Education Level Of Household Head Research Articles

Exploring the important determinants of access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation in Punjab, Pakistan

Abstract Access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation is a fundamental human right and basic ingredient of public health. However, one of the major problems faced by developing countries in the twenty-first century is the lack of access to these facilities. Punjab, the most populous province of Pakistan with more than 50% of the country's population, is no exception. Keeping in view its importance, the current study is an effort to investigate important determinants of access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation in Punjab to ensure the provision of these services to the masses. Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey Household data from 2017 to 2018 has been used for analysis. The results of a logistic regression model revealed that household media exposure, education level of household head, household wealth status, and ethnic background of the household head are some of the important determinants of household access to safe drinking water. For household access to improved sanitation, along with these factors, the role of social norms and place of residence are also important. Particularly, the role of social norms is very profound. Findings from the study suggest that efforts should be made to provide readily available media access, household education level needs to be enhanced, policies should be made to raise the living standard of the poorest households, and the social norm for the use of improved sanitation needs to be promoted.

Relationship between education and households' electricity-saving behaviour in South Africa: A multilevel logistic analysis

This paper examines the relationship between the education level of household heads and households' energy-saving practices at the micro-level in South Africa. It uses the community survey of 2016 as data source. Multilevel logistic models are estimated to account for similari-ties between households in same municipalities. The results point to a significant and positive relationship between the education level of household heads and households' energy-saving practices. One can therefore infer that a household whose head is educated is more likely to have light bulbs, switch off lights in the house when not in use, and switch off appliances at the wall (not with remotes) when not in use than households whose heads have no education. Therefore, education offers a tool to incentivise households to save electricity, which will also contribute indirectly to the effort of addressing the challenges of climate change, amongst oth-ers.

Determinants of Food Insecurity in Rural Areas in Mali

The objective of this study is to identify the determinants of households’ food insecurity in rural areas in Mali, ranked among the most exposed to this phenomenon. The study used data from the national food security and nutritional survey in March 2016. The estimation of the econometric logit model by the maximum likelihood method revealed that regional location, age of household head, household size, level of education of the household head, welfare index and incomes’ diversification sources are the main determinants of households’ food insecurity in a rural area in Mali. The analysis shows that age of household head, size of household and practical of recession cropping affect positively food insecurity while the educational level of household head, welfare index and incomes ’diversification sources affect negatively food insecurity. These determinants are pillars on which policy maker might rely to reduce food insecurity. Therefore, it is desirable for government to orientate more the food insecurity fight programs towards the most affected regions, to prioritize households head with advanced age and those whose size is high, and promote recession cropping during the food insecurity fight plan, improve household education level, promote the household’s welfare and sensitize the households to diversify the sources of their income.

Determinants of Biogas Technology Adoption in Rural Households of Aleta Wondo District, Sidama Zone, Southern Ethiopia

Biogas is environmentally sound and economically viable, clean, and renewable energy source. Despite its numerous benefits and dissemination efforts, the adoption of biogas technology has been low. The objective of this study was to assess factors determining adoption of biogas technology as an alternative energy source at household level in Aleta Wondo district, southern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select sample households. A total of 148 sample households, 51 biogas technology adopters, and 97 nonadopter households were surveyed. The collected data were analyzed by inferential statistics and econometric model using STATA version 13.1. Results from the probit model showed that education level of household head, annual income level, livestock holding size, access to technical support, and level of awareness have significant positive influence on households’ decision to adopt biogas technology. Other factors include poor performance of biogas plants associated to technical problems, and high installation costs unaffordable to the majority of rural population had a negative implication in adoption process. These are also the factors contributing to low adoption. Therefore, raising the population awareness on the benefits of biogas and assigning the biogas technicians who can give immediate maintenance services at “Kebele” level could extend the biogas technology.

