Education Level Of Household Head Research Articles

Determinants of Consumption Expenditure in Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh

The study investigated some aspects of food security situations in the Rewa district presently facing a very serious poverty and hunger situation. The study explores some significant factors influencing the food consumption pattern in the Rewa district using primary survey data covering 200 households. An empirical investigation applying multiple regression analysis revealed that per capita consumption of food or food consumption expenditure was positively influenced by age, educational level of household head and also by factors like ownership of household and access to LPG. Size and scheduled caste identity of the household, as well as access to PDS, affected negatively the food consumption pattern. The study helped to identify the barriers required for food availability at the household level in the district.

Food Security and Its Response to Livelihood Diversification in Pastoral Area of Ethiopia; A Review

In Ethiopia, Pastoralists represent approximately 10% percent of the country population, and approximately 40% of the land area of Ethiopia is considered to be under pastoral production system. Consequently, Pastoralists contribute a significant amount to the national economy. However, the pastoral production system and in particular the food security and livelihood situation is highly threatened due to various factors. This review is, therefore, shows the definition and concepts of food security and livelihood diversification. Besides, it elaborate factors affecting food security and effect of livelihood diversification on food security in pastoral area of Ethiopia. Methodologically, this manuscript is based on intensive literature review of published materials such as books, articles and extra scholar materials. It was displayed that household head sex, family size, age of household head, educational level of household head, crop production and agricultural technology (use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides, improved seeds), livestock ownership and number, dependency ratio, distance from market center, access to credit and developmental agents visit had found to be significant in determining household food security. Livelihood diversification basically influenced by push and pull factors. In general, higher the level of the household livelihood diversification, results with, the more food secure of the households. In the future, concerned agents should focus on boosting educational level, family planning and awareness creation to reduce dependency ratio, credit serves and visit by development agents for livelihood diversification and thereby food security. Keywords: Ethiopia, Factors, Food security, Livelihood diversification and Pastoral area DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/98-01 Publication date: June 30 th 2020

Household assets and food security in and around medium-sized towns: some insights from Morogoro and Iringa, Tanzania

ABSTRACT This paper examines the extent to which household assets ownership vary along the urban-rural continuum, and assess the influence of these assets on household food accessibility. A cross-sectional research design using a stratified random sample of 279 households was sampled along the urban-rural continuum in Morogoro and Iringa, Tanzania. The results show that household assets ownership varies significantly in areas regarded as urban, peri-urban and rural. Using binary logistic regression, household food accessibility improves as household head's education and the number of household members earning income increase. Conversely, food accessibility worsens as household size, the proportion of consumption expenditure on food, and reliance on aid increase. It is concluded that although household assets ownership varies greatly along the urban-rural continuum, its food accessibility status is influenced by factors such as household head's education level, number of members earning an income, household size, the proportion of consumption expenditure on food and reliance on aid. Household's location does not affect its food accessibility. Therefore, household's heads should be given appropriate technical skills to enable them to improve their household food accessibility. More job opportunities should be created mostly in rural areas and people should be sensitised to practice family planning.

Choices and determinants of malaria treatment seeking behaviour by rural households in Enugu state, South-East Nigeria

ABSTRACT Malaria has been found to be a significant contributor to the poor health problem in Nigeria and in Africa. It kills people more than any other infectious disease and about 80% of Nigerian population is exposed to malaria. Several factors influence the choices of households’ treatment provider. This study examines the choices and determinants of malaria treatment seeking behaviour given the demographic characteristics of rural households. Household data were collected through a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire on 600 households selected from the three senatorial zones of Enugu state and analysed using frequencies and regression analysis. It was found that 43% of farmers, 44% of traders, 44% of skilled labourers and 30% of civil servants sourced treatment from ‘chemists’ while 12% of farmers, 20% of traders, 23% of skilled labourers and 40% of civil servants sourced treatment from hospital. Education level of household head, cost of treatment, severity and nearness to facility were found to statistically determine the choice of treatment provider (P < 0.005). The study concluded that educational attainment, distance to health facility, severity of illness and financial status of household head majorly determined the choice of malaria treatment and ‘chemist’ appeared the most-visited treatment provider.

