Summer House Research Articles

Who travels more, and why? A mixed-method study of urban dwellers’ leisure travel

This study examined domestic and international long-distance travel patterns of Reykjavik residents. We applied a mixed-methods approach with data triangulation to three datasets, two quantitative and one qualitative. Quantitative analyses included bivariate statistics, spatial statistics, and regression, and qualitative analysis included an explanatory interpretation of semi-structured interviews. The study found a higher number of international trips made by people residing close to the main city centre, particularly among younger adults. Following previous literature, we studied five potential groups of explanations of these patterns: 1) socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, 2) monetary rebound effects, 3) compensation or escape hypothesis, 4) lifestyles and other socio-psychological characteristics, and 5) dispersion of social networks. We found that all these aspects explain the travel activity to some extent, but inconsistently across the different datasets except for the well-known impact of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. However, above all else, a cosmopolitan attitude in travel and language skill level were found to be the most influential predictors of international travel activity, and access to a summer house was an important predictor of domestic travel activity. Broad social networks were also found to play an important role. Despite geographical trends, the study did not find any strong causal relationship between urban form and long-distance travel that would influence the aggregate patterns. Thus, the results do not challenge the urban planning policies of densification on the premise of causing an unintended increase in emissions from long-distance travel.

Carl i Karin Larsson – twórcy szwedzkiego „domu idealnego”?

In 1888, two Swedish painters, Carl Larsson and Karin Larsson, moved to the mansion Lilla Hyttnäs in Sundborn (Dalarna, Sweden). This summer house became an ideal place for a big family with eight children, but was also a complex work of art which astonishes by its fantasy and uniqueness even today. These radiant rooms full of joy and love were depicted by Carl in his watercolours but can be visited in the museum founded after the death of the householders.
 The Larssons’ style was an inspiration for Scandinavian interior design and built an image of the “ideal home”, mostly by illustrated albums with commentaries by Carl. By analyzing the story of the house, with its various inspirations and ideas, some links to contemporary Swedish furniture companies and the Social Democrats’ concept of Folkhemmet and lagom are given.

Baltisaksa piirilinn. Eduard von Stackelbergi ja Monika Hunniuse Narvad / A Baltic-German Border Town: Eduard von Stackelberg’s and Monika Hunnius’s Narvas

Käesolev artikkel käsitleb piirilinna Narva kujutamist kahe baltisaksa autori – laulja ja laulupedagoogi Monika Hunniuse (1858–1934) ning provintsiaalpoliitiku Eduard von Stackelbergi (1867–1943) mälestustes. Nende lapse- ja nooruspõlve meenutustest koorub välja baltisaksa Narva – linn, mida pärast II maailmasõda enam olemas ei ole ning mis on suuresti ununenud ka eesti kultuurimälus. Oma geograafilise asetuse ning arhitektuurilise ja kultuurilise mitmekesisusega joonistub Narvast valitud baltisaksa mälestustes välja oluline lääne kultuuri ja saksluse eelpost idas.
 