Determinants of Profitability of Teff Producer Farmers in Menjar Shenkora Worda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia

The study was conducted with the main objectives to see the Determinants of Profitability of Teff Producer Farmers in Menjar Shenkora Worda, North Shewa Zone, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia. In order to accomplish the stud, both primary and secondary data were used. Primary data were collected from 350 teff producing farm households from 9 selected kebele administrations. For selection of farm households two stage random sampling technique was used. Hence, from 355 samples, 350/ (98.5 %/.) Households were willing to give all necessary information during survey. The data were also analyzed by logistic regression analysis. The regression result reveals that Family size, education level of household head, Distance from market, number of oxen, non-farm income and total costs are statistically significant at 1 % and 5 % level of precision. According to the study findings, the significant variables are the main determinant factors for profitability’s of teff producer farmers in the study area. On the other hand, the remaining variables like farmland size, credit access, extension contacts, price determination and amounts of teff productions are found to be statistically insignificant Thus, policy makers should work towards improving the access to more education, access to roads, supply credit to buy more oxen even there is agricultural machine at individual and group level, should create different opportunity to get alternative work or job access to teff producer farmers and some inputs should be subsidize at farm gate level to reduce their total costs of production by making different schemes in the areas. Keywords: Market Performance, Market channel, teff, actors, logistic regression model. DOI: 10.7176/JESD/12-7-04 Publication date: April 30 th 2021

Determinants of Male Adolescents Smoking Behavior in Indonesia using Negative Binomial Regression

Adolescent smoking habits have become the Ministry of Health's major program associated with tobacco consumption. In 2016, the prevalence of adolescent smoking aged 10-18 years reached 8.8% and were rate increasingly against the Strategic Planning Ministry of Health 2015-2019 target to lower adolescent smoking prevalence to 5.4%. Male adolescents consuming cigarettes are higher than females. Whereas, high consumption of cigarettes in men will increase the risk of impotence and decrease reproductive health quality to affect future generations' quality. This study aims to determine the general picture of smoking behavior in Indonesia's male adolescent in 2018 and any variables that affect the number of cigarettes consumed. The analytical method used is Poisson Regression and Negative Binomial Regression. The data source used is raw data Riskesdas 2018 with the unit of analysis are male adolescent smokers aged 10-18 years. Research indicates that most male adolescents are light smokers. Heavy smokers were dominated by older age, living in a rural area, poorly educated, employed, lived with a household head who was a smoker, and had low education. Age, location of residence, education level, working status, smoking status, and household head education level significantly affect male adolescents' smoking behavior.

Statistical Modeling of Farmers’ Preference for Adaptation Strategies for Climate Change: The Case of Dera District, Oromia, Ethiopia

Climate change is primarily detrimental to the agriculture sector and the influence of climate change is decreased by using appropriate adaptation strategies. Studies on climate change adaptation recognize the importance of specific area-based research for designing policies to respond to climate change. This study, therefore, was applied at the district level to examine farmers’ preference for climate change adaptation strategies and the factors determining their preference. The objective of this study is to identify and model factors that influence farmers’ preference of adaptation strategies to counter the impacts of climate change in the case of Dera District, North Shoa, Oromia, Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study design was used with the questionnaire being administered on a multistage sample of 460 households from selected kebeles in the district. Descriptive statistics, multinomial logit, and count regression analysis were used to analyze the collected data. The study revealed that the farmers perceived that temperature had been increasing and rainfall had been decreasing over the last 10 years. The results also indicated that planting trees was the most preferred and frequently applied adaptation strategy to climate change while changing planting dates was the least. The results from the multinomial logit, Poisson regression, and negative binomial analysis showed that age, source of information, household size, education level of household head, distance to output market, distance to input market, agroecological locations of the farm, tropical livestock unit, size of the farm, tenure, grade of the farm, distance of the farm, formal extension service, farmer-to-farmer extension, credit service, rainfall expectation, and temperature expectations were significant factors in determining the adaptation strategies preferred by the farmers.

