Household Supply Research Articles

Influence of extreme 2022 heatwave on megacities' anthropogenic CO2 emissions in lower-middle reaches of the Yangtze River

An unprecedented heatwave hit the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) in August 2022. We analyzed changes of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in 8 megacities over lower-middle reaches of the YRB, using a near-real-time gridded daily CO2 emissions dataset. We suggest that the predominant sources of CO2 emissions in these 8 megacities are from the power and industrial sectors. In comparison to the average emissions for August in 2020 and 2021, the heatwave event led to a total increase in power sector emissions of approximately 2.70 Mt CO2, potentially due to the increase in urban cooling demand. Suzhou experienced the largest increase, with a rise of 1.12 Mt CO2 (12.88 %). Importantly, we observed that changes in daily power emissions exhibited strong linear relationships with temperatures during the heatwave, albeit varying sensitivities across different megacities (with an average of 0.0076 ± 0.0075 Mt d−1 °C−1). Conversely, we find that industrial emissions decreased by a total of 8.45 Mt CO2, with Shanghai seeing the largest decrease of 4.71 Mt CO2, while Hangzhou experienced the largest relative decrease (−21.22 %). It is noteworthy that the majority of megacities rebounded in industrial emissions following the conclusion of the heatwave. We convincingly suggest a tight linkage between the reductions in industrial emissions and China's policy to ensure household power supply. Overall, the reduction in industrial emissions offset the increase in power sector emissions, resulting in weaker emissions for majority of megacities during the heatwave. Despite remaining uncertainties in the emissions data, our study may offer valuable insights into the complexities of anthropogenic CO2 emissions in megacities amidst frequent summer heatwaves intensified by greenhouse warming.

Peningkatan Kapasitas Digester Untuk Kecukupan Produksi Biogas Sebagai Bahan Bakar Generator Listrik

The development of dairy farming in Nagari Lasi District Canduang, Agam Regency, West Sumatra Province, has provided the materials a massive source of biogas production. The number of cattle in Nagari Lasi has reached around 1000 heads, plus other livestock such as Buffaloes and Goats. The manufacture of digesters in the previous year's Community service activities was a success. It produces biogas and is used for cheese production and household supply. However, the amount of biogas produced is still tiny. To realize "Community-Independent Energy," power generator installation is necessary. The biogas supply must be in large quantities and available continuously for the generator to operate. Biogas currently produced by the digester is insufficient to produce the biogas required by the generator. Therefore, biogas production capacity needs to be improved by expanding the volume of the digester that will be processing cow dung into biogas. Increasing digester capacity has significantly increased biogas production, reaching 12 m3 per day. This amount is enough to be used as fuel for an electric generator continuously.

Harmonization of social capital and philanthropic culture: A catalyst for smooth household supply chains and successful economic development

This research aims to analyze the direct and indirect influence of social capital and a culture of mutual assistance on the smooth supply chain of household needs and its implications for the success of economic development. The research used quantitative methods with a sample of 89 respondents consisting of religious leaders and traditional leaders. This research was carried out in Kampung Jawa Tondano, also often abbreviated to JaTon, which is one of the sub-districts in North Tondano sub-district, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi province, Indonesia. Data collected through questionnaires was then analyzed using SEM-PLS. The results of research and data analysis show that: social capital directly has a positive and significant effect on the smooth supply chain of household needs; a culture of mutual help directly has a positive and significant effect on the smooth supply chain of household needs; social capital directly has a positive and significant effect on the success of economic development; a culture of mutual assistance directly has a positive and significant effect on the success of economic development; Differentiated learning innovation directly has a positive and significant effect on the success of economic development. The smooth supply chain for household needs can partially mediate the social capital and culture of helping each other towards the success of economic development in Kampung Jawa Tondano, also often abbreviated to JaTon, North Tondano sub-district, Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi province, Indonesia.