Factors Affecting Coffee Market Supply of Smallholder Farm Household: The Case of Gewata District Kaffa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Ethiopia has a broad genetic diversity among its coffee varieties. Despite high coffee production potential of the district, the market and marketing system of the area is generally dominated by conventional system of marketing and producers are forced to sale directly for conventional transaction root that do not provide premium price for their coffee produce and results low market margins. Both primary and secondary data were used for this study. Descriptive statistics like: percentage, frequency, mean and standard deviation and econometric model which is stages least square (2SLS) were used to analyze the data. The result of econometric analysis of 2SLS regression shows that four variables (which are education level of household head, membership to coffee cooperative, transport ownership and quantity of coffee produced) positively and significantly affected market supply of coffee. However, distance to the nearest market affected it market supply of coffee negatively and significantly. Therefore, policy implication drawn from the findings aimed at strengthening farmers coffee cooperative and enhancing the financial capacity of cooperative with functional collection center, improving accessibility of transport services and developing infrastructure,improving farmers’knowledge through adult education as well as their experience sharing with other coffee producing farmers, improving productivity through strengthening supportive institutions(extension service provider).

Inequality of Opportunity for Education in Sudan: Results from Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey, 2014

Inequality of opportunity (IoP) in education is widely addressed in the literature, with few, if any, in Sudan. This paper aims to measure IoP for educational attainment and school attendance in Sudan, using data collected by Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (2014). Circumstance variables used were gender, household wealth, residential areas, head of household education, and region of residence. The study used ordered logistic and dissimilarity index to assess the ex-ante IoP and used the Human Opportunity Index for school attendance. The findings show that circumstance variables were responsible for more than half of the inequality. Household wealth accounted for the largest share, followed by the household head's education level, then residential areas. The total coverage of school attendance was 51.3%, and about 14% of the chances were distributed unequally. The study recommended effective policies based on spatial redistribution of educational resources like teachers, books, schools, and to implement more comprehensive plans that integrate poverty reduction strategies.

Subsistence Agriculture and its Effect on Smallholder Farmers’ Socioeconomic Status in South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo

The aim of the paper was to investigate the effects of subsistence agriculture on smallholder farmer’s socio-economic status in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. The study was conducted in the South Kivu province’s rural area by means of a self-administered questionnaire survey. A sample of 389 households was drawn from the research area which was chosen owing to the diversification with regard to geographical position. The findings revealed that subsistence agriculture in South Kivu province affect negatively the education level of household head (β = 0.205, p = 0.001), education level of wife (β = 0.109, p = 0.041) and the income status within the households of smallholder farmers (β= 0.280, p < 0.000). The results from the study highlighted the need for the government of DRC to adapt education policies on the local realities and to improve agricultural extension services in rural areas.

Determinants of Adoption of Improved Teff Varieties by Smallholder Farmers: The Case of Kobo District, North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia

Adoption and wider diffusion of improved teff varieties is playing vital role in reversing the present situation of food insecurity in many parts of Ethiopia. However, the uses of improved teff varieties are constrained by various factors. Hence, in this study, an attempt was made to examine factors affecting adoption and intensity of use of improved teff varieties. A multi-stage random sampling technique was employed to select 150 sample households from Kobo district. Double-hurdle model was used to identify factors influencing households’ adoption decision and intensity of use of improved teff varieties. The result of double-hurdle model shows that educational level of household head, participation on crop production demonstration, distance from the nearest market, frequency of extension contact, off/non-farm income, proportion of cultivated land allocated for teff, livestock holding, improved teff seed availability, and perception on better yielding capacity of the new varieties over local varieties were found to be significantly influencing households adoption decision, whereas, sex, age, family labor, membership to an organization, off/non-farm income, frequency of extension contact and land allocated for teff were found to be significantly influencing the intensity of use of improved teff varieties. Therefore, the result implies that strengthening the existing extension services, providing good transport facilities for farmers through infrastructural development, improving access to improved seeds, improving farmers’ level of education, strengthening farmer’s organization, encouraging the use of labour saving technologies, improving crop-livestock production system and provision of demonstrations of new technologies are areas that need policy attentions to enhance adoption and intensity of use of improved teff varieties. Further, high yielding teff varieties need to be given special priority in teff variety scaling out programs.