 The article focuses on the border town of Narva as it emerges in the memoirs of two Baltic German authors – the singer and singing pedagogue Monika Hunnius (1858–1934) and the provincial politician Eduard von Stackelberg (1867–1943). Their recollections of their days of childhood and youth reveal a Baltic German Narva, a city that ceased to exist with World War II and has been largely wiped from Estonian cultural memory. Due to the city’s geographic position as well as its architectural and cultural diversity, these Baltic German memoirs provide a sketch of Narva as a city of symbolic value experienced as an outpost of German culture in the East.
 Narva has been depicted by the historian of culture and author of non-fiction Erik Thompson in his albums of the city that highlight the specialness of the Baltic German Narva – the Western, German cultural space reached its limit in the border town, while beyond it, the Eastern, Russian cultural space began. The border town was also depicted in literary writings, many of them short poems. The memoirs of Monika Hunnius and Eduard von Stackelberg, however, contain a more extensive retrospective look at Narva as it was in their childhood and youth. Stackelberg went to school in Narva, residing with his parents at Sillamäe during the vacations, and left the city without regret, while Hunnius, who actually lived in the city, remembers it as a nostalgic home space full of sunshine to which she later longs to return.
 The most important topics emerging from Hunnius’s and Stackelberg’s descriptions of Narva are connected with the town’s geographical location and its social-political conditions. The most significant among these are the river serving as a border, contrasts and confrontations, the German cultural space in Narva, religion as a phenomenon creating and breaking down boundaries, and the (lost) glory of Narva and its close vicinity.
 For Stackelberg, Narva symbolises a strong border that has found expression in its geographical situatedness at the end of one cultural space and the beginning of another. He sees Narva as an outpost of German culture and his experiences there are coloured by conflicts with the students of the Russian school and the self-protection attempts of Germanness. Like Hunnius, he experiences buildings as symbols of a German Narva that today can only be considered a site in cultural memory. In addition, he creates an opposition between the baroque old town and the ‘ugly’ new suburbs; also, the ritual battles that take place between students are with the boys from the suburbs. As regards the border between the East and the West, Stackelberg even draws a parallel with ancient Rome and calls it a limes, thus comparing the Germans with Romans and the Russians with barbarians. By the time of Stackelberg, the city is declining as its commerce has shifted to Tallinn and St. Petersburg.
 Due to the profession of Hunnius’s father, a Lutheran pastor, for her the scene of confrontations between the East and the West is that of the church where Russian Orthodoxy and Lutheranism clash. Although the boundary between different denominations is vague in Narva, even a positive contact with Russians through a beloved Russian nanny will not counterbalance the negative experience of an Orthodox service nor prevent the creation of a mental boundary between ’us’ and ’them’.
 Neither of the memoirs is restricted only to the city of Narva: Hunnius’s childhood paradise also includes a summer house called Schmetzky close to the town, while Stackelberg describes the manor of Sillamäe and the atmosphere of the summer getaway, including an endless quarrel with the neighbours over the boundaries of the land.

Architectural spatial design strategies for summer microclimate control in buildings: a comparative case study of Chinese vernacular and modern houses

The objective of this paper is to clarify the spatial design strategies used to control the microclimate of a Chinese vernacular house in summer by comparing the building with modern Chinese rural houses and presenting ideas for contemporary architectural design practice. For this goal the spatial configuration, the spatial boundary conditions, the vegetation in the space and the human activity in the space were analysed for the vernacular house and for modern rural houses. Also, field measurements were conducted to evaluate the summer thermal environment in the vernacular and a modern house. The results show that the vernacular house has a diverse spatial design and a better building microclimate, making it easier to obtain thermal comfort than the modern houses. Therefore, spatial design strategies of Chinese vernacular houses are still of great value to modern house design, especially when the free-running thermal comfort theory is applied.

Survey on the Indoor Thermal Environment and Passive Design of Rural Residential Houses in the HSCW Zone of China

Despite their high energy consumption, rural residential houses in the hot summer and cold winter (HSCW) zone still have a generally poor indoor thermal environment. The objective of this study was to understand the current status of the indoor thermal environment for rural residential houses in the HSCW zone and analyze its cause in order to develop some strategies for improvement through passive design of the building envelope. Face-to-face questionnaires and interviews, air-tightness testing, and temperature and humidity monitoring were conducted to understand the building envelope, energy consumption, and indoor thermal environment. Then, some passive design strategies were simulated, including the application of functional interior materials such as hygroscopic and phase change materials. An overall passive design for the building envelope can increase the room temperature by 3.6 °C, reduce the indoor relative humidity by 12% in the winter, and reduce the room temperature by 4.4 °C in the summer. In addition, the annual energy-saving rate can reach ~35%.

李時憲의 山水詩와 그의 陶淵明⋅王維隱逸意識영향 관계 연구

『ZhaiTeacher literary book』is Lee Si Hun's literary book during Chosun Dynasty era. Lee Si Hun write many poems sung by mountains and valleys. it describe the Unique Scenery of Kang Jin's Baek Woon Summer house. Lee Si Hun's poems is two types, one type is a Pure poems sung by mountains and valleys, the other is a poems with Taoism. The scope of study is 14 scenic views of Baek Woon house. 14 scenic views of Baek Woon house of 『ZhaiTeacher literary book』is a representative poems. It describes Spring, summer, autumn, winter of Baek Woon Summer house. A poems with Taoism has a sense of wanting to hide, and a sense of the Conflict in between wanting to work and hide. Lee Si Hun's sense of wanting to hide is affected by Chinese Do Yeon Myung and Wang Yu. A natural poems with Taoism means be free from the world and hide to Baek Woon Summer hous.