Food Insecurity and Its Determinants in Southern Ethiopia, In Case of Kecha Birra District, Kambata Zone, Ethiopia

The study examined food insecurity and its determinants in Southern Ethiopia, Kecha Birra district. This study was designed to assess food insecurity and its determinants Kecha Birra district using cross sectional survey data gathered in 2019/20 from a sample of 99 were conducted. To assess food insecurity and its determinants both descriptive and econometrics analysis were used. The data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, percentage, pie chart, bar graph, t-test and chi-square were used. Binary logistic regression model was employed to determine factors that influence food insecurity in southern Ethiopia. Results of the study showed that the income of household head, education level of household head, sex of household head, age of household head, access to credit, marital status and household size were found to significantly influence food insecurity. The findings of the study revealed that most of the households were food insecure through the use of HFIAS measurement. These foods in secured households could not cover the required their daily food. The study recommends that any effort in income diversification opportunities in rural area through off farm activities, education, training and extension service and improve livestock productivity could help to enhance household food security in the study area. Keywords: Food, Food insecurity, Logistic regression, Kecha Birra District, Ethiopia DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/106-04 Publication date: March 31 st 2021

Analysis of the Charcoal Market Chain in Northwest Ethiopia

Understanding the market chain of charcoal in Ethiopia and other countries in sub-Saharan-Africa, and implementing evidence-based recommendations can improve the livelihoods of all stakeholders in the value chain. This study was initiated to identify the marketing channels of charcoal and the major factors influencing its market supply in Fagita Lekoma district, Northwest Ethiopia. Results of multiple regression analyses revealed that producers, brokers, local collectors, wholesalers, retailers, and consumers are the main actors. The most important channel starts from producers and then involves brokers as an intermediary and directs into the out of region market. Retailers had the largest net profit margin. Age and educational level of household heads, price, and post-harvest value addition were significant factors that influence the market supply of charcoal. The major opportunities of charcoal marketing were the growing demand for charcoal, and adequate supply of labor; whereas, the major constraints were lack of government support, storage problems, problems of government policy, and lack of access to credit. The study identified the need for policy interventions by the Government to improve the sustainable development of charcoal production.

English

Hunger and undernourishment are the main challenges of today’s world. The objective of this study is to assess severity of household food insecurity and local coping strategies in the study area. Three-stage sampling technique was used to select sampled household in Analemmo woreda Hadiya Zone. A total of 200 households were selected by using systematic random sampling with proportional to population size. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Both descriptive and econometric models were used to analyze the collected data. Household calorie acquisition was employed to categorize into severely food secure and severely food in secure. For econometric analysis ordered probit model were used to identify determinates of severity of household food insecurity in the study area. The survey results show that severity food insecurity 36%, 18%, 13% and 33% food secure, mild, moderately and severely food insecure respectively. Thus, based on the results of ordered probit model agro-ecology of land, age and education level of household head, number of oxen, drought-tolerant seeds, soil and water conservation, credit amount, productive safety net program participation, access to climatic information, access to extension service and off-farm activities and non- farm activity determine severity of household food insecurity in study area. Different common coping strategies was used to cope food .It was recommended that government should provide productive saftent program participation, capacity building on age and educational level household head,  providing climatic information for farmers, providing drought-tolerant seed, provision of veterinary service for oxen health,  providing  training on soil and water conservation. Key words: Analemmo, coping strategies, food insecurity, ordered probit model.