Die Prognose von Wohnungsnachfrage und Wohnungsangebot

Steadily rising costs for housing combined with a persistently high demand for affordable housing indicate that it is necessary to project housing supply and demand on a continual basis. This information supports decision-making in planning practice and for private investors so that the supply of households with housing can be secured in a timely manner. Various projection models can be found in the international literature. However, a conceptually oriented overview of the existing models and the underlying approaches is missing. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to systematise and evaluate different projection approaches in order to enable decision-making regarding the appropriate projection approach for the respective task. Two fundamentally different projection approaches emerge: component models and functional models. Component models divide the modelling of housing demand and supply into individual modules that work independently of each other. The modules interact via standardised interfaces in which output variables of the preceding module are transferred as input variables to the following module. Module-specific algorithms are used, which usually apply average ratios and rates. Functional models are based on an integrated concept in which input variables are functionally linked to output variables using multivariate statistical methods. The variables together with the model equations form an integral unit, so that individual parts of the model cannot be exchanged without altering the implemented correlations. The range of methods is broad and goes far beyond simple linear regression models. English title: The projection of housing supply and demand – a conceptual overview of projection models

Household demand and supply projections of major edible oils in Tamil Nadu State, India

This paper analysed the household demand, projected the supply and assessed the domestic demand-supply gap of edible oils consumed in Tamil Nadu State, India. The primary data were collected from randomly selected 1000 sample households at Tamil Nadu collected during the year 2009-10. The growth rate, AIDS model and supply projection techniques were employed to derive appropriate conclusions. The area under groundnut and sesame crop was found declining over years in Tamil Nadu. The sunflower area was also declining, but, the yield showed increasing trend implying the production growth mainly driven by yield. Unlike other oilseed crops, the coconut production was driven by area rather than productivity. The results of demand estimation revealed that about 66% increase in demand is expected by 2020 for groundnut oil whereasthe demand forsesame, coconut and other edible oils would increase by 67%, 66% and 78%, respectively in Tamil Nadu. Among all major edible oils,sunflower oil's demand was the highest followed by groundnut, palm, sesame and coconut oil. It is projected that there will be leapfrog jump in sunflower oil demand in the coming years, mainly due to increased awareness about low-saturated fat content in this oil. The total edible oil demand would increase from 6.38 lakh tonnes to 10.75 lakh tonnes by 2020. The resultsfrom thisstudy also revealed that, the groundnut oil and sesame oilsupply available from the state sources would decline and widen the production-household demand gap. Hence, urgent policy measures have to be initiated to increase the current level of production in these crops.

A multilevel analysis of educational transition rates at secondary level in sub-Saharan Africa

Estimates show that, in 2019, only 41 per cent of students completed lower secondary and 28 per cent upper secondary education in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) region (UNESCO, 2021). One of the reasons for the low completion rates is the poor transition across secondary education due to the significant impact of factors at individual, household, and community levels shaping demand and supply constraints. This article employs a three-level logit to investigate the key determinants for transitions and their variability across countries and communities, and explores whether less wealth inequality is at odds with increasing countries’ and communities’ performances. It finds that variation on transition rates is 40–50 per cent larger between communities within countries than between countries themselves, and that heterogeneity is larger for upper secondary transition. Leading sources of inequality are wealth, gender, and communities’ prevalence of early marriage. Further, the article finds that the equity–performance trade-off does not hold across countries, but it does at the community level where communities with stronger rates of transitions are more unequal. The analysis suggests policies to improve SSA youth chances to move up to the next level of secondary education, starting for narrowing heterogeneity across communities, boosting chances for the poorest groups and female youth living in communities with weak social norms, and measures to diminish the impact of community wealth on their transition performance.

The Protective Effect of Breastfeeding on Dental Fluorosis Among Children in Rural Fluoride-Endemic Areas.

Background: Living in fluoride-endemic areas and the inevitable use of groundwater for consumption have imposed children at high risk of dental fluorosis. To mitigate exposure to excessive fluoride at age of developing dentition, breastfeeding might serve as a natural public health intervention against dental fluorosis in that socially disadvantaged context. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the preventive effect of breastfeeding against dental fluorosis in children living in fluoride-endemic areas in Nakhon Pathom Province, Thailand. Evaluation of the association through several epidemiological models depicted by a directed acyclic graph (DAG) was undertaken. Methods: A case-control study of 127 cases of dental fluorosis and 85 controls was conducted. Independent factor of breastfeeding, along with other past exposure variables, were traced backwardly since infancy by caregiver history taking. Fluoride concentrations in groundwater utilized for household supply matching to residence and number of years by age of each child were collected from 2008 to 2015. Multivariable Poisson regression with robust standard errors was sequentially executed to estimate prevalence ratio (PR) according to models in DAG. Results: Breastfeeding was significantly higher (95.3%) among controls compared to cases (84.2%), p = 0.014. Contrastingly, prevalence of using toothpaste larger than pea-sized and having fluoride ≥1.5 ppm in household water supply was higher among cases. Univariable and subsequent five multivariable regression models according to DAG consistently unveiled significant protective effect of breastfeeding on dental fluorosis with PR ranging from 0.66 to 0.75. Conclusions: Breastfeeding for at least 6 months had preventive effect against dental fluorosis among children living in fluoride-endemic areas.