Evaluation of vernacular and new housing indoor comfort conditions in cold climate – a field survey in eastern Turkey

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to compare vernacular and new houses in terms of indoor occupant satisfaction and thermal and visual comfort in a region with cold climatic conditions. In line with the data obtained, the contribution of passive design techniques to comfort in housing indoor will be revealed.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the comfort conditions to be provided in a residence were determined and evaluated in Bingol with the help of questionnaires applied on vernacular and new houses. The information gathered from the occupants and the survey study was mainly designed for three purposes: (i) acquiring general information about houses; (ii) acquiring general information about occupants; and (iii) inquiring about the physical comfort satisfaction of the occupants (thermal comfort and visual comfort).FindingsAlthough the average occupant satisfaction in terms of thermal performance in vernacular houses in summer and winter is 3.91, this average is 2.01 for new houses. The average of the general visual comfort of occupants in vernacular houses is 3.59, whereas this rate is 2.63 in new houses. According to the data obtained, occupant satisfaction was higher in vernacular houses than in new houses. In general, the new settlement area is designed and positioned independently of climate and environmental conditions. This situation increases the need to use mechanical systems to provide indoor thermal comfort conditions. The increase in the need for mechanical systems leads to a significant increase in energy expenditures, as well as deterioration of health conditions in places.Research limitations/implicationsTo ensure occupant satisfaction, indoor thermal comfort conditions and healthy environments, vernacular houses should be an example for the design and building of new houses in terms of orientation, environment relations, space dimensions and space usage in accordance with the character of the region and material selection.Originality/valueThere has not been a serious research on bioclimatic, socioeconomic and cultural sustainability of the vernacular architecture of Bingol. Therefore, this region has been preferred as the study area.

Ericklik in Livadia (Gorny village of the Crimean Mountain Forest Reserve)

A historical-architectural study of one of the least studied monuments of Livadia in the Crimea is presented: the third palace of the royal family - the summer house Ericklik. The attribution of the surviving fragments of park architecture is given. Attention is focused on the value qualities of the heritage site.
 On the basis of archival documents, an attempt to reconstruct the spatial organization, planning and development of the ensemble was made. Particular attention is devoted to the architecture of a wooden one-story palace, to the combination of features of rationalism, oriental exotism, and Russian style in it For the first time, drawings of projects on Eriklik by architects A.I. Rezanov, A.G. Vensan, V.I. Sychugov are published. The materials indicate the appeal of customers, following Tsarskoye Selo near St. Petersburg, to the Eastern art that was popular in the era of historicism. The special aestheticism and value of Eriklik's architecture consisted of the visual comparison of Crimea nature with the symbolic images of the mountain landscape characteristic of Chinese painting.
 The study aims to identify and preserve valuable objects of history, architecture, art, natural and park landscape, to introduce the heritage into the orbit of modern culture.

Architectural spatial design strategies for summer microclimate control in buildings

The objective of this paper is to clarify the spatial design strategies used to control the microclimate of a Chinese vernacular house in summer by comparing the building with modern Chinese rural houses and presenting ideas for contemporary architectural design practice. For this goal the spatial configuration, the spatial boundary conditions, the vegetation in the space and the human activity in the space were analysed for the vernacular house and for modern rural houses. Also, field measurements were conducted to evaluate the summer thermal environment in the vernacular and a modern house. The results show that the vernacular house has a diverse spatial design and a better building microclimate, making it easier to obtain thermal comfort than the modern houses. Therefore, spatial design strategies of Chinese vernacular houses are still of great value to modern house design, especially when the free-running thermal comfort theory is applied.