The impact of off-farm activities on rural households’ food security status in Western Ethiopia: The case of Dibatie district

This paper was analyzed the impact of off-farm activities on food security status of rural households in the Dibatie district of the Bebishangul Gumuz region. The study was used in a simple random sampling technique to select respondent households with proportionate sample size based on the number of households exist in sampled kebele administrations. The primary data were collected using a structured questionnaire and key informants’ interview. Both descriptive statistics and econometric model (an endogenous switching probit) were used to analyze this data at household levels. This model accounts for selection bias resulting from unobserved factors that potentially affect both household’s participation and food security outcomes and also the model shows the counterfactual case of food security outcomes. Food security index is used to measure the food security status of sample households based on average kCal/day/adult equivalent. The result of this study revealed that about 59.4% of the households were food secure and 40.6% of households were food insecure. And also, about 55.4% of the households were off-farm participants and 44.6% of households were off-farm non-participants. Moreover, computing switch_probit command, the impacts of participant household have higher probability of food security status as compared with the counterfactual case of non-participants. In addition, the model result shows that variables such as household size, distance to the nearest market, age of household head, education level of household head, special skill, utilization of formal credit, access to electricity and frequency of extension contact were found to have a significant influence on off-farm participation. Finally, the study suggesting that the interventions designed to promote farmers participating in off-farm activities that are made to increase food security status at the household level in the study area. This is because there could be increased productivity effects in this off-farm economy, better agricultural linkages and indeed, stronger structural transformation of the rural economy.

Partisipasi Tenaga Kerja Pemuda di Sektor Pertanian di Sulawesi Tengah

Structural transformation in Central Sulawesi has led to a decline in the contribution of agricultural sector in the province’s economy. In addition, the phenomenon of increasing aging farmers was one of the problems in improving the agricultural sector performance. This study aimed to examine factors that influence youth labor participation in the agricultural sector in Central Sulawesi. The data used in this research was Sakernas 2018 published by Statistics Indonesia (BPS). The analysis was carried out in three levels, namely individual, household, and contextual levels, using a multilevel binary logistic analysis. Results of this analysis showed that youth labor participation in the agricultural sector was significantly influenced by the several factors: for individual factors were level of education and gender; household socioeconomic factors were education level of household heads, occupations of household heads, and number of household members; and the region contextual factors were population density and Gross Regional Domestic Products (GRDP) per capita. To increase youth labor participation in this province, it is recommended that the local government to implement programs to change youth perceptions of work opportunity in the agricultural sector, create agricultural diversification, improve welfare of agricultural households, strengthen agricultural market strategies. and enhance the skills and capacity of agricultural youth.

Determinants of Household Food Insecurity in Rural Areas of the Hilly Region of Kumaun, Uttarakhand, India: A Pilot Study

ABSTRACT The food security status of rural inhabitants of the hilly region of the Uttarakhand State was poorly documented. This study aimed to determine the extent and determinants of household food insecurity in rural-hilly areas of Kumaun, Uttarakhand. A cross-sectional, interview-administered survey was conducted among 155 households. Food insecurity, as measured by Household Food Insecurity Access Scale, was found in a large number of households; 2.6% of households were categorized as severely food-insecure, 53.3% as moderately food-insecure, 7.1% as mildly food-insecure, and 36.8% as food-secure. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that food insecurity was significantly associated with the poverty level of the family, number of children or adolescents in the household, educational level of household head, number of employed family members, and social class (p < 0.05). The food security policies in India must modify focus from food entitlement to include education, income, employment, and household composition. Nutrition-sensitive interventions in agriculture to promote the cultivation of fruits and vegetables in hilly areas. Promotion of poultry farming, goat rearing, freshwater fish farming, and related training will increase the availability of animal food sources. It is an urgent need to design and implement location-specific programs and policies to address food insecurity and food access.

Household air pollution and household health in Uganda

ABSTRACT We investigate the impact of household air pollution on household health outcomes using the Uganda National Household Survey (2017) and employ a probit model with selection. Results reveal that exposure to household air pollution is significantly associated with cough and fever incidences among household members, with the young ones being more vulnerable. Also, low education level of household head, cooking indoors in a living house, and poverty significantly increases chances of contracting cough and fever. Also, findings show that having a separate indoor built kitchen, high education, being male, residing in urban areas and staying in the northern and western regions significantly reduce the likelihood of contracting cough and fever. Thus, strategies for behavioural interventions such as promoting outdoor cooking and raising awareness of the health hazards associated with household air pollution, good household planning and adoption of clean fuel could be a promising path for policy makers.

