Household Expenses Research Articles

Financial hardship experienced by people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundPeople with disabilities are poorer and more financially insecure than nondisabled people. While people with disabilities were adversely affected by the pandemic and were more likely to experience poverty prior to the pandemic, less is known about their experiences with financial hardship during the pandemic. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the financial hardship of people with disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic, including differences with nondisabled people and those based on people with disabilities’ sociodemographics. MethodsWe analyzed Household Pulse Survey data from 52,890 adults (18+) with disabilities and 391,532 nondisabled adults using complex samples descriptive statistics and binary logistic regressions. ResultsDuring the Delta and first Omicron waves of the COVID-19 pandemic, 52.0% of people with disabilities had difficulty paying usual household expenses. People with disabilities were 2.78 times more likely to experience financial hardship during the pandemic than nondisabled people. People with disabilities’ most common sources of income/funds for spending needs included: regular income sources (66.7%); credit cards or loans (36.6%); money from savings or selling assets or possessions (31.5%); and borrowing from friends or family (22.0%). ConclusionsA significant proportion of adults with disabilities experienced financial hardship during the COVID-19 pandemic, including at greater rates than nondisabled adults. Financial hardship can have long lasting impacts upon people with disabilities, including on their physical and mental health, well-being, and overall quality of life.

Disparity in prevalence and predictors of undernutrition in children under five among agricultural, pastoral, and agro-pastoral ecological zones of Karamoja sub-region, Uganda: a cross sectional study

BackgroundUndernutrition accounts for nearly half of under-five child mortality in developing countries where household nutrition is largely dependent on agriculture. Despite the strong influence of agroecology on agriculture in those countries, limited information exists on whether undernutrition in children under five varies with agro-ecological location.MethodsUsing Karamoja sub-region of Uganda, one of the most food insecure parts of Eastern Africa as a case area, and applying a multi-stage sampling procedure, and a structured questionnaire, this study examined in a comparative manner, the prevalence and predictors of undernutrition in children under five among the agricultural, pastoral, and agro-pastoral ecological zones. Chi-square test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to establish the disparity in prevalence of undernutrition and household contextual characteristics, respectively. Binary logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of undernutrition in children under five among the three agro-ecological zones. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting ranged from 36 to 58% but varied with agroecology in terms of the peak age ranging from 6 to 37 months. Child characteristics, feeding practices, household economic factors, sanitation factors, and caregiver characteristics that predict undernutrition among children under five were identified (p ≤ 0.05). Caregiver handwashing after using latrine (p = 0.005) and diarrhoea in a fortnight (p < 0.001) increased the likelihood of stunting in pastoral agroecology only whereas cereal storage in both sacks and granary in agro-pastoral zone was associated with reduced likelihood of both underweight (p < 0.001 and p = 0.014) and stunting (p = 0.011 and p = 0.018), respectively. A male child was more likely to be underweight and stunted in pastoral (p = 0.002 and p = 0.011) and agro-pastoral (p = 0.017 and p = 0.002) agroecology, respectively. Household expenses reduced the likelihood of both underweight and wasting in pastoral (p = 0.013 and p = 0.005) and agricultural (p = 0.011 and p = 0.021) agroecology, respectively. Flour storage duration increased the stunting likelihood in pastoral (p = 0.032) and agro-pastoral (p = 0.006) agroecologies.ConclusionThis study has revealed that, in a food insecure developing country setting such as Karamoja sub-region of Uganda, undernutrition among children under five varies with agroecology. Thus, nutritional interventions in such locations should be agroecology specific.

The Relationship between Maternal Participation in Household Decision-Making and Birth Attendant Selection: Evidence from Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey

BACKGROUND: The decreasing maternal mortality rate (MMR) is an important indicator in achieving health development. The Ministry of Health has mandated delivery assistance by competent health personnel to achieve the MMR targets set out in the UN sustainable development goals. AIM: This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal participation in household decision-making and the selection of birth attendant in Indonesia. METHODS: The study uses secondary data from the 2017 Indonesia demographic and health survey, as part of a cross-sectional and large-scale national survey. The study involved ever-married women of reproductive age (15–49 years) and had given birth in the last 5 years prior to the survey (n = 14,193). RESULTS: Of all birth attendants, 4,630 (32.6%) were non-health workers and 9,563 (67.4%) were health workers. Midwives account for the largest proportion of the health workers (61.8%). Decisions in healthcare, household expenses, visits to family/relatives’ decisions are significantly associated with birth attendant selection. However, husband’s income use decision had no significant relationship with birth attendant selection. The final multivariate model found that grand multipara mothers had a 1.9 times higher risk of choosing non-health birth attendants than primipara mothers (OR = 1.90, 95% CI = 1.60–2.25). CONCLUSION: Findings demonstrated the importance of improving health education for men and women as well as women’s decision-making autonomy. Health workers (especially midwives) should improve knowledge and communication between couples in choosing skilled birth attendants, especially for mothers with grand multiparity.

Bluetooth Based Home Automation System

The automatic and electronic control of household features, activities, and appliances is referred to as home automation. It means that users may simply control their home's utilities and functions over the Internet, making life more easy and safe while also saving money on household expenses. Home automation is a network of hardware, communication, and electronic interfaces that operate together over the Internet. Each item is equipped with sensors and is connected through WiFi, allowing users to control them from their smartphone or tablet, whether they are at home or thousands of kilometres away. This allows users to turn on the lights, lock the front door, or even turn down the heater from anywhere

Resilience and Social Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Small-Scale Fisheries

Small-cale fisheries are important for livelihoods, food security, jobs and income worldwide. However, they face major challenges, including the increasing effects of climate change that pose serious risks to coastal ecosystems and fishing communities. Although scientific research on climate change impacts has increased in recent years, few studies have explored the social impacts on small-scale fisheries. Using Galicia (Spain) as a case study, we investigated individual and household-level adaptive responses to climate change among fishers in three fishing guilds (Cambados, Campelo, and Redondela). Specifically, we estimated the economic vulnerability of shellfishers and assessed the diversity of social adaptive responses used to deal with climate change. Although fishers’ income strongly depends on shellfishing in all studied areas, our findings show that less fishing experience and lower engagement in fisher associations tend to increase the economic vulnerability of the fishers. The fishers’ vulnerability decreases as the size of households increases, while fishers who pay a mortgage and who live in households with fewer active members tend to be more vulnerable. The findings also show that Galician shellfishers have developed a wide range of adaptation strategies to anticipate and respond to climate change impacts, namely harvesting pricier and more abundant species, reducing household expenses and increasing social involvement in shellfishery associations. Although the adaptive strategies have helped Galician fishers to deal with climate change impacts, several threats to the sustainability of shellfisheries remain, such as a decrease in the abundance of key native shellfish species, and a high dependence on public and private aid to ensure reasonable incomes for shellfisheries. These findings are of interest and relevance to other similar small-scale fisheries around the world facing similar climate change challenges.

ANALISIS FAKTOR FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PARTISIPASI KERJA LANSIA DI KABUPATEN BULELENG

This study aims to analyze the effect of education level, age, family income, and number of dependents simultaneously and partially on the work participation of the elderly in Buleleng Regency, as well as to determine whether the number of dependents plays a role in moderating the effect of family income on the work participation of the elderly population in Buleleng Regency. The method of determining the sample in this study used non-probability sampling with accidental sampling and purposive sampling with a sample size of 100 people. The data analysis technique used is the interaction test or Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Based on the results of the study, it was found that simultaneously education, age, household expenses, family income, and number,of dependent has a ‘significant’effect on, the ‘work participation,of, the,elderly population in Buleleng Regency. Partially education, age, and family income have a negative’and’significant, effect on the, work participation, of the elderly in Buleleng Regency, while’the number of dependents, partially has a positive and significant effect on the work participation of the elderly population in Buleleng Regency. The number of dependents strengthens the influence of family income on the work, participation ‘of’the elderly’population in Buleleng Regency

Adaptation of Community of Seaweed Cultivation in Disease Attacks and Climate Change in Seriwe Village Jerowaru District

Adjustment to the external environment in carrying out all activities as a result of climate change is a must for every individual, including fishermen in Seriwe village. This study aims: first, to analyze the adaptation of fishermen in the face of climate change and attacks of seaweed disease. Second, analyze the use of leisure time, income, and household expenses of fishermen. The method used in this research is descriptive method with survey technique. The conclusion in this study is that fishing households can adapt to climate change by resting, not going to sea and filling with other activities. If there is an attack of ice-ice disease, fishermen only secure seaweed that is still good. The time used by fishermen for seaweed cultivation increases the working time in a year, which is 90 hours. Fishermen's household income comes from fishing, trading, labor, and seaweed cultivation. Fishermen household expenditures are dominated by food consumption needs.