Determinants of Market Outlet Choices of &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Tef&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;

In Ethiopia, specifically in Dendi district tef is cash crop for majority of the smallholder farmers. and the supply of tef in the study area still can’t satisfy the existing market demand and the farmers are not benefited from the market price. This study was aimed at analyzing the factors affecting market outlet choices of tef producers in Dendi district. The study largely uses primary data that were collected through structured and semi-structured questionnaire. Both descriptive statistics and econometric models were used. Multivariate probit model was used to identify the determinants market outlet choices. From descriptive statistics result six tef marketing channels are identified in the district. The multivariate probit model result indicated that educational level of household head, household size, livestock owned, equines owned, land area under tef, distance to the nearest market and current market prices of tef significantly influenced tef producers’ choice of alternative market outlets. The probability of choosing wholesalers, consumers, collectors and cooperatives outlets are 64.4%, 41.6%, 39.1% and 51.1%, respectively. Wholesalers is the most likely chosen market outlet while collectors are the less likely chosen market outlet. The joint probabilities of the households to jointly choose the four market outlets was 4.1% which is lower than the likely of not choosing all market outlets which is 5.2%. Therefore, strategies aiming at promoting tef producers’ marketing and outlet choices should focus on strengthening the technical skills, resource base, infrastructural and institutional capacity of smallholder farmers.

Adoption of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation as a water-saving technology in Bangladesh: Economic and environmental considerations

Managing scarce irrigation water poses a major challenge globally because of changing climate and a rising population. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is widely regarded as a water-saving irrigation technology capable of contributing to sustainable water-use. Existing literature lacks rigorous quantitative analysis of the determinants and effects of AWD adoption. In contrast, applying logit, propensity score matching and multiple regression models to survey data from two drought-prone and groundwater-depleted areas in Bangladesh, this study identifies determinants and effects of AWD adoption and explores policy implications. Age and education-level of household head, access to prior weather information, landownership, topography, and soil-type are found to be significant determinants of AWD adoption. AWD is found to be water-saving, irrigation cost-decreasing and crop yield-increasing. However, AWD adoption in Bangladesh is not widespread. Major policy implications include information dissemination about the use and benefit of AWD through farmers’ education and training for widespread adoption and diffusion of water-saving technologies. A rationally coordinated system of policy measures including significant strengthening of institutional support services, scientific research, rethinking of the cropping-mix and greater use of information technology constitute a sine qua non for achieving sustainable water management.

Erzurum İlinde İçme Suyu İçin Ödeme İstekliliği Üzerine Etkili Olan Faktörlerin Belirlenmesi

Belediyelerin topluma daha hijyenik, daha güvenilir içme sularını ulaştırmaları yıllar geçtikçe daha fazla önem arz etmektedir. Ancak bu amacı gerçekleştirmek belediyelerin çok büyük yatırımlar yapmasını gerektirmektedir. Bu yatırımları yerine getirmesinde toplumun katkısı da önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışmadaki amaç içme suyunda toplumun belediye hizmetlerinin iyileştirmesine yönelik katkıda bulunup bulunmayacağını araştırmaktır. Çalışmada hanelerin %65.7’sinin belediye suyunun 1 litresine 50-80 kuruş ödemeye istekli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca hanelerde meyve suyu tüketimi arttıkça içme suyu için ödeme istekliliği artmaktadır. Bunun dışında hanelerdeki birey sayısı arttıkça, hane reisinin eğitim yılı azaldıkça, hane reisinin mesleği esnaflık olunca, çeşme suyunun maliyeti arttıkça ve tüketicilere sunulan ödeme istekliliği fiyatı arttıkça tüketicilerin içme suyu için ödeme istekliliği azalmaktadır. Tüketiciler güvenilir içme sularına ödedikleri su faturasına yaklaşık 3.2 katı kadar ödemeye razıdırlar. Bu nedenle belediyeler tüketicilere daha hijyenik ve tadı daha güzel suları ulaştırmak için altyapı hizmetlerini iyileştirmesinde toplumun desteğini alabilir.

