Household Livelihood Research Articles

How does digital literacy impact household carbon emissions? Evidence from household survey in China

In the background of rapid development of digital technology, exploring the relationship between residents' digital literacy (DL) and household carbon emissions (HCEs) is of great practical significance for China to achieve the carbon peak carbon neutral goal. Based on the three-period panel data of the China Family Panel Survey (CFPS) 2016-2020, we categorized digital literacy into digital learning, digital socialization, and digital consumption, and explored the impact of digital literacy on HCEs and its mechanisms. We find that digital literacy significantly and positively affects HCEs, while household life cycle, government governance, and ecological risk perception have a negative moderating effect on digital literacy affecting HCEs respectively. We also find that DL has the largest impact coefficient on HCEs from developmental consumption compared to survival and enjoyment consumption, and that DL has a more significant impact on HCEs from the consumption of young and middle-aged residents compared to older residents. These findings suggest that the dissemination of information and knowledge about carbon emissions through digital technologies, such as Internet platforms, can strengthen residents' awareness of environmental protection and thus promote their low-carbon consumption behavior.

Influence of Small-Scale Irrigation on Livelihoods of Rural Farm Households in the Case of Legehida District, Ethiopia.

Irrigation development, particularly small-scale irrigation, is one of the most important projects for improving agricultural productivity in a country's rural communities. The extent to which small-scale irrigation has improved household livelihoods in Ethiopia's rural areas is not widely recognized. As a result, research on the influence of small-scale irrigation on farmers' livelihoods in the Legehida district will be sought. The study took a "with" and "without" strategy, comparing farmers who used irrigation against those who did not. For analysis, both quantitative and qualitative data were employed. The survey's respondents were chosen using a random sample approach from both irrigation users and nonuser households. Quantitative data for the study were collected from randomly selected 241 farm households, of which 113 were users and 128 were nonusers, using a semistructured questionnaire. Accordingly, the propensity score matching model was employed to examine the impacts of small-scale irrigation on farmers' livelihoods. The logit model result indicates that cultivated land size, off-farm income, education level, family size, dependency ratio, total livestock unit, and distance to the nearest agricultural extension office/FTC are determinant factors in determining whether to practice irrigation when other factors remain constant. The impact of irrigation on a household's income and food security (in terms of daily calorie intake) was evaluated using a propensity score matching model. The result shows that a positive and significant impact on farmers who use small-scale irrigation has increased the daily calorie intake and annual income of households by 244.162 kilocalories and 5234.258 ETB, respectively, as compared to nonirrigation users. This shows that households that participate in small-scale irrigation activities have a higher annual income and food security status than comparable groups. In general, the study recommends that to reduce food insecurity and the socioeconomic problems of rural households, irrigation farming is one of the viable solutions; therefore, the government and nongovernmental organizations should extensively focus on the enhancement of small-scale irrigation infrastructure, policies, strategies, and extension services to increase productivity, income, and livelihood improvement in rural households.

Transformation of the Saudi Housing Sector through an Enabling Approach to Affordable Housing

Access to affordable housing has a significant impact on the quality of lives of households and the overall well-being of communities. The enabling approach is recognized internationally as a mechanism for housing delivery, shifting the government’s role from that of a direct provider to that of an enabler within housing markets. In line with its Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia aims to transition its role from a direct housing provider to an enabler. This study aimed to assess the extent to which enabling strategies have been implemented within the Saudi Arabian context. This research was conducted based on a desktop study of the key literature, analysis of secondary data, and content analysis of the collected documents to address the research aim. The study found that housing costs, traditional land tenure, and insufficient financing are major housing challenges, intensified by high lending interest, lack of investor diversity in housing types, and lack of long-term funding from financiers. Also, slum developments are limited to providing street access, without addressing the overall conditions and the level of services. In addition, the costs of obtaining permits and implementing building regulations have contributed to housing shortages in the country. On the other hand, real estate developers of different scales undergo a classification and qualification system to increase their capacity for housing supply. To address these challenges, the Saudi government has implemented an enabling approach, serving as a provider for low-income and vulnerable groups through the Developmental Housing Program. The government also encourages local manufacturing of building materials to boost the construction industry. The present study recommends that the government enhance existing instruments to enable access to affordable housing.