Determinants of Household Saving in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia

Household saving is a crucial determinant of the supply of funds for investment. However, saving trend in Ethiopia particularly in the study area is very low and little is known empirically about its patterns and determinants. This study, therefore, was aimed at investigating the determinants of the saving behavior of households in Dire Dawa city, Eastern Ethiopia. Data were collected from four Kebeles and 122 sample households taken from the selected kebeles by using interview schedule. Descriptive statistics and Tobit regression model were used to analyze the data. The results showed that 70.5% of the entire sample households had savings during the survey time. The results of Tobit model revealed that annual income of household head education level, credit use of the household, annual expenditure of the household, self-employed, location of business area and the perception of interest rate had significant influence on the amount of household saving in the study area. And also 57% of the households used formal institution for saving. The findings suggest that saving of the households is largely determined by income level. It is therefore important to ensure the availability of credit service, create awareness and educate the households to enhance saving. Keywords : saving, household saving, Dire Dawa DOI: 10.7176/JESD/11-21-05 Publication date: November 30 th 2020

Assessing the Determinants of Food Security Status in Bangladesh: A Micro-Econometric Analysis

Food security is an intricate issue which includes diverse aspects as well as many linkages. In Bangladesh, food security is tried to be achieved by increasing the production of rice both by employing modern agricultural technology as well as by increasing the area under rice production. Despite the impressive gains in increasing domestic food grain production, problems of food and nutrition security still remain. Bangladesh is yet to achieve comprehensive food security that resolves the problems of inadequate food intake and chronic malnutrition among those who are poor and vulnerable. The main objective of this paper is to the contribution of different factors behind household food security status of 180 households in three Northern districts of Bangladesh. The study area was chosen because relatively little energy consumption data are available concerning this geographical area. The study used both primary and secondary data. Food security status of each household was assessed on the basis of the food security line using the daily calorie intake recommended by FAO. This method has proven to be efficient in measuring food security at household level. Additionally, the use of a logistic regression model identified the factors that plays crucial role in determining the food security status of the households. Results from the food security index revealed that more than 60 percent of households were with food insecurity. In addition, we found that total monthly household income, age of household head, education level of household head, household size, farm size, gender of household head, livestock ownership and quantity of cereal production had significant influence on food security status at the household level.

Dynamics of consumption distribution and economic fluctuations

This study aims to investigate the dynamics of consumption distribution and to determine how it is affected by macroeconomic fluctuations based on two different types of household classifications: education level of household heads and consumption deciles. The urban Households Income and Expenditure dataset issued by the Statistical Center of Iran and a Factor Augmented Vector Auto Regressive model are used to assess the goals of this study. In other words, we study the consumption responses of different kinds of families to macroeconomic fluctuations. The following results were obtained from statistical analysis and estimation of the model. First, the standard deviation of the (log) real per capita consumption of the lowest group, families that have a head with the lowest education attainments or the first decile, is higher than that of others implying that the Iranian economic fluctuations impose higher costs on the less educated households. Secondly, each of the four education consumption groups and consumption deciles follow the ups and downs of GDP. Lastly, a positive oil revenue shock has only a significant positive impact on the left-hand side of consumption distribution or the consumption of households with low education levels. Also, the shocks reduce consumption inequality among consumers.

Determinants of Income Diversification among Rural Farm Household in Soddo District, Gurage Zone of Southern Ethiopia