Unimproved water and sanitation contributes to childhood diarrhoea during the war in Tigray, Ethiopia: a community based assessment

Access to water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) is a global public health problem. The situation is worst in conflict areas, where people are displaced from their usual homes. Household supply of WASH and the incidence of diarrhoeal disease among children during the war in Tigray are not known or documented. The objective of this study was to investigate the sources of drinking water, sanitation and hygiene practices, and the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases among children during the war in Tigray, Ethiopia. A cross—sectional study was conducted to collect data on selected WASH indicators in six zones of Tigray from August 4-20, 2021. Data were collected from a total of 4381 sample households selected by lottery. Descriptive analysis was performed and the analysed data are presented in tables, figures and explanatory notes. Binary logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between independent and dependent variables. A total of 4381 households from 52 woredas participated in the study. Approximately 67.7% of the study participants reported that they relied on an improved source of drinking water during the war. Coverage of sanitation, hand washing, and menstrual hygiene during the war was reported as 43.9%, 14.5%, and 22.1%, respectively. The prevalence of diarrhoeal diseases among children was 25.5% during the war. Water source, latrine type, solid waste disposal and health extension worker visits were the significant predictors of the likelihood of diarrhoea in children (p < 0.05). The results of the study show that a decrease in services from WASH is associated with a higher prevalence of diarrhoeal disease among children during the war in Tigray. To prevent the high prevalence of diarrhoeal disease among children in war-torn Tigray, Ethiopia, improved access to water and sanitation is recommended. In addition, collaborative efforts are needed to engage health extension workers to provide appropriate promotion and prevention services to war-affected communities in Tigray, Ethiopia. Further comprehensive surveys of households with children over one year of age are recommended to assess access to WASH and the burden of WASH associated diseases.

Long-term forecasts of residential energy profiles based on Conv2D and LSTM models (electricity- and gas-based households)

For power system operation and expansion of grid-import systems, an accurate forecast model plays an essential role in the better management of household electricity demands. With the aim of finding an accurate forecast model in the proper representation of various household energy profiles, our research objective is centered on the development of a reliable forecast system for a group of 24-household energy consumers. In this energy study, we proposed long-term forecasts of (1) residential energy profiles within the multi-classification framework and (2) energy costing of the household demands using the Keras two-dimensional convolutional neural network (Conv2D) model and long short-term memory (LSTM) models. These high-level Keras neural networks are built to extract multivariate features for household energy consumption modeling and forecasting. The proposed forecast systems utilized a similar model hyperparameter configuration, while the forecast skills are validated with spatial–temporal variation datasets of ten remote locations. The actual costs of household demand and supply are estimated and compared with Conv2D predictions. The finding results (hourly and seasonal predictions and model evaluation) revealed that Conv2D and LSTM forecast systems are promising for household energy forecast solutions. Experimental results of the Conv2D predictive system achieved better forecast skills [correlation coefficient (0.727–0.994) and root mean square error (0.190–0.868)] than LSTM forecasts (0.308–0.987 and 0.278–1.212). However, experimental findings revealed that forecast skills of the predictive systems in residential energy demand predictions are highly influenced by the (1) quality of input datasets, (2) model hyperparameter tuning approach, and (3) learning rate of selected network optimizer(s).

Renewable energy sources for backup energy supply of small wastewater plants and individual households

These researches concern the use of renewable sources of electricity during emergency shutdowns for uninterrupted operation of water management systems. The ability to purify drinking water during a power outage requires a backup power source. A mobile power plant, which is usually used as a backup power source during blackouts and emergencies, is known to cause environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The use of wind energy for these purposes requires the location of wind stations next to small treatment plants and households in order to quickly switch to autonomous mode, which does not always meet the territorial requirements and wind resources of the region. Open areas for the location of solar panels make the use of this type of renewable sources as a reserve in the conditions of military operations in Ukraine not quite suitable. On the basis of foreign experience in the use of small hydroelectric power plants (MHPs) and with different layouts of their location when working at sewage treatment plants, four possible options for providing electricity to sewage treatment plants and households during a blackout are proposed for the conditions of Ukraine. The option of the location of the MHP, which uses the energy of water transported through pipelines and which has successfully proven itself at operating treatment plants, is considered. Variants of using the pressure of an artesian well are proposed: MHP located in a vertical well that supplies artesian water under pressure; when an active artesian well supplies water under natural pressure at a constant flow rate to an above-ground (or underground) tank that simultaneously supplies normal household needs and a connected turbine-powered alternator. In addition, an option for the location of the MHPS was considered for the treatment and further use of rainwater sewage, including for the use of rainwater collected from "green roofs" in a tank-reservoir. The peculiarities of using this scheme are that it is easy to combine it with the case of using energy obtained from artesian wells. The proposed technological solutions allow for significant energy savings, including in places where high-quality water supply from artesian wells is possible, depending on the hydrogeological conditions of the area.