From social traditions to personalized routines: Maintenance goals as a resilience factor

AbstractWe identified and tested a novel aspect of human resilience: The daily pursuit of maintenance goals. Taking inspiration from archaeological records, which point at routinized cultural practices as a central resilience factor, we tested whether personal routine practices, governed by maintenance goals, serve a similar function to individuals as traditional practices do to societies. Namely, we hypothesized that maintenance striving increases individuals’ resilient responses to stressful events. Confirming this prediction, a longitudinal Study 1 showed that maintenance striving but not avoidance striving, predicted subsequent increases in well‐being following the third wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Study 2 confirmed our predictions on trait resilience and maintenance versus avoidance motivations in the household and relationship life domains in cross‐sectional data. These studies contribute to the understanding of resilience by demonstrating the benefits of maintenance goals for both situational and trait‐level resilience.

Adaptation Strategies Through Mining Compensation in Mabayi Commune, Burundi

One of main effects of mining on rural agriculture is the loss of farmland by households living near mining sites. In return, these households should receive compensation. This compensation, if well invested, may lead to improved livelihoods for these farming households. If not, these households may find their livelihoods deteriorating if the compensation is not properly managed. This paper aims to analyze household compensation investment strategies in Mabayi commune (Burundi) and their effects on the livelihoods of households affected by mining activities. A survey of 140 households, interviews with key informants, and observations were conducted in July and August 2022 on Gahoma and Ruhororo hills where foreign company ‘‘Tanganyika Mining Burundi (TMB)’’ and local cooperative ‘‘Dukorere Hamwe Dusoze Ikivi (DHDI)’’ were carrying out their activities respectively since December 2018, in Mabayi commune. Results showed that 17 out of 20 households (85%) and 13 out of 17 households (76.5%) had invested their compensation well, in Gahoma and Ruhororo hills respectively. They had improved or maintained their overall quantity of agricultural production, and improved their livelihoods in general. On other hand, 3 households (15%) and 4 households (23.5%) had invested their compensation inappropriately, in Gahoma and Ruhororo respectively. They had suffered reduction in their overall quantity of agricultural production, and experienced deterioration of their livelihoods in general. Fair and up-front compensation for households, assistance in how to invest compensation, capacity-building in agriculture and alternative activities, should maximize opportunities for improved livelihoods. The mining company and cooperative must also comply with environmental regulations.

Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Impact on Soil and Agriculture: Evidence from Upper Denkyira East Municipality, Ghana

The gold mining industry in Ghana has made a substantial contribution to the country's economic growth by generating diverse employment opportunities, both directly and indirectly, in mining communities. This has the potential to mitigate poverty and improve the quality of life for individuals and households in rural areas, where climate change is having a disproportionate impact on small-scale farmers. Nevertheless, it is crucial to recognize that this sector has also resulted in detrimental environmental impacts. A total 150 key informants in Upper Denkyira East Municipality, comprising representatives from the Environmental Protection Agency, the Forestry Commission, the Mineral Commission, and other stakeholders, were interviewed using standardize questionnaire to ascertain the impact of mining on the soil, agriculture and the environment. The study also employed inductively coupled plasma to assess the concentration of heavy metals in soils at a small-scale mining site. The soil analyses indicated high concentrations of heavy metals, such as mercury, arsenic, nickel, zinc, and iron. The Weighted Average Index, which was used to assess the impact of mining, revealed that communities face challenges such as deforestation, low crop yields, water pollution, land tenure issues, and a high cost of living. The study's analyses of measures to address small scale mining challenges revealed that alternative livelihood, law enforcement, training and support, and access to mining concessions were perceived as suitable for addressing artisanal and small scale mining. The study concluded that stricter mining regulations, promoting sustainable mining practices, and providing comprehensive training to miners on environmental protection and land reclamation can help mitigate the negative impacts of artisanal and small-scale mining. Additionally, supporting alternative means of livelihood for mining communities, such as agriculture or eco-tourism, can reduce reliance on mining and promote sustainable development.