Pelatihan Akuntansi Rumah Tangga di Desa Pongongaila Kecamatan Pulubala Kabupaten Gorontalo

Household Accounting is simply recording household expenses and expenses in a certain period, usually done every month. Partners in this community service activity are the Community in Pongongaila Village, Pulubala District, Gorontalo Regency, Gorontalo Province who on average have a livelihood as farmers and also karawo craftsmen (typical handicrafts of the Gorontalo region). But from some discussions conducted with some housewives who became participants during community service activities, it was clear that they did not know how to plan and manage their finances properly. So it is necessary to hold training related to this simple bookkeeping. After this training, participants gained additional knowledge and important information about household accounting in family life and how simple profiteering of income and expenses in family daily activities, how to prioritize between needs and desires, how to manage income to slip 2.5% zakat in it, to make decisions that are beneficial to the family.

Analysis of the Experiences of Polyamorists in Spain

The objectives of this study were to determine and to expose the morphology of polyamorous relationships through their conception and characteristics, identifying experienced and perceived situations of discrimination, and to analyze the future expectations for polyamorous relationships. For this purpose, 11 people who were in a polyamorous relationship, with an age ranging from 26 to 57 years, were interviewed. The results show that polyamorous people define their relationships as casual, without possession, a lifestyle that includes friendship, trust, affection, and sex. The success of this type of relationship depends on freedom, respect for each other’s spaces, flexibility of roles, and sharing household expenses and responsibilities. All participants claimed to experience and perceive discrimination by their environment and society. Among their expectations for the future is continuing the relationship, even considering reproduction. Such relationships represent a breakdown of the monogamous society. Poliamory poses many challenges in an attempt to legitimize the diversity of relationships and environments of coexistence in our society.

Young migrants and their transition to adulthood: A case study of Bhutan's Wangdue and Punakha districts

AbstractThis study seeks to understand the transition of youthful rural migrants to urban areas of Bhutan. The goal is to help frame better policy guidelines and efficient intervention strategies. A majority of these migrants are school dropouts with socio‐economic problems who primarily left in search of a better life, despite having arable land to farm back in their home villages. Their urban earnings failed to cover their daily household expenses and other needs, thus affecting the kind and quality of life in an urban setting. Not enough support for migrant youth exists during such critical and vulnerable transition stages when they face the huge responsibilities of independent living early on in their lives. The future for these young migrants remains bleak in the absence of a clear‐cut protective social support and an efficient intervention system.

Gendering post-harvest loss research: responsibilities of women and men to manage maize after harvest in southwestern Ethiopia

Post-harvest losses are a significant problem worldwide, leading to a waste of resources when they are becoming scarcer. Rather than putting more energy into increasing production volume, addressing post-harvest losses can increase food availability without increasing yields. Using maize in Ethiopia to introduce gendering post-harvest loss research, we analyze the gendered division of labor in post-harvest management and then discuss implications. The study was conducted from 2014–2015 in southwestern Ethiopia as part of a broader research project from 2013–2018. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 208 male and female farmer heads of household. Our results show that although maize post-harvest activities are deemed to be the responsibility of women, the overall management of maize after harvest requires the cooperation of all household members. For example, both women and men contribute to time-sensitive harvest, packing and de-husking activities. Men tend to have the responsibility for ensuring that maize is stored well. Critically, women tend to sell small quantities of maize to pay for everyday household expenses including purchasing other foods to diversify diets. Often recommendations in literature to reduce maize post-harvest losses include building processing centers and formalizing the supply chain. However, as shown in this research, women’s role to decide which maize to consume in the home and which to sell is important for access to quality food. Without gendering post-harvest loss research, it is possible that gender harms are enacted when women’s livelihoods are impacted in the process of reducing post-harvest losses, and this may compromise food security.