There Are Always Two Deaths

There Are Always Two Deaths Pia Ghosh-Roy (bio) The retirement home was built by a group of Bengali doctors from London and Surrey who ran the South London Tagore Society. They sang Tagore’s songs, enacted his plays, and created a cooperative to build a cluster of cottages in India a few miles from Tagore’s summer house in Shantiniketan. It was a gated development, secure and landscaped, the cottages fitted with western comforts, each with its own patch of garden, a terra-cotta water feature gurgling on the side. This is where they would live—the doctors and their spouses—once their children were grown up and settled in the West. They’d go back to India, spend their retired life in better weather and the company of like-minded people, die in the country where they’d been born. A sound plan. Only none of them returned. Except Ma. Ma who had always kept a polite distance from the Tagoreans, said their songs put her to sleep, yet had signed into their cooperative. At the time, it had seemed to me like a whim, she was gifting herself a holiday cottage to escape the winters for a few weeks. I should’ve known better. After she retired from cardiothoracic surgery, she spent a year wrapping up her life in London, sold the house, and moved to Shantiniketan on her seventieth birthday. Put an ocean between us. ________ For the first few years, her days there were full. She wrote to me of the red earth of her new home, the dusty country roads that led her out of the city, winding past rice paddies to villages where Bauls sang their songs. She translated for me the words of these traveling minstrels, songs filled with questions and a wild sense of freedom. She appointed a rickshaw-wala named Hori to take her to the library on Tuesdays. She spent mornings chatting with Bashob, the maali, who filled her garden with orange marigolds and white dahlias. She enjoyed lengthy debates with the “bright young students” who came from the university [End Page 183] to read to the older residents. She visited Adivasi villages where she wrote prescriptions for medicines and taught the English alphabet to little children. “How could you let your mother move so far away from you?” some of her friends asked me. Their question made me smile. They didn’t know her at all. She was no one’s woman except her own. That is what I loved most about her, admired most about her. It was also what I resented most about her, when she left and I couldn’t make her stay. ________ When Ma left London, I left too. But we went in opposite directions. I moved to San Francisco, accepted the job at the Asian Art Museum I’d said no to before. It had been just the two of us for so long. Us against the world. She gave us a title the day I turned thirteen. Two-Woman Team of Terrible Trail-blazers. Which became T4. Which made me cringe-smile. Life in London would have felt strange without her, so I found a way to leave. Or maybe I found a way to show her that I could get myself a new life too, all on my own. Then I wouldn’t have to be the only one listening to stories of sun and change and the smells of a different place. Now here I am, in her sun. A red-eye from San Francisco to Singapore to Kolkata, a train to Bolpur, a taxi to Shantiniketan. In time to see her turn eighty-five on Christmas Eve. I’m here every year on her birthday, but this year she doesn’t know who I am. She’d always told me that her mind would go before her body did, that it ran in her family. She tried to prepare me for it, told me what to do if it happened. But nothing truly prepares you for your parent losing their memory of the only life you’ve ever known, of watching her trying to place who you are...

Pałac w Wilanowie – królewska „villa rustica”, jako ośrodek dóbr ziemskich i czynnik wpływający na kształt rozwoju jednej z dzielnic Warszawy

Barokowa willa królewska w Wilanowie oddalona od głównej siedziby Jana III Sobieskiego - zamku królewskiego w Warszawie, była w 4 ćw. XVII wieku luksusowym miejscem letniego wypoczynku, jednocześnie funkcjonowała jako samowystarczalna rezydencja wiejska otoczona folwarkami i współpracującymi z nią ośrodkami w dobrach wilanowskich króla. Począwszy od 1677 roku król Jan III, a po nim kolejni właściciele – magnaci z rodów: Sieniawskich, Czartoryskich, Lubomirskich, Potockich i jako ostatni, aż do czasów II wojny światowej – Braniccy, podporządkowywali swej podwarszawskiej siedzibie okoliczne wsie rozwijając klucz wilanowski. Konsekwentna rozbudowa, początkowo willi następnie pałacu podkreślała status społeczny, możliwości finansowe właścicieli, gust i poziom wiedzy architektonicznej projektantów oraz inwestora, zaś dołączanie kolejnych budowli reprezentacyjnych do zespołu, wytyczanie założeń parkowo-ogrodowych według najlepszych europejskich wzorów i stylów, regulacja istniejących dróg oraz budowa nowych połączeń komunikacyjnych utwierdzały w przekonaniu o wielkości właściciela. Działania na tak szeroką skalę były możliwe ponieważ tereny te stanowiły niepodzielną rozległą własność ziemską niewychodzącą z rąk jednego właściciela przez niespełna trzysta lat. Inwestycje wówczas przeprowadzone stanowią dziś o wartościach dzielnicy. Budowle wokół pałacu wilanowskiego tworzą klimat historyczny, nawiązujący do spuścizny architektonicznej z epoki baroku, klasycyzmu i historyzmu. Rozwój obszaru bliskiego pałacowi wilanowskiemu opierał się o wytyczone dawniej szlaki komunikacyjne, osie widokowe, dziś dające się odczytać. Pałac pozostaje niewątpliwie głównym węzłem tej struktury. Współczesna zabudowa dotarła już do zabytkowego centrum dzielnicy, a budowane od 2000 roku na błoniach wilanowskich nowe założenie urbanistyczne - Miasteczko Wilanów – nie tylko ożywiło ten rejon, ale i wzbudziło pytania o zachowanie genius loci. Czy dwa różne organizmy uda się połączyć i stworzyć integralną przestrzeń w rejonie pałacu i czy architektura nowa i dawna mogą być synergiczne względem siebie, okaże się po skończonej realizacji.