The changing distribution of land in rural Vietnam, 2004–2014

This paper analyses the changing distribution of land in rural Vietnam based on plot-level information in the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys. Both agricultural and residential land holdings in Vietnam became more unequally distributed between 2004 and 2014, due to rising landlessness in the bottom quintile and land accumulation in the top quartile of the land distribution. Applying Fields’ regression-based inequality decomposition, we find the main drivers of land inequality were the share of household members working in agriculture and the shares of forestry and perennial crop land. In contrast, irrigation and off-farm employment contributed to reducing land inequality. Landlessness and near landlessness, which increased by almost two-fifths, is associated with similar factors, along with higher education of the household head. Taken together, these results underline the rapid structural transformation that has occurred in rural Vietnam. The rise in functional landlessness observed presents a challenge to the Vietnamese Government’s desire to promote growth with equity.

Trade liberalization and women's marriage and fertility decisions in Vietnam

This study investigates the impact of a large demand shock driven by the US-Vietnam Bilateral Trade Agreement (BTA) in 2001 on the timing of women's marital decisions and first childbirth experiences in Vietnam. We hypothesize that the reduction in women's and men's self-employment would delay family formation and childbirth, with the ultimate impact on marriage remaining ambiguous. Analyzing data from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Surveys, we find that both men and women are less likely to be self-employed in the face of a substantial trade shock. Notably, the decreasing impact on women's self-employment becomes more pronounced than that for men post-2012, a decade after the agreement's enforcement. Employing the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey and survival analysis, we empirically demonstrate that increased exposure to trade postpones women's timing of marriage and first childbirth. On average, in 2013, the BTA resulted in a 7.39- and 7.42 %-point decrease in the probability of entering marriage and becoming a mother, respectively. We also present suggestive evidence that increased exposure to trade liberalization eventually increases the likelihood of marriage and the number of children among women over 40. The findings in this study imply that policy promoting trade liberalization should consider its extensive impacts on young labor force's family formation through change in their individual economic prospects.

Energy Poverty and Health Expenditure: Empirical Evidence from Vietnam

Utilizing data from the 2016 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey, we undertake an empirical investigation into the influence of energy poverty on the health expenditure of Vietnamese households. Employing a double-hurdle model, our empirical findings reveal a negative relationship between energy poverty and health expenditure. Specifically, our results indicate that for each incremental unit increase in energy poverty, there is a substantial reduction of 42.5 percentage points in the overall health expenditure of the households. Furthermore, as energy poverty deepens, we observe declines of 24.6 percentage points and 45.5 percentage points in the expenses incurred for inpatient/outpatient care and self-treatment, respectively. To validate the robustness of our results, we conduct several sensitivity analyses, including propensity score matching, double/debiased machine learning. Across all these methods, our findings consistently underscore the significant and persistent adverse impact of energy poverty on the examined outcome variables. Additionally, to examine the underlying pathways, we conduct a structural equation modeling analysis and find that the relationship between energy poverty and health expenses is mediated by household hospitalization and expenditures on essential items, such as food and daily necessities.

Tác động của tài chính toàn diện đến nghèo đa chiều ở cấp độ hộ gia đình tại Việt Nam năm 2020

The relationship between financial inclusion and poverty is of interest to governments and researchers worldwide, including Vietnam. The research focuses on assessing the current status of financial inclusion at the household level in Vietnam in 2020 and its impact on multidimensional poverty. The study employs principal component analysis and a logistic regression model. Based on data from the Household Living Standards Survey, the study shows that the assessment of the financial inclusion differs between ecological regions, with households living in the Red River Delta and Southeast regions having the highest level of financial inclusion. An increase in financial inclusion at the household level has a statistically significant impact on reducing multidimensional poverty (relative risk reduces by 0.5 times). Based on research results, sustainable multidimensional poverty reduction policies can be implemented in combination with comprehensive financial inclusion development strategies. Furthermore, factors such as region, education, and occupation of the household head need to be considered when addressing poverty reduction and promoting financial inclusion.