Analysis of Factors that affected the Migrant Farm Laborers Welfare Level to Easy of Education Access for Children

Migrating as farm laborers is a livelihood strategy for people living in localities with limited available employment, particularly those with poor education, low skills, and without economic capital or land. Poverty is common among such households, raising the important question as to the most critical factors affecting family welfare. This study conducts such an analysis in a region hosting a large number of migrant farm laborers: Kacinambun Village, Tigapanah Subdistrict, Karo District, Indonesia. Based on analysis of secondary sources, interviews and observations with members of migrant households (resident at least ten years), village head, land owners and other employers of migrant labor, the study finds that the levels of family welfare generally improved significant after migrating. Quantitative improvement was found in eight indicators: income, consumption or household expenses, home condition, home facility, family health, access to health services, access to education for children, and transportation facilities. The data identifies internal and external factors that were most influential in determining family welfare. Internal factors included the physical, mental emotional, spiritual, good psychological state of family members, and whether or not all family members worked to contribute to family income. External factors included the good geographical conditions in the destination village, which has fertile land and many job opportunities. This study is significant in underlining the importance of supporting migrant rural laborers not only through material and income support, but also through psychological and spiritual support: factors generally overlooked in the literature on rural migration.

Analysis of income level and welfare of fishing gear fishers in Barombong Village, Makassar City South Sulawesi Province

This study aimed to analyze the income level of fishing gear fishers and analyze the welfare level of fishing gear fishers in Barombong Village, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province. Techniques data collection is done using observation, interviews using questionnaires and documentation. The type of data collected is data that is by the prosperous family indicators based on the 2019 BPS, namely; income data, household consumption or expenditure data, living conditions, household facilities, the health of family members, ease of obtaining health services, ease of entering children into education level and ease of securing transportation facilities. This research was carried out in Barombong Kacan Tamalate Village, Makassar City, in February - April 2021. The results showed that fishing gear fishermen respondents' average income per year was Rp. 36,905,833/year or Rp. 3,075,486/month and fall into the category of low-income level. Based on the 2019 BPS indicators, it is known that 24 respondents from 10 groups of fishing gear fishermen in the Barombong Village, Makassar City belong to the high welfare level as many as 8 respondents (33%) with a total indicator score of 20. As many as 16 respondents (67%) belong to the moderate welfare level with total indicator scores ranging from 18-19. Based on these results, it can be seen that the standard of living of fishing gear fishers in the Barombong Village, Makassar City, is classified as prosperous, with the fact that the income of respondents is low. Still, most of the life support has been provided by the government, especially in the health and education sectors, so that it does not burden household expenses. The addition of new jobs needs to be done as another source of income to increase welfare from a moderate level of interest to a high level of welfare.

Monitoring of The Consumption Level for Sustainable Development Goals

The indicators of the Sustainable Development Goals (hereinafter referred to as the SDGs) were developed by the UN members and are aimed at the sustainable development of countries in the field of social policy, ecology and ensuring the well-being of the population. Sustainable Development Goals in the field of social policy can be considered necessary for survival. Country indicators are calculated by statistical agencies in accordance with methodologies developed by the SDGs curator agencies. The Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) in accordance with the Federal Statistical Plan calculates most indicators for Russia. The standard of living of the population can be estimated indirectly as the share of the population’s expenditures on food, which are necessary for the physiological survival of a person. The literature notes that the existing criteria for the level of poverty can distort the real state. Therefore, the average per capita consumption level may depend on the size of the household. The paper considers the average per capita expenditure level on food in a household, depending on the characteristics of the household (number of members in the family, age groups). The paper also considers the differentiation of the regions of the Russian Federation in terms of the share of the population’s expenditures on food.The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between the size of the household and its food expenditures, as well as the characteristics of the population’s expenditures, depending on the composition of the household, on food at home, outside the home and alcohol expenditures.Materials and methods. The source of the data for statistical analysis is the Household Budget Surveys (HBS) conducted by Rosstat for 2010-2020 (11 years). Methods of statistical analysis are applied in the work; the author’s grouping of households is given depending on their characteristics. This survey is conducted quarterly for 48 thousand households. The performed calculations are presented for the year as an average value for 4 quarters. All necessary calculations were performed using the IBM SPSS application software package.Results. The results obtained allow us to draw conclusions about the impact of household size on food consumption. The consumption schedule has a U-shape, where the lowest average per capita consumption is observed in households of three and four people. At the same time, in especially large households (6 or more people), a high share of food expenditures may indicate a high level of poverty. The indicator of the share and structure of household expenditures on food also depends on the characteristics of the household: the largest share of total food expenditures in final consumption expenditures in 2020 is observed in households from single pensioners (46.4%), and the smallest - in households from 2 adults and one child (31.8%). The largest share of spending on eating out is in households of adults and children. At the same time, the presence of a pensioner in the household reduces the share of household expenses for eating out. This dependence can be explained by the lack of time for cooking in the adult (working-age) population.Conclusion. The paper presents the author’s system of grouping households according to their characteristics (number of members in the family, age affiliation, etc.). The results obtained make it possible to assess the differentiation in the structure of household expenditures on food, depending on the characteristics of the family.