Household Saving Behavior and Determinants of Savings in Financial Institutions: The Case of Derra District, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Saving is the fraction of income not instantly consumed but kept for future investment, consumption or for unforeseen contingencies in the future. The aim of this study was to investigate the saving behavior of household and determinants of saving in the district using primary data from 249 samples of household. The analysis used descriptive and inferential analysis to achieve the objective the study. The descriptive part showed that about 14.5% of the household were not saving in financial institutions whereas about 85.5% saved in financial institution. The chi-square test of association revealed that Age of household head, education level of household head, main occupation, knowing about the interest rate of financial institution, having farm land, getting advice about saving were significantly associated the saving status of households. Additionally, the logistic regression showed that age of household, main occupations, knowing about interest rates, income of households and family size were significant determinants of households saving status. In order to enhance the households saving status in financial institutions, the district, the Oromia regional state and the government financial sectors should work on awareness creation about saving and increase the income of the household. Keywords: Financial institution; Logistic regression; Saving Status DOI : 10.7176/RJFA/10-23-03 Publication date: December 31 st 2019

Assessment of organic shrimp farming sustainability from economic and environmental viewpoints in Bangladesh

The study assessed the economic, environmental and sustainability issues of organic shrimp farming in Bangladesh. Following stratified random sampling technique, 60 farmers were interviewed from several villages of Assasuni upazila under Satkhira district. The study revealed that productivity of organic shrimp per hectare was 383 pound and benefit cost ratio was 1.91 which meant that organic shrimp farming was highly profitable. Educational level of household head, gher size and knowledge on organic shrimp production had positive and significant influence in adopting organic shrimp production by the farmers. Cause-effect-mitigation analysis pointed out that organic shrimp farming could mitigate the adverse effects on environment caused by traditional shrimp farming. Appropriate climate and environment for organic shrimp culture was found as major strength and comparative profitability than traditional shrimp production was found as major opportunity of organic shrimp production. The study confirmed sustainability of organic shrimp production from the standpoint of consuming energy, protecting environment, economic feasibility and social/political equity. The study recommends that farmers should be trained to follow the work instructions and principles of organic shrimp production and the application of good management practices (GMPs) should be ensured for reducing the disease outbreak risk.

Who suffers from food insecurity in Indonesia?

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to clarify the socioeconomic determinants of household food insecurity in Indonesia using individual household data obtained from the 2015 nationwide household socioeconomic and expenditure survey called Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional.Design/methodology/approachA stereotype logistic regression model is applied to detect factors determining household food security.FindingsThe results from the cross-analysis between calorie consumption and share of food expenditure to total household expenditure (Engel coefficient) indicate that 20.8 percent of households were in the “food insecure” category, 21.5 percent in the “lack of food” category, 26.6 percent in the “vulnerable” category and the remaining 31.2 percent in the “food secure” category.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation relates to the data set because the collection was conducted in March 2015. Furthermore, the analysis is restricted because of the limited availability of information on socioeconomic factors of respondents. Further research based on the latest data set with more detailed information on respondents is necessary to deepen the discussion.Originality/valueResearchers have not specifically discussed the factors determining household food security in Indonesia using reliable nationwide household survey data. The estimation results clearly indicate that a household fulfilling one or more of the following conditions is more likely to be in the “food insecure” category: many members, low education level of household head, divorced household head, household head is a smoker, household head engages in agriculture or construction work and residence is in rural or backward regions.