Factors affecting the change of agricultural livelihoods of farmers adapting to water resource reduction in the highland area in An Giang province, Vietnam

Currently, water shortages are affecting agricultural production in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Consequently, most farmers have changed their current cropping patterns to other patterns that need less water. The factors affecting this change have not so far been deeply analyzed, especially in the higher terrain areas of the delta. This study intends to identify and understand factors causing change in the agricultural livelihoods of farmers in the highland area of An Giang province. Farm household surveys (90 households) were used to collect information on the changes in agricultural livelihoods and identify the causal factors. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to analyze these affecting factors, based on variables in household livelihood assets. The results show that farmers have at least three livelihood choices: change from rice to vegetable, change from rice to rice and-vegetable, and change from rice to fruit. The results from multinomial logistic regression show that livelihood choices are affected by households’ types of assets: human (number of employees involved, perception of farmers); natural (cultivated land area, the distance between the water source and the cultivated land area); financial (household income); and social (relationship with friends and relatives). Therefore, to increase the sustainability of existing livelihood models, it is necessary to improve the capacity of farmers through technical training sessions, promote social networks within the farming community and provide financial support policies for farmers.

Sanksi Adat Akibat Kawin Lari pada Masyarakat Desa Pulau Raman Kecamatan Pemayung Kabupaten Batanghari

Elopement is not a culture, but there has been a shift in values in the order of social life that occurred in the village of Raman Island. This was triggered by a feeling of dissatisfaction with a decision taken by the woman so that it has an impact on the continuation of the life journey towards marriage. What cannot be achieved is due to the policy of parents being more dominant in determining their children's life partners, so that children do not have the authority to decide for themselves. This is done because of the conditions that make the youth of Raman Island village take a stance which is considered an action to resolve the problems they face which they cannot afford. Resolved well, and the parents' decision regarding the child's rights in making decisions in determining his life partner was defeated by the tenacity of the principles carried out by the woman's parents, they wanted their child to be a candidate who met their expectations, such as having a job and earning an income. which is large enough, so that the child will not have a difficult life in the future. However, the journey of human life, in determining the attitude towards marriage is not easy for a woman, where the child must obey the orders of the parents, the end of all parental decisions has been This has an impact on children, ultimately children take their own stand in dealing with the problems they face. So the shortcut that women take is how they can unite in a household life and from the young man or man because the conditions set by the prospective in-laws are more material because for application capital alone the conditions demanded are very large, the market is 50 up to 75 million, this will not be possible for men because in principle they still have low incomes on average. The salary you get while working is not enough to propose to the person you love, because the opinion you get every month is sometimes not enough, how can you add to the amount of money to propose to someone's daughter. If the conditions set by the prospective bride are too high So this makes the youth of Raman Island village take a stand to find their life partner by eloping. The culture of elopement that occurs in practice is based on behavioral patterns that are based on emotions which are in principle contrary to the existing customs in the village of Raman Island.

Subsidy-Dominated Non-Farm Income Improves Herder Household Livelihoods and Promotes Income Equality in North Tibet, China

The non-farm sector is critical in supporting sustainable economies, alleviating poverty, and improving human well-being. However, the drivers of non-farm income and how it impacts income inequality remain underexplored, especially in alpine regions worldwide. Herein, we conducted face-to-face interviews using semi-structured questionnaires with 665 herder households across 54 villages in North Tibet from 2018 to 2020. We assessed the role of non-farm income in household economies and explored the determinants of household income using basic statistical methods, Gini coefficient analysis, and mixed-effects modeling. Our results showed that non-farm income accounted for approximately 80% of the total household income. It contributed to lower income inequality in rural North Tibet, with government subsidies playing a more vital role than wages and business income in this reduction. Results indicated that the number of migrant workers was the most significant positive predictor of both non-farm income and total household income, whereas livestock units dominated farm income. Given the modest contributions of livestock-derived income (~5%) and wage and business revenues (~18%) to overall earnings, this study suggests that policies should primarily focus on strengthening rural livestock husbandry. Simultaneously, it is imperative to foster environments that encourage entrepreneurship and non-farm activities and to expand access to skill-based training. Such initiatives and measures are essential for diversifying livelihood strategies and improving resident welfare in North Tibet.