Soddo Woreda is one of the major producers of agricultural product in Gurage zone but, it lacks well-organized and arranged marketing system that highly affects fair distribution of income diversification. The overall objective of this study was to analyze the determinants of income diversification rural farm households in Soddo Woreda. This paper examines the determinants of income diversification among rural households using cross sectional data collected through a multi-stage random sampling technique and selected 200 sample from farm households of Soddo District of Gurage Zone, southern Ethiopia. Both descriptive statistics and rigorous econometric models are used to analyze the data. Multinomial logit model was used to analyze factors influencing households’ participation in off/non-farm income activities. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), shows that agricultural activities are the most important and basic source of income for rural households in Soddo District contributing crop income 58.16% and livestock income 28.49% summing up farm income 86.7% of total household income with the remaining 13.3% originating from off-farm 3.7% and non-farm 9.6% income activities. About 74% of the sample households involved in off/non-farm income activities and 26% involves in farm income only. The involvement in off/non-farm employment activities and the level of income derived are found to be influenced by human capital related variables (gender and age of household head, number of family m embers, education level of household head, attitude to risk and ), livelihood assets (livestock holding, size of cultivated land, irrigated land, wealth of households, aggregate total crop product) and infrastructure related variable (proximity to market, extension service, access to credit and cooperative). The results imply that these factors need to be considered by policy makers in the planning of agricultural and off/non-farm initiatives in this study area. Keywords: Income diversification, Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI). DOI: 10.7176/DCS/10-10-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Determinants of Adoption of Physical Soil and Water Conservation Technologies in Dengab Micro-Watershed, Ethiopia

Land degradation due to soil erosion is the critical factor that contributes for a decline in production and productivity. To reverse the situation the concerned government agencies and NGOs are undertaking some measures in some degraded areas of the highlands including the study area. However, the adoption of soil conservation technologies by farmers is hindered by a number of factors. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify and examine the socio-economic, institutional and physical factors that determine the adoption of physical soil and water conservation technologies in the study area. To address the objective of the study both primary and secondary data were collected. Three-stage sampling technique was used to draw the sample respondents for the study. The primary data were collected from 77 sample households by using stratified probability sampling method. In line with this, the combination of data collection methods by the help of agricultural extension agents’ interview using questionnaires and focus group discussions were employed. The binary logit model was used to identify the factors affecting the adoption of physical soil and water conservation technologies. In addition, descriptive statistics were also used. The result of logit model indicated that education level of household head, land holding, training, slope, land ownership, extension contact and perception positively and significantly affected the adoption of physical soil and water conservation technologies at conventional probability levels. While, age, distance and fertility affected the adoption of these technologies negatively and significantly. Therefore, any soil and water conservation plans should consider the farmers’ willingness and factors impeding their practices before introducing these technologies; create awareness on the farmers about the overall benefits and challenges of the technologies and follow down-top approach and include farmers in any decision making processes. Keywords: adoption, improved PSWC measures, Determinants , Basoliben District DOI: 10.7176/JAAS/69-02 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

Sources of Technical Inefficiency of Smallholder Cow Milk Producers in Yabelo District of Oromia Region, Ethiopia

This study measures the level of technical efficiency of smallholder cow milk producers using stochastic production approach of Cobb-Douglas production form and identified the possible cause for inefficiency in cow milk production using Tobit regression model. The data collected from 177 sample household randomly selected from pastoral and agropastoral Kebeles of Yabelo district. The result indicated the mean technical efficiency of cow milk producers of 71.42%. This means if producers are producing in fully efficient way, they can save on average 28.56% of their current input to produce their current output or increase their current milk output by 28.56% without additional inputs requirement. The gamma parameter, ℽ, was found to be 0.70 showing 70% of the deviation of actual output from potential output was due to technical inefficiency. Among the five inputs used, milk output was positively and significantly the function of labor, grazing land, and hay forage. The result of Tobit regression model shows that family size, size of livestock holding, extension contact, distance to veterinary clinic, distance to water positively and significantly contributed to inefficiency while age and education level of household head negatively and significantly affecting inefficiency of milk producers. Evidently intervention on access to water source, veterinary clinic, education, family planning and productivity oriented livestock holding will improve technical efficiency of cow milk producer of the study area. Keywords: Technical efficiency, stochastic production approach, Tobit regression, Yabello district. DOI: 10.7176/FSQM/99-01 Publication date: July 31 st 2020