Saving Energy by Reducing Cooling Load of Rural Houses with using Passive Solar System and Well Water

Saving energy helps in reducing the effect of the environmental contamination. This could be obtained by decreasing the cooling load of rural houses and small buildings by using passive and active solar systems. The big temperature differences between the well water and the ambient temperatures is also utilizing for the purpose of air conditioning. This is done by adding heat exchanger (Fan-Coil) inside the house, which is operated by external photoelectric cells to reduce the cooling load of the house. The passive systems have also been studied like the directions and areas of the windows. Its significance comes from the importance of passive system applications to reduce the cooling load of houses in summer. Energy balance is done to get the governing equation that is necessary to calculate the variation in cooling load along the day for different parameters design, then to find out the optimum values of these parameters in order to reduce the houses’ cooling load through the day hours. The results have shown that the use of well water to cool the house would help to reduce the cooling load by 30%. Also the best orientation of windows in the south direction with suitable length of overhang, which prevent the direct solar radiation through the windows is investigated .This results in a reduction by 6% in cooling load during the summer season. The use of the passive system and well water in house cooling decreases the cooling load of the house by 36%.

THE ROLE OF THE THREE MAIN CHARACTERS IN SUPPORTING THE THEME OF TO THE LIGHTHOUSE BY VIRGINIA WOOLF

Virginia Woolf (1882-1941), a brilliant English writer, has been called as a feminist, since she fought for women’s rights and protested the domination of men. She might be also called as an androgynist writer, for she sometimes emphasized the harmony of men and women. To the Lighthouse, which was published in 1927, is her best novel of both feminism and androgyny. It is a realistic novel about a family and an elegy for people Virginia loved. Based on the strong and deep memories of her own family, she described a group of the more complex people spending holiday in a summer house on Scottish coast. It consists of Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay with their eight children and assorted guests. They are going to have a visit to a nearby lighthouse. It is put off because of the weather, and takes place ten years later. From this delay of the expedition to the lighthouse, she constructed the complex tensions of family life and the conflict of male and female principles. For Virginia there is not one of kind of truth, but two. There is the truth of reason, and there is the truth of imagination. The truth of reason is pre-eminently the masculine sphere, while the truth of imagination, or intuitive, is the feminine. Together, these truths make up what she calls reality. Regarding this idea, in To the Lighthouse, she tries to imply a theme about the harmony by presenting male and female characters that have contradictory views and different principles.There are many characters in To the Lighthouse, Mr. Ramsay, Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe are supposed to be the main characters since they dominantly support the development of the events and even most of the story focuses on their actions, attitudes and thoughts. This research aims to give evidence that Mr. Ramsay, Mrs. Ramsay and Lily Briscoe are all the main characters who, with their words, thoughts and actions, relate each other to support the theme of To the Lighthouse

Influence of residents’ behaviour on the thermal environment of a common garden path for detached houses in summer

ABSTRACTFor detached houses sharing a common garden path, the lifestyle of the residents is an important factor to ensure comfort in summer. This study aims to investigate the thermal environment of a common garden path (A) and the potential for improving the path (A) focusing on residents’ behaviour. Measurements of the thermal environment at (A) and an asphalt street (B) showed (A) being cooler than (B) because of the shade by trees and soil ground. However, air conditioner (A/C) outlets along (A) lead to higher temperatures. To address this issue, the effect of watering, less usage of A/C, and solar shading effect by tree growth were investigated through measurement, simulation, and questionnaire survey for residents along (A). The residents that open their windows for longer tended to consume less energy for A/C use and perceive the cooling effects of both tree shade and watering.