Reported reasons for non-use of insecticide-treated nets in large national household surveys, 2009–2021

BackgroundInsecticide-treated nets (ITN) are the cornerstone of modern malaria vector control, with nearly 3 billion ITNs delivered to households in endemic areas since 2000. ITN access, i.e. availability within the household, based on the number of ITNs and number of household members, is a pre-requisite for ITN use. Factors determining ITN use are frequently examined in published literature, but to date, large household survey data on reasons given for non-use of nets have not been explored.MethodsA total of 156 DHS, MIS, and MICS surveys conducted between 2003 and 2021 were reviewed for questions on reasons why nets were not used the previous night, identifying twenty-seven surveys. The percent of nets that were reported used the previous night was calculated for the 156 surveys, and frequencies and proportions of reasons for non-use were calculated within the twenty-seven surveys. Results were stratified by household supply of ITNs in three categories (not enough”, “enough”, and “more than enough”) and by residence (urban/rural).ResultsThe proportion of nets used the previous night averaged over 70% between 2003 and 2021, with no discernible change over this period. Reported reasons for why a net goes unused fell largely into three categories—nets that are extra/being saved for future use; the perception that there is little risk of malaria (particularly in dry season); and “other” responses. Net attributes such as colour, size, shape, and texture, and concerns related to chemicals were the least frequent reasons given. Reasons for non-use of nets varied by household net supply, and in some surveys by residence. In Senegal’s continuous DHS, the proportion of nets used peaked during high transmission season, and the proportion of nets that went unused due to “no/few mosquitoes” peaked during the dry season.ConclusionsUnused nets were primarily those being saved for later use, or were not used due to perceived low risk of malaria. Classifying reasons for non-use into broader categories facilitates the design of appropriate social and behaviour change interventions to address the major underlying reasons for non-use, where this is feasible.

Cheap chicken in Africa: Would import restrictions be pro-poor?

Europe’s chicken exports to Africa have long been criticised for their negative effects on local producers. However, while cheap chicken imports may hurt African poultry farmers, the same cheap imports benefit African consumers and improve their access to affordable nutrients. A few African countries have established import restrictions, but it is unclear how such policies affect different population groups and whether the potential benefits for farmers outweigh the broader social costs. We use nationally representative household data from Ghana and a partial-equilibrium framework to simulate domestic household supply, consumption, and overall welfare effects of two hypothetical policies, namely a 50% import tariff on chicken and a complete import ban. Our results suggest that both policies would lead to increased domestic chicken prices with negative consumption effects that are much larger than the positive supply effects. Average poor and non-poor households in rural and urban areas would suffer welfare losses from these import restrictions. While many households purchase and consume chicken, relatively few produce chicken and only very few sell any chicken in the market. The findings imply that chicken import restrictions are not a pro-poor and welfare-enhancing policy. To compensate the few households particularly hurt by cheap chicken imports, targeted support measures would make more sense economically and socially than general import restrictions.

Vlees eten en vleesminderen in de Lage Landen: een consumptiesociologische bijdrage

In the broader context of drawing sociological attention to the theme of consumption in general and food consumption in particular, and against the more specific background of the increasingly contested meat production and consumption, this article provides an overview of (reductions in) meat consumption in the Netherlands and Belgium with a focus on trends in the period 2010-2020. Based on household panel purchasing data and supply balance sheet data, it can be concluded that meat consumption in the Netherlands is relatively stable. Meanwhile, household panel purchasing data for Belgium show a more steady and stronger decline over the past decade, as well as more fluctuations in the supply balance sheet data. The ‘Covid year’ 2020 displays a distinct pattern in both countries that deserves further exploration. Both countries face growing shares of (self-declared) meat reducers or flexitarians, ranging from around thirty percent in Belgium to forty percent or more in the Netherlands, depending on the data source and its definition of flexitarianism. Despite the fact that consumers in both countries indicate that they intend to reduce their meat consumption and/or say they have already done so, the figures mainly show that evidence-based arguments and calls in favour of meat reduction are still more resonating in attitudes, awareness and intentions of people than in actual changes in meat consumption behaviour. The findings give reason to conclude that the position of meat in the current eating patterns and eating culture in the Low Countries is not immediately on the wane. This contribution concludes with a call for more attention for the sociology of consumption and provides some perspectives for further sociological analysis