The Effect of Backyard Agriculture on Household Income in the COVID-19 Era in Southeast Nigeria

Poverty is a major menace in Nigeria, and the onset of COVID-19 complicated the issue by limiting people's economic activities and livelihoods. Thus, there is a need for households to engage in sustainable economic activities to cope with economic shocks. Backyard agriculture could play a critical role in enhancing household income, especially during economic shocks; yet there exists a dearth of empirical information on this. Hence the need for this study, which investigated the effect of backyard agriculture on household income in southeast Nigeria. The study employed a multistage sampling procedure to get to the respondents. The data collected from randomly selected 480 households were analysed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and multiple regression. The study revealed that households that engaged in backyard agriculture had a higher income (N130,125=USD 204.84) than households that did not engage in backyard agriculture (N64,700=USD 101.85). Thus, there is a difference of N65,425 (USD 102.99) between the average income of households that engaged in backyard agriculture and households that did not engage in backyard agriculture. The t-test results indicate that the difference between their income was significant at 1%. The regression result further shows that backyard agriculture significantly increased the income level of households. Thus, backyard agriculture is a crucial tool to enhance household economic status and livelihood during health and economic shocks. Based on these, this study recommends the promotion of backyard agriculture among households to boost household income by the government through agricultural extension agents.

Saving and Credit Cooperatives Services and Socio-economic Empowerment of Women in Temeke Municipality, Tanzania

The majority of the SACCOS clientele consists of low-income women who form solidarity groups to obtain credit. However, poverty has persisted among women and their communities for a very long time. This study assessed the financial services that SACCOS offer to women and the impacts that SACCOS have on women's empowerment and household livelihoods in Temeke Municipality, Tanzania. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs) were used in a qualitative research design to gather primary data from female members of the selected SACCOS (Mbagala Lutheran and KIUMA) on the research issue. The survey found that women use SACCOS for a wide range of services, such as savings accounts, low-cost loans, options for investing and financial advisory services. Additionally, the study revealed that SACCOS have both non-financial and financial impacts on women's empowerment and household livelihoods, including greater financial security through saving and insurance products, strengthening of financial literacy and decision-making skills among women, empowerment through participation in SACCOS leadership and decision-making, business development through access to capital and credits from SACCOS, and enhanced household ability to meet basic and material needs. This study concludes that it is through its services that SACCOS is an instrumental entity in addressing the financial inclusion gap, especially for women in Tanzania. Moreover, it is recommended based on this study that, apart from mere financial services, SACCOS and other microfinance institutions should invest in education and financial advisory services to assist women in making wise financial decisions, such as budgeting and making productive investments of capital. This is because women save more in SACCOS; however, a large number of them have continuously been trapped in a vicious cycle of financial debt, poverty, and dependency syndrome

Socio-Economic Impacts of Endemic and Epidemic Diseases on Livestock Production Systems in Tanzania

Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine socio-economic impacts of endemic and epidemic diseases on livestock production systems in Tanzania. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: The study revealed that endemic diseases such as brucellosis, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) pose ongoing challenges to livestock health, productivity, and household livelihoods. Epidemic diseases like avian influenza and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) can cause sudden outbreaks, leading to acute disruptions in production and trade. These disease outbreaks result in various socio-economic consequences, including decreased livestock productivity, loss of income for farmers, increased veterinary and containment costs, and disruptions in domestic and international trade. Additionally, diseases can exacerbate poverty and food insecurity among rural communities reliant on livestock for sustenance and income generation. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Economic theory of disease control & social-ecological systems theory may be used to anchor future studies on socio-economic impacts of endemic and epidemic diseases on livestock production systems in Tanzania. Building technical capacity at the grassroots level empowers communities to implement effective disease management strategies and adopt biosecurity measures. Establishing community-based disease surveillance systems that empower local communities to monitor and report disease outbreaks in livestock populations. Providing financial support and risk-sharing mechanisms mitigate economic losses and encourage proactive disease management practices. Establish data-sharing mechanisms and surveillance networks that facilitate real-time exchange of information on disease outbreaks, epidemiological trends, and economic impacts.