Valoração econômica contingente dos recursos ambientais do ecossistema manguezal em São Caetano de Odivelas (PA)

A importância dos recursos ambientais e naturais para vida humana está cada vez mais evidente. O(s) ecossistema(s) dos manguezais são importantes para o equilíbrio do meio ambiente, além de ser considerado o mais rico ecossistema marinho, depois dos recifes de corais. Eles são importantes não apenas para a vida marinha e a qualidade da água do mar, mas também para inúmeros outros organismos que dependem dele no seu ciclo de vida. Além disso, o mangue, através de suas copas, sequestra dióxido de carbono (CO2) da atmosfera, amenizando o efeito estufa, além de servirem como ‘barreiras naturais’ contra a erosão. Contudo, a extração descontrolada da vida marinha, como acontece nas RESEX (unidade de conservação), o uso da madeira para lenha e outros fins, o aterramento para a construção de casas de veraneio, marinas, portos, etc. e ainda a construção de fazendas marinhas, como as que criam camarão estão cada vez mais extirpando o(s) mangue(s) para, em seu lugar, criarem tanques de reprodução. Outra ameaça é a agricultura próxima ao manguezal, pois a água que cai das chuvas ‘lava’ o chão, levando agrotóxicos até o mangue. A poluição, de forma geral, é outra causa da perda de mangues no Brasil e no mundo. Diante da preocupação com a sustentabilidade deste ecossistema, a valoração econômica ambiental apresenta-se como uma ferramenta fundamental na formulação e avaliação de políticas públicas orientadas ao desenvolvimento sustentável e a preservação dos recursos ambientais (naturais) daquele ecossistema. A ‘criação’ do mercado hipotético envolvendo os usos e valores diretos e indiretos e os não usos de opção e existência do manguezal, respectivamente, foi concebido com a finalidade de propor a constituição de uma política visando preservar o ecossistema manguezal em sua totalidade, o qual se instituiria numa transferência de renda na forma de compensatória ambiental, para as famílias que deixariam de ter acesso aos recursos do manguezal. Esta remuneração deveria ser correspondente ao valor consultivo de usos direto e indireto e de não uso – opção e existência, mínimo obtido dos manguezais. Adicionalmente, as famílias deveriam se comprometer a preservar os manguezais, tornando-se os fiscais dos manguezais de sua localidade. O estudo comprovou que, apesar do conhecimento empírico local acerca dos serviços ecossistêmicos, a junção daquele com o conhecimento científico proporciona melhor elicitação na estimação dos valores econômicos de uso e, sobretudo, de não uso dos recursos ambientais, o que gera uma estimativa mais significante em termos do VERA.

Оцінювання сучасного стану парку села Іванівка Уманського району та проект його реконструкції

Встановлено, що насадження парку потребують покращення, оскільки деревні насадження одноманітні, значна кількість дерев представлена гіркокаштаном звичайним (Aesculus hippocastanum L.), що уражується мінуючою міллю, інші дерева також ослаблі, трапляється омела. За межами парку простежується велика кількість омели. Мережа доріжок розвинена слабо, малі архітектурні форми представлені у незначній кількості, на території парку присутні аварійні дерева. Розроблено проект реконструкції парку, який охоплює консервацію дупел, санітарне обрізування та рубання дерев і кущів, формування кущового ярусу у структурі насадження, розширення дорожньо-стежкової мережі. Запроектовано створення кількох рокаріїв з використанням листяних і хвойних кущів, різних трав'яних багаторічників, зокрема й цибулькових. Підібрано асортимент для рокаріїв, щоб він виглядав декоративним протягом року. Заплановано кілька групових посадок із хвойних рослин та солітерів – ялини колючої (Рісеа abies (L.) H. Karst.) та сосни звичайної (Pinus sylvestris L.). Запропоновано встановити елементи благоустрою, такі як: садові лавки, альтанка, ліхтарі, урни для сміття. Навколо альтанки запропоновано створення квітників постійного квітування – міксбордерів. В озелененні використано елементи топіарного мистецтва, а саме: композиції зі стриженого самшиту вічнозеленого (Buxus sempervirens L.) у вигляді куль, а також елементи фітопластики. Композиції з куль самшиту вічнозеленого урізноманітнюємо багаторічником – гостою подорожниковидною (Hosta plantaginea (Lam.) Asch.). Рекомендовано частину парку реконструювати за типом регулярного планування, а частину – за типом пейзажного.

