition continued during all the 19th century with the Viscount Duarte Borges da Câmara Medeiros (1848-1872) and his son the Marquis António Borges Medeiros Dias da Câmara e Sousa (1872-1913). In 1933, the 12 hectares property was acquired by the Terra Nostra Society, led by Vasco Bensaude and increased to 12.5 hectares. In 1935, the current Terra Nostra Garden Hotel was inaugurated and, two years later, the Terra Nostra Society reopened the botanical garden attached to the hotel, now called Terra Nostra Garden. Beginning in 1982, the Head Gardener embarked on a transformative journey, dedicating his expertise to the meticulous renovation and expansion of numerous botanical collections nestled within the garden's enchanting landscapes. Amongst the remarkable transformations, the revered camellias collection received special attention, as it underwent a comprehensive rejuvenation process under his skilful guidance. The recent publication of a global digital dataset of Camellia names provides the opportunity to publish the dataset of Camellia species, hybrids and its cultivars currently cultivated at Terra Nostra Garden with their validated names. In June 2023, a total of 669 Camellia phenotypes were identified across the 12.5 hectares of Terra Nostra Garden. These phenotypes include 38 species, 178 hybrids and 637 cultivars. Camelliajaponica represents 81.7% of the 459 species cultivars, while C. x williamsii accounts for 32% of 178 hybrid cultivars. The most prevalent genotypes in Camellia hybrids with known parentage are those of C.japonica, C.saluenensis and C.reticulata present respectively in 64.1%, 45.5% and 37.9% of the hybrids. Regarding cultivar registration, 46.9% were registered in the US, followed by 13% from Japan and 10.8% from Portugal. Although the most ancient cultivar registered growing at the garden is Camelliareticulata Lindl. 'Damanao' from 1621, the majority (69.4%) of cultivars in the garden were registered in the 20th century, followed by the 19th century cultivars (20.7%). One cultivar, Camellia 'Patrícia Bensaude Fernandes', was produced and registered specifically by this garden.

Assessment of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the HoReCa Industry in the Opinion of Customers and Employees

Assessment of the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the HoReCa Industry in the Opinion of Customers and Employees

Analysis of Toxic Metal-Induced Ecological Risk in Kepez Stream, Çanakkale, Türkiye

Ecological risk in the mouth of Kepez Stream has recently increased notably due to waste from the Kepez settlement, agricultural activity in the Kepez delta, maritime traffic in the Çanakkale Strait, and summer houses in the coastal area. This study analyzed the ecological risk of 10 sediment samples along the bed in the mouth of Kepez Stream to shed light on anthropogenically induced pollution. The pollution proxies such as chlorophyll degradation products, heavy metal concentrations and organic carbon of the sediment samples were determined. Enrichment Factor (EF), Contamination Factor (CF), Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PER) were calculated from the results obtained. Spearman's correlation analysis and factor analysis were also performed. The obtained data show that there is moderate enrichment of Zn, As and Co, a significant level of Pb, and very high level of Cr in the sediments of Kepez Stream. Ni enrichment was determined to be excessive and poses a high potential ecological risk. Cleaning and rehabilitation need to be carried out urgently in the mouth of Kepez Stream. It should be determined whether metals are being transmitted to aquatic organisms, and measures should be taken to reduce the sources of pollution.

Summer is for Cousins by Rajani LaRocca

Reviewed by: Summer is for Cousins by Rajani LaRocca Natalie Berglind LaRocca, Rajani Summer is for Cousins; illus. by Abhi Alwar. Abrams, 2023 [40p] Trade ed. ISBN 9781419757334 $17.99 E-book ed. ISBN 9781647004330 $15.54 Reviewed from digital galleys R 4-8 yrs Ravi loves summers with his extended family: they rent a summer house by the ocean, play on the beach, do puzzles together, and end every day with ice cream. While some things are the same this year, Ravi's oldest cousin, Dhruv, has grown [End Page 294] since last summer, and Ravi wonders if he's different in other ways, too—do they still have the same favorite ice cream flavor? The summer fun continues with hiking, mini golf, and drive-in movies, and Ravi grows more comfortable with Dhruv, realizing his cousin is the pal he has always known. When Ravi is put in charge of dessert one night, he knows just what to make: banana ice cream, his and Dhruv's favorite flavor. Alwar's art captures the joy and action that come often with summer fun, as figures splash in the water or run in the sand with wriggly limbs, wide mouths, and expressive eyebrows. Though the art is digital and utilizes watercolor textures, it resembles chalk, rendering the skies in beautiful sunset gradients and adding vibrancy in shades of blue, purple, and yellow to the backdrops of trees and water. This picture book ode to childhood summers and the important connections one makes in big families is so inviting and joyful that adults should be prepared to book an ocean-side vacation after reading it to their young ones. Copyright © 2023 The Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois

Problematyka prawna działek letniskowych

During the last years, because of big urban and industrial aglomerations and other consequences of modern life, there appeared the tendency to own a land lot with a summer house and it is now more and more perceivable, This is so because it seems that a summer house gives maximum freedom to its owner. However, building of summer houses interferes with various fields of socio-economic life and since it is now a phenomenon of mass character, it is necessary to look for solutions which would allow to keep this type of building in reasonable frames and at the same time protect against taking over the land not designated for recreation purposes (e.g. farms, forests subject to specific protection because of landscape or natural values, etc.).This article presents legal problems of summer house lots; procedure of appointing parts of land for recreation purposes, alotting the lots for the purpose of individual recreation, problems of the norms of area. Also, heretofore used methods and legal grounds of acquisition of summer house lots are presented, as well as negative consequences of informal transfer of lots which constitute parts of land designated for the purpose of farming. The Author also discusses highly unsatisfactory state of binding legal rules in this domain, aimed at protecting the land against the use which is irrational or contrary to the designation.Final part of this article contains propositions concerning specific legislative changes which would subject summer house lots to the principles common for administration of land within the town limits, also as far as statutory right of pre-emption is concerned. This would eliminate elements such as spontaneity, chance, discretion and speculation from the process of acquisition and use of plots designated for construction of summer houses.

The Importance of Flexible Design on Summer House Design Converted to Permanent Housing After Covid -19

Bu makalede esnek tasarımın önemini, Covid-19 pandemisi sonrasında sürekli yaşanan konutlara dönüşen yazlık konut tasarımları üzerinden vurgulamak ve yazlık konut araştırmalarına katkıda bulunmak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada, kullanıcının değişen istek ve ihtiyaçları ne olursa olsun, konutun bunlara yanıt verme imkanına sahip olabilmesinin ve değişip dönüşebilmesinin ancak esnek tasarımla mümkün olacağı vurgulanmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışma için seçilen örneklem alanında, dönüşüm geçiren konutlar tespit edilmiş, kullanıcılarıyla yapılan yüz yüze görüşmeler ve anket çalışması doğrultusunda, konutlarındaki dönüşümle ilgili bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Analizlerde iki ayrı yöntem uygulanmıştır; bunlardan ilki, kullanıcının konutunda yaptığı mekânsal değişimlerle ilişkili olan nedenlerin tespit edildiği istatiksel analizlerdir ve SPSS programındaki "Chi Square" testiyle yapılmıştır. Diğeri de değişim sonucu mekânın somut biçimde ifade edilmesini sağlayan mekânsal analizlerdir ve “Space Syntax" (mekânsal dizim) yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre; Covid-19 sonrası emekli olmuş bireyler ile evden çalışan kullanıcılar, yazlıklarını sürekli kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Yazlıkların kullanım süresi ve amacının değişmesi, kullanıcının mekânsal değişimler yapmasına neden olmuş ve bu değişimler genellikle konut büyüklüğünün ve mekân sayısının yetersizliğinden kaynaklanmıştır. Kullanıcının yazlık konutunu kendi ihtiyacına göre değiştirerek uyarlayabilmesi ve konutundan memnun olması ancak esnek mekân çözümlü tasarımla mümkün olmaktadır ve bunun için tasarım aşamasında kullanıcının sürece katılması son derece önemlidir.

MATTI SUURONEN’S ‘FUTURO’ - PROTOTYPE 1968 AFTER 50 YEARS

The Futuro house was designed in 1968 by the Finnish architect Matti Suuronen. Its prototype, Futuro no. 000, currently in the collection of the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen in Rotterdam, underwent a major conservation treatment at the time of its acquisition a decade ago. The construction, the architectural details and the surface of fiberglass reinforced polyester (GRP) elements had suffered from transport and handling during the many assemblies on various sites, indoors and outdoors, over the previous decades. Before starting the restoration a research project was set-up to investigate the options for conservation. A clear vision about the best ways to exhibit the prototype was developed in order to avoid further deterioration. The decision to only exhibit the Futuro within the museum was essential for its conservation treatment. In contrast with the original function of the mass-produced Futuro houses as summer houses or ski-huts, it proves to be the best option to preserve the unique prototype for the future.

Review: The Routledge Companion to Women in Architecture

Review: <i>The Routledge Companion to Women in Architecture</i>

Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić i jej Brlićevac

The article, based on the commemorative books of the Brlićevac summer house and the correspondence of the Croatian writer Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić, attempts to show the influence that the family estate had on Brlić-Mažuranić and her work. Atthe estate in the immediate vicinityof Brod, where the spouses lived, the family spent the summer months for many consecutive years and Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić wrote most of her works. The close contact with nature, which this place provided to a nature-loving writer, became the dominant source of her inspiration, it also guaranteed great well-being, unattainable in other places she lived ( Brod,Zagreb ). The property played a huge role in the life of the famous Croatian who, in her time free from the work in the vineyard, willingly devoted herself to recreation typical of a summer resort, and each celebration of the moments spent together with the loved ones, led to a kind of sacralization of this space.