Community Based Tourism, Livelihood Asset and Poverty: Evidence from Rural Ethiopia

ABSTRACT Based on cross-sectional survey data collected from rural households (n = 446), this study analyzes the impact of community-based tourism (CBT) on sustainable livelihood assets of rural households and poverty. The propensity score matching (PSM) finding revealed that CBT has improved the overall livelihood asset value of participants by 30.4%. The FGT poverty analysis result also showed that multidimensional/asset poverty greatly varies by participation and is found to be high among CBT nonparticipants. Thus, rural poverty reduction through enhancing livelihood assets demands further emphasis by policymakers and tourism development stakeholders at all levels for the sustainability of both household livelihoods and tourism development.

Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga dan Kesejahteraan Psikologis Istri dalam Perspektif Islam

The case of domestic violence that has occurred recently in the community has become one of the topics that raise concern. When domestic violence occurs, it is usually women who are the most disadvantaged. Unfortunately, not many women dare to report cases of domestic violence they experience in the household and choose to remain silent without any resistance. The silence that most women choose over time will impact their psychological well-being as a wife. Islam has regulated the relationship between husband and wife in carrying out a household life that is sakinah, mawaddah and warrahmah where the husband must provide protection and treat his wife with love. The increasing number of domestic violence cases that occur shows that there are still many husbands who have not been able to carry out this mandate properly. This condition can lead to a decrease in psychological well-being (wellbeing) for the wife because she does not get protection from the priest in the family but instead harsh treatment resulting in feelings of fear and restlessness in living married life. This paper will discuss how domestic violence can affect the psychological well-being of wives in the household as well as provide a discourse on how to treat their wives from the perspective of Islamic Psychology.

Political trust and legitimacy crisis in the age of COVID-19: an assessment of the EndSARS protest in Nigeria

The article examined the manifestations of political trust deficits associated with people's response to policy choices of Nigeria's government during the COVID-19 pandemic. Like many other states, the African states and particularly the Nigerian government adopted WHO-recommended containment measures to limit the spread of the virus and the associated catastrophe. These measures included lockdowns, shutdowns, social distancing, and personal hygiene among other preventive procedures. Even though the pandemic was relatively less endemic in Africa, as per official statistics, African states swiftly implemented the WHO containment measures, which impacted negatively on the livelihood of the average household, who depends on daily incomes for survival. The worsening living condition caused by the containment measures expectedly deepened resentment against governments in Africa with already poor records of public service delivery, accountability, transparency, and human rights. Nigeria was one of the African countries that experienced citizens' backlash and violent outrage against government policy choices during the COVID-19. Under the guise fighting police brutality, youths staged mass anti-government protests that transformed into large scale violence, particularly in the southern parts of the country otherwise known as the “EndSARS Protests.” The protests were conceived against police brutality in the enforcement of COVID-19 measures. This article examined the outbreak of EndSARS protests as a transformation of the deepening of political trust deficits in age of COVID-19. It adopted qualitative approach using documentary evidence such as newspaper reports and official documents as instruments of data collection. The Institutional Performance Theory guided the article. The theory assumes that the actual performance of government determines citizens' level of trust and confidence in public institutions. The article found that perennial government inefficiency, limited accountability and transparency as well as poor human rights records of the government and its agencies, particularly the police exacerbated an already existing political trust deficits amongst the people in Nigeria. This was manifested in the outburst of a large-scale violent outrage by the youths as protest to the government containment measures and widespread dysfunctional governmental institutions and particularly police brutality. The article concluded that building trust is particularly important for governments, as this can be achieved through output sense, the provision of public goods, or social support.

The Impact of Climate Change Adaptation Strategies on Food Security: A Global Perspective

Climate change poses a serious threat to the agricultural sector due to its nature of being dependent on natural conditions. As a result, food productivity decreases by threatening global food security. This study aims to analyze the impact of climate change adaptation adopted by farmers on food security by providing impressions and perspectives from related studies. According previous studies, the variables of gender, education, family size, land size, livestock ownership, agricultural extension, access to credit, and climate information are factors that have a positive influence on farmers' decisions to adopt climate change strategies. Meanwhile, the age variable has a negative influence on farmers' decisions to adpot it. In addition, the results also show that the adaptation of climate change strategies has a significant impact on food security. Farmers will gain more benefits and beneficial impacts from implementing climate change adaptation that limits the negative impacts of climate change on household livelihoods in an effort to alleviate food insecurity. This study provides important insights for future research on developing climate-resilient approaches to address complex global food system challenges.