Venetian Hosts and Ottoman Guests in the Venedik Sarayı in Constantinople (c. 1670-1681)

After the end of the Cretan war (1645-1669) and before the starting of the Morean war (1684-1699) Venetian diplomats settled again in Constantinople and in the Venetian Palace (Venedik Sarayı) that had been the embassy of the Republic for centuries. In this period baili and extraordinary ambassadors (ambasciatori straordinari) used to celebrate Venetian or Ottoman civic and religious festivals with dinners and parties. Their guests were above all other European diplomats and middle-ranking Ottoman officials. Some Turks, above all those who lived in the neighbourhood, contributed to the organisation of such events with their gifts and, in exchange, they received money or other presents. This paper aims to study the circulation of objects and commodities between Europe and the Ottoman Empire and, in particular, which kind of items were exchanged before or during official dinners held in the Venetian Palace or in the Venetian summer houses in Arnavutköy and Balta Liman. The Turks brought or sent mostly vegetables, flowers and different kind of food, while Venetians used to give to their guests not only the famous Venetian cloths but also unusual objects such as ivory boxes, gloves, brushes, glass sculptures, mirrors, fans, fake flowers and so on. The sources used for this research are the accounting books of the Venetian embassy for the years 1670-83.

Rural gentrification in the North Aegean Countryside (Turkey)

This article examines rural gentrification as experienced on the North Aegean coasts of Turkey. The study area chosen is the closest Aegean coast to İstanbul and it attracts attention because of its archeological and mythological values, as well as its natural beauty and vernacular landscape. The most important element determining the rural landscape of the region is olive production. Depopulation in rural areas since 1950s and development of tourism in coastal areas after 1980 has brought about the investment-disinvestment cycle which is in the rural gentrification theory. The migration from urban to rural and tourism activities, which began in the rural area studied in 1980s, gained momentum in 2000s, real estate prices rose. It has been observed that in the rural area where tourism facilities have been improved, gentrification occurs in parallel. It is possible to categorize the newcomers as summer house vacationists, retired people, national elite and entrepreneurs. The study is based principally on in-depth interviews with village mukhtars, local people, newcomers, tourism entrepreneurs, and professionals. Newcomers and new economies change the rural landscape. However, the real estate market did not yet play a significant role in the rural gentrification in this area, unlike in developed Western countries. On the other hand, replacement of the agricultural sector by the service sector and change in land use creates post-productive landscape in North Aegean Countryside.

Erosive wear of different facade finishing materials

Manmade objects such as buildings, statues and other materials made from cement, brick and stone are subject to mechanical weathering. Windblown sand wears down sharp edges, causing loss of style, features and details. Heat and cold cause expansion cracks that permit water to enter, freeze and or expand, causing more damage.The aggressive environment of the North West coast of Egypt, including sea storms, streams sand to impingement the facades of the summer houses and causes severe staining, peeling and damage to the paints and finishes of the exterior. High maintenance cost of such houses may eventually discourage owners to maintain the style and the architectural integrity of the compounds and villages. Architectural designs utilizing appropriate building and finishing materials which resist the wear and erosion, caused by high speed sand and salt laden air carrying sand particles and sea water droplets, are of vital importance to reduce maintenance cost.This paper investigates the wear rates and erosion mechanism for different finishing materials such as plastic paints (Complico), artificial stone tiles, Pharos stones, Calcium Carbonate natural stones, and fired brick tiles. Tests showed considerable wear rates when the facades are oriented about 60 degrees from the local wind directions. The results indicate a superior performance for the fired brick tiles. Other materials may be used on facades with somewhat different orientations ranging between 45 and 70 degrees from the wind direction.