Determinants of Beef cattle Market Participation Decision by Smallholder Farmers in Dugda and Bora Districts, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

The research is financed by International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)/Livestock and Irrigation Value chain for Ethiopian Smallholders (LIVES) Project Abstract Market participation plays an essential role in generating better income and enhancing welfare of smallholder farmers. This study was aimed to investigate the determinants of smallholder farmers’ participation decision in beef cattle market in Dugda and Bora Districts. A multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select sample households for data collection. A total of 152 beef cattle producer sampled households were randomly selected from the districts and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data. Both descriptive statistics and probit econometric model were applied to analyze determinants of smallholder farmers’ market participation decision in beef cattle market. The findings of the model showed that sex, age, education level of household head, family size, and number of beef cattle owned, crop income and access to market information were significantly affect smallholder farmers’ market participation decision in beef cattle market. This study suggested that relevant policy interventions in the directions of above-mentioned aspects are vital to encouraging smallholder farmers’ market participation decision in beef cattle market. Keywords: Beef cattle, Market participation decision, Probit Model, Bora and Dugda Districts DOI : 10.7176/JNSR/9-20-05 Publication date :October 31 st 2019

Statistical Analysis of Households’ Crop Production Decisions in Jimma Rare District, Horro Guduru Wollega Zone, Ethiopia

Background: Crop production decision is an important for crop producers which increases the productivity of households to reduce food insecurity. This study aims at assessing the factors influencing households’ crop production decision in Jimma Rare District. Methods: The data was generated from primary source and 196 households were selected from Jimma Rare District using Multistage sampling techniques. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (multinomial logit) were applied in this study to analyze the data collected from the selected sample households. Results : The study showed that, 39.30%, 19.90%, 32.70%, and 8.10% sampled households mainly use the combination of cereal crops, pulses, and oilseeds; cereal crop alone; the combination of cereal crops and pulses; and the combination of cereal crops and oilseeds respectively. The result of MNL model showed that age of household heads, education level of household heads, total land size, availability of agricultural inputs, access to agricultural infrastructure, and agro-ecological zone had significantly influenced crop production choices of households. Conclusion: The result suggests that different combinations of types of crops are influenced by differing independent variables. The result of MNL model showed that education level of household heads and availability of agricultural inputs are significantly and positively associated with the choice of cereal crops alone while total land size is significantly and negatively associated. On the other hand, availability of agricultural inputs, access to agricultural infrastructure, and agro-ecological zone are significantly and positively associated with the choice of cereal crops and pulses combination whereas total land size is significantly and negatively associated. Similarly, age and education level of household heads are significantly and positively associated with the choice of cereal crops and oilseeds combination while total land size is significantly and negatively associated as compared to combination of types of crops. Therefore, the study recommends that, improving access to training, availability of agricultural inputs at planting time, and preparing experience sharing among farmers should be promoted to increase the productivity of farmers by appropriate decision of crop production in the study area. Keywords: Crop Production Decision, jimma Rare, Multinomial logistic regression model DOI : 10.7176/DCS/9-8-04 Publication date : August 31st 2019

Domestication of Terminalia brownii Among Smallholder Farmers in Eastern Kenya: A Double Hurdle Approach.

The research is financed by National Research Fund, Kenya Abstract Evidence has shown that the population of Terminalia brownii continue to dwindle in its native range due to drought, agricultural expansion and settlement and over exploitation for charcoal, beehives, carvings and timber. High levels of exploitation accompanied by awareness creation on value addition remains an exit strategy towards poverty alleviation for improved rural livelihoods, hence, the need to support its domestication. Scientists and researchers have prioritized promotion of this species in Eastern Kenya. However, information on intensity of domestication of the species remained scanty. A sample of 346 T. brownii producers were selected using a multi-stage sampling procedure in Embu, Machakos, Kitui and Makueni Counties in Kenya. Primary data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire while secondary data was acquired from the Kenya Forest Service offices in the study area. A double hurdle econometric model was used to analyse the determinants of decision and intensity of use of T. brownii . Results revealed that five variables that significantly influence the decision to domesticate T. brownii include; education level of household head, importance of farm to the household income, access to credit, dependency ratio and intercropping. On the other hand, education of the household head, size of the farm and total income from livestock sales influenced intensity of domestication of T. brownii. Therefore, there is need to develop programs to sensitize farmers on the importance of the species on their farms. Lastly, we need to promote structures for commercialization of the agroforestry products from this tree species to reduce unemployment. Keywords: Terminalia brownii, Domestication, Agroforestry, Dryland, Double Hurdle DOI : 10.7176/JESD/10-16-07 Publication date : August 31 st 2019