Axiological distribution of the limited electric power of the household

The structure of household electricity consumption depends on multiple factors. The operation of household electrical networks is possible within the allocated power limit and is restricted by the installed automatic disconnection devices of the power supply network. In conditions of limited allocated electrical power, comfortable living is not possible without prioritized power redistribution. A six-level hierarchical system of electrical power distribution for households has been proposed, incorporating variable priorities. By employing prioritized disconnection principles for groups of electrical appliances, the disconnection of limited household power supply can be avoided while maintaining maximum comfort. The proposed electrical connection scheme for household electrical equipment includes priority relays, time relays, and devices for remote disconnection of secondary appliances. When using heat pumps and heat accumulators for heating systems, a limit of 15 kWh is sufficient for comfortable use of any standard electrical appliances in households with an area of up to 150 square meters.

Gasification as a way to combat air pollution in Krasnoyarsk

The main hydrocarbon fuel for the energy supply of the city of Krasnoyarsk is coal, local brown coal from Borodino. The energy supply of autonomous consumers of the city, and these are mainly private households on the left bank of the Yenisei, is carried out at the expense of their own boilers running on coal, wood and other solid fuels. This creates an acute problem of air pollution in the city, which affects the life and health of people. Natural gas is used only in liquefied form and in small quantities. One of the ways to reduce emissions of harmful substances into the atmosphere is gasification of the housing stock, which has become extremely relevant after the adoption of the Gasification Roadmap. Various options for household energy supply and gasification are considered and evaluated. The most profitable option for gasification is the construction of a branch from the main export gas pipeline Power of Siberia-2. However, it will be implemented no earlier than in 5-10 years, so other options for autonomous energy supply with lower emissions are offered. In addition, it is proposed to take into account the following effects when making a decision on the energy supply of households: the cost of using different types of fuel, inter-fuel competition, the interests of energy companies, the region, the population, greenhouse gas emissions, convenience, comfort and health of the population, the goals of the state for a comfortable environment.

PECULIARITIES OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: NATIONAL AND EUROPEAN EXPERIENCE AND CURRENT TRENDS

The subject of the study is the current features of freshwater management in European countries and experience for Ukraine. Methodology. The study used general scientific methods, in particular: theoretical generalization; methods of positive and normative analysis and statistical analysis. The goal is to study the European experience in freshwater management and adapt it for Ukraine. Research conclusion. An analysis of the water supply of European households has been carried out and it has been found that there is no "water stress" under such conditions. However, with the global water scarcity resulting from population growth and urbanization, particularly tourism, in recent years, negative factors have particularly affected water use in small Mediterranean islands and in densely populated areas. To stabilize this situation, EU member states have been asked to report on each of the monitoring stations that have been removed from their monitoring network, the reason for such removal and the alternative stations installed in case of persistent pollution. It was found that trends can be calculated for 83% of groundwater stations (so far only 20% in Sweden) and 75% of surface water stations (but less than 50% for Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Malta, Slovakia and Sweden). The importance of freshwater and seawater remediation measures by EU Member States under Directive 24 to reduce the impact of eutrophication caused by nitrates or phosphorus is stressed. It was found that European integration strategies in the field of environmental protection are characterized by improving water quality and water management; environmental management and integration of environmental policies; ensuring air quality; waste management; reducing the use of genetically modified organisms. It is justified that to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of the environmental component (natural environment) in the Association Agreement, the authors will analyze Ukraine on the index of environmental performance (The Environmental Performance Index), which provides a quantitative basis for comparison, analysis and understanding of environmental indicators in 180 countries.

Sustainable Food Production from a Labor Supply Perspective: Policies and Implications

Sustainable food production is an important foundation for a country’s development. With the accelerated pace of China’s economic development, many farmers are relocating to cities. This change in farmers’ part-time employment may lead to a shortage of agricultural labor supply and can result in insufficient food production. Therefore, the government implemented grain subsidies to promote food production. This study investigates the impact of grain subsidies on the labor supply of farm households, using panel data from fixed observations in rural China. The results show that grain subsidies increase the agricultural labor time of incompletely divided part-time farmers, especially the time spent growing food. This increase is because the members of these households are more likely to be engaged in temporary-seasonal-nonfarm work, and they can switch between nonfarm and agricultural work more easily. Moreover, this study finds that as the total amount of subsidies received by farmers increases, the effect of per-unit subsidies becomes more pronounced. These findings may provide evidence of subsidy effects and present policy implications for ensuring adequate food supply and sustainable agricultural development in the future.

Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources, Agricultural Production and Food Security: Evidence from Turkiye

Since agricultural production depends mainly on nature and uses surface and groundwater reservoirs, changes in existing water resources significantly affect this sector. Again, changes in global climate bring changes in water levels, consequently affecting agriculture, food supply, and income sources of households in different areas. However, to date, no such research has investigated the farmers who are the producers and the most vulnerable group to the impacts of climate change. Therefore, this paper explores climate change impacts on the water resources of Sarayonu, which in turn affects the agricultural food production and food security of the producers' households and the country's market. This qualitative study conducted in-depth interviews with the farmers from the Sarayonu district of Konya province in Turkiye. The study results show that ground and surface water resources are negatively affected by climate change. Consequently, the study area observed a decrease in water level over the last 15 years. Thus, these changes in water resources have been significantly affecting the agriculture sector, which alters the food supply for the market in general and the producers in particular. When people have less water, they have low quality and quantity crop yields, resulting in food crises and economic difficulties.

Effect of Redevelopment Project District Characteristics on Neighboring Housing Prices

This study analyzed the impact of nearby redevelopment project characteristics on the apartment and single/multi-family house prices in all areas of Seoul. The impact of the distance to the redevelopment project area, the number of supply households, and the number of project areas were analyzed using the housing sale transaction price from 2006 to 2020, and all housing types show the same direction. Findings reveal that the closer the supply of households, the higher the transaction price. Moreover the number of project areas has a positive effect after a certain distance. This indicates a positive effect on factors such as price synchronization when new houses are supplied from nearby project areas, expectations as project candidates, and shares in the benefits of improving the residential environment. Redevelopment projects are likely to be used as large-scale housing supply assurance measures in the future. When designing an area, one must consider planning and progress by region so that the size, number of union members, and maintenance infrastructure ratio do not significantly impact the housing market. This study obtained general results for all regions in Seoul, yielding important policy implications and providing useful basic data to investors, public policymakers, and practitioners.

Psychosocial factors associated with malaria care-seeking in rural Ethiopia

BackgroundEthiopia’s National Malaria Control and Elimination Program aims to diagnose all suspected malaria cases within 24 h of fever onset and provide prompt treatment for confirmed cases. This study explored psychosocial factors associated with no-, delayed- and prompt- care-seeking among female caregivers of children under five years with fever in rural Ethiopia.MethodsHousehold surveys were conducted from 2016–2019 among female caregivers (N = 479) of children under five years old with fever in Oromia; Amhara; Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region (SNNPR); and Tigray. Prompt and delayed care-seeking were defined as seeking treatment within ≤ 24 h or > 24 h of symptom onset respectively. Contextual factors explored included sociodemographic factors, household supply of bed nets, exposure to health messages, and household vulnerability (a measure of financial access to food, shelter, schooling, and medical treatment). Ideational factors included psychosocial factors related to care-seeking (knowledge, self-efficacy, response efficacy, attitudes, involvement in decision-making, and household social support).ResultsThe prevalence of fever among children under five years was 18% (ranging from 9% in Tigray to 34% in SNNPR. Overall, 45% of caregivers of children with fever sought care promptly, while 23% delayed care-seeking and 32% sought no care. Prompt care-seeking rates were higher among caregivers with positive attitudes toward prompt care-seeking (48%), involved in decision-making (48%) or perceived equitable gender norms in the community (65%). Caregivers with a high care-seeking ideation had increased odds of prompt care-seeking (aOR: 2.65; 95% CI: 1.74–4.02). Significant contextual factors included residence in the Oromia region (aOR: 2.99; 95% CI:1.40–6.41), caregivers age 35–49 years (aOR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.26–0.95), residence in vulnerable households (aOR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.28–3.18).ConclusionsAmong this rural Ethiopian population, prompt care-seeking was low but positively influenced by both ideational and contextual psychosocial factors occurring at the caregiver level. Multi-sectoral interventions at the individual, community, and health facility levels are needed to improve prompt care-seeking. These include social behavior change interventions to improve ideation, complemented by health facility interventions to ensure provision of high-quality services and structural interventions to increase educational attainment in these rural settings.