Juyoung Yoon

Angewandte Chemie International EditionVolume 57, Issue 32 p. 10010-10010 Author ProfileFree Access Juyoung Yoon First published: 19 April 2018 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201803425AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Graphical Abstract “… If I were not a scientist, I would be a medical doctor. My favorite food is pasta …” Find out more about Juyoung Yoon in his Author Profile. Juyoung Yoon The author presented on this page has recently published his 10th article in Angewandte Chemie in the last 10 years: “N-Heterocyclic Carbene Boranes as Reactive Oxygen Species-Responsive Materials: Application to the Two-Photon Imaging of Hypochlorous Acid in Living Cells and Tissues”: Y. L. Pak, S. J. Park, D. Wu, B. Cheon, H. M. Kim, J. Bouffard, J. Yoon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 1567; Angew. Chem. 2018, 130, 1583. The work of J. Yoon has been featured on the inside cover of Angewandte Chemie: “Thin-Film Formation of Imidazolium-Based Conjugated Polydiacetylenes and Their Application for Sensing Anionic Surfactants”: X. Chen et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49, 1422; Angew. Chem. 2010, 122, 1464. Date of birth: June 23, 1964 Position: Professor, Ewha Womans University E-mail: jyoon@ewha.ac.kr Homepage: http://home.ewha.ac.kr/∼jyoon/ ORCID: 0000-0002-1728-3970 Education: 1987 Undergraduate degree, Seoul National University 1994 PhD supervised by Anthony W. Czarnik, The Ohio State University 1994–1996 Postdoctoral work with Donald J. Cram, University of California, Los Angeles 1996–1998 Postdoctoral work with Kim D. Janda, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla Awards: 2012 Knowledge Creation Grand Prize, Korean Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning; 2016 Korean Chemical Society Award; 2016 Ewha Academic Award, Ewha Womans University Research: Fluorescent probes; activatable photosensitizers; organic functional materials; theranostics Hobbies: Watching movies, travelling If I were not a scientist, I would be a medical doctor. My favorite food is pasta. My top three film (series) of all time are Masquerade, The Sound of Music, Harry Potter. My favorite piece of music is Fifty Days of Summer (made by MARUKO on Soundcloud). My favorite motto is to do your best and then relax. If I won the lottery, I would buy a summer house for my family. When I'm frustrated, I talk to my wife. The most important thing I learned from my parents is that parents have to make great sacrifices for their children. If I could have dinner with three famous scientists from history, they would be Albert Einstein, John Dalton, and Marie Skłodowska Curie. The biggest challenge that scientists face is finding a cure for cancer and Alzheimer's disease. I chose chemistry as a career because I thought I could use it to make anything that I wanted. The best advice I have ever been given is to take care of my health. Guaranteed to make me smile is an acceptance mail from an editor. My 5 top papers: 1“Unique Sandwich Stacking of Pyrene-Adenine-Pyrene for Selective and Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensing of ATP at Physiological pH”: Z. Xu, N. J. Singh, J. Lim, J. Pan, H. N. Kim, S. Park, K. S. Kim, J. Yoon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15528. (Selective recognition for ATP could be obrained through an intelligent molecular recognition process.) 2“Zn2+–Triggered Amide Tautomerization Produces a Highly Zn2+–Selective, Cell–Permeable, and Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor”: Z. Xu, K.-H. Baek, H. N. Kim, J. Cui, X. Qian, D. R. Spring, I. Shin, J. Yoon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 601. (Explains ligand transformation toward different metal ions and is one of the most highly cited papers from our group.) 3“Development of Imidazoline-2-Thiones Based Two-Photon Fluorescence Probes for Imaging Hypochlorite Generation in a Co-Culture System”: Q. Xu, C. H. Heo, G. Kim, H. W. Lee, H. M. Kim, J. Yoon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 4890; Angew. Chem. 2015, 127, 4972. (An old organic reaction is still very valuable.) 4“A Fluorescent Sensor for Dual-Channel Discrimination between Phosgene and a Nerve-Gas Mimic”: X. Zhou, Y. Zeng, C. Liyan, X. Wu, J. Yoon, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55, 4729; Angew. Chem. 2016, 128, 4807. (A single probe can display different fluorescent and colorimetric changes for phosgene and nerve gas mimic through the formation of different products.) 5“Nanostructured Phthalocyanine Assemblies with Protein-Driven Switchable Photoactivities for Biophotonic Imaging and Therapy”: X. Li, C-y. Kim, S. Lee, D. Lee, H.-M. Chung, G. Kim, S.-H. Heo, C. Kim, K. S. Hong, J. Yoon, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2017, 139, 10880. (We expect that these results can enable us to start a new scientific journey.) Volume57, Issue32August 6, 2018Pages 10010-10010 ReferencesRelatedInformation