Assessment of Dietary Diversity of Mothers and Children of 6-24 Months from Eastern and Southern Provinces of Zambia.

In-depth information on dietary diversity and food consumption patterns in Zambian households is still scarce. This study, therefore, probed dietary intakes of mothers and their children living in households of two Zambian districts, Chipata and Monze, located in the eastern and southern provinces of Zambia, respectively. After assessing their diet, Dietary Diversity Scores (DDSs) were calculated and classified into low and high categories, while correlations were used to test determinants of DDS. The assessment revealed that the consumption of cereal-based products ranked highest in frequency. Specifically, the consumption of maize-based foods was highest in Chipata (55.43%) and then in Monze (43.56%) households. There was an observed low preference for mixed dishes that were not either maize or groundnut porridges. We also found positive and negative correlations of DDS with the educational level of household heads and age of mothers, respectively. We, therefore, suggest that increased nutrition education may improve dietary preferences, so also further investigation into other factors hindering low choices for mixed recipes will be useful in increasing overall diet quality.

Rural household preferences for cleaner energy sources in Pakistan.

Dependence of rural population on traditional fuel sources namely biomass has increased because of easy accessibility and affordability. The use of biomass fuels results in many environmental and health-related hazards. Rural households have little awareness about the ill effects of using biomass energy sources. This study investigated the patterns of rural household energy use and identified the role of information on the effects of biomasses on human health, in addition to other factors influencing households' choices of energy sources. For this purpose, primary data from 196 households were collected from four districts of the Punjab province in Pakistan. Results showed that use of clean energy sources was limited to basic appliances and 90% of the respondents depended on biomass fuels. Estimates of the multivariate probit model showed that awareness about adverse impacts of biomass fuels as energy sources were significantly related with the choice of energy sources. Further, household head's education level, household income, landholding, children under the age of 5 years and higher number of adult females were significantly related with the cleaner energy source choices. Distance to market increased the probability of the use of biomass energy sources. The study concluded that awareness campaigns regarding the benefits of using clean energy sources should be launched through print and electronic media while targeting rural women.

Nonfarm employment and household food security: evidence from panel data for rural Cambodia

Nonfarm employment has been increasingly important in improving food security of rural households in the developing world. In this paper, we (1) determine the factors explaining the participation in nonfarm employment and nonfarm income of rural households by employing a two-part random effects econometric model, and (2) examine the effects of nonfarm employment on rural household food security indicators by combining the propensity score matching with the difference-in-differences approach. We used a panel dataset of 561 households in 30 villages of Stung Treng province in Cambodia collected in 2013 and 2014. Our sample was divided into two groups, households with nonfarm employment, and households without nonfarm employment. Our findings show that (1) nonfarm employment contributed about 32% to total annual household income for the whole sample and 57% for the households with nonfarm employment; (2) participation in nonfarm employment and nonfarm income were significantly influenced by the education level of household heads, numbers of motorbikes and mobile phones, conditions of roads to the villages, farmland size, number of income shocks, and the distance from home to the nearest market; (3) there was no significant difference in terms of food availability between households with and households without nonfarm employment but the former have improved food access, utilization, and stability. We suggest that promoting rural education, improving road conditions, and empowering rural households to cope with income shocks would contribute to developing nonfarm employment and consequently improve food security of rural households.