Enhancing Food Security and Alleviating Poverty: Community Responses to the Poor Rice Program in Jaranguda Village, Indonesia

This study evaluates the impact of the Poor Rice Program in Jaranguda Village, located in the Merdeka District of the Karo Regency, Indonesia. The research employs a mixed-method approach, combining quantitative and qualitative analyses to comprehensively assess the program's effectiveness in addressing food insecurity, reducing household expenses, and engaging the community. Quantitative analysis of household surveys revealed a substantial reduction, averaging 30%, in monthly food expenses among program beneficiaries. Moreover, the provision of subsidized or free rice significantly decreased reported food insecurity incidents by 40%, ensuring a more stable and consistent food supply. Qualitative data from community feedback highlighted a strong sense of appreciation for the program's assistance, along with suggestions for improved distribution mechanisms and increased community engagement. These insights emphasize the need for ongoing dialogue and program adaptability to better cater to the evolving needs of the community. The findings underscore the significant impact of the Poor Rice Program in alleviating financial burdens and improving food security within Jaranguda Village. The reduction in household expenses and enhanced food security among beneficiaries signify the tangible outcomes of targeted interventions, emphasizing the importance of responsive, community-driven programs in addressing poverty-related challenges. This research contributes empirical evidence supporting the effectiveness of poverty-alleviation initiatives, providing valuable insights for policy development and future interventions in similar contexts. The findings offer a foundation for guiding community-driven programs aimed at improving the well-being of vulnerable populations.

Rehabilitation of Internally Displaced Persons and the Support of Nepal Peace Trust Fund in Gorkha District

Rehabilitation of Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) is an important agenda in the peace process of Nepal. The Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction and particularly, the Nepal Peace Trust Fund (NPTF) supported the rehabilitation process of these IDPs who were displaced during the Maoist insurgency. This paper has tried to analyze the process of rehabilitation of IDPs and the challenges faced during the process. It has also tried to assess the support of NPTF in the rehabilitation of IDPs. The research was carried out in the Gorkha district. It has applied a qualitative method during the process of research. The interview was used as the primary tool for collecting data. The IDPs registered at the District Administration Office (DAO) were purposively selected and interviewed till the theoretical saturation. The IDPs returned to their place of origin after the signing of CPA in 2006. But they faced a lot of challenges in the rehabilitation process, such as the condition of insecurity, difficulty in reestablishing secured livelihood conditions, psychological effects, lack of proper housing and lack of an appropriate local mechanism to facilitate the rehabilitation process. Most of the IDPs have received the relief package of Rs. 7200 through DAO provided by NPTF. This is the very minimum amount; and the IDPs used it as a household expense rather than using it in the rehabilitation process. So, the NPTF’s relief package did not have a significant contribution to the rehabilitation of IDPs.

Universal health coverage and public-private arrangements within Sri Lanka's mixed health system: Perspectives from women seeking healthcare

Universal health coverage (UHC), a target of the United Nations' third Sustainable Development Goal on health, refers to people having access to essential healthcare services without suffering financial hardship. The World Bank and other leading global health actors champion mixed health systems—in which government and privately-financed market delivery coexist—as a sustainable model for UHC. Yet, little is known about what these public-private arrangements mean for women, a crucial partaker of UHC in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Using a critical feminist approach, this study explores how women negotiate access to public and private healthcare services within Sri Lanka's state-dominant mixed health system. Data were generated through focus group discussions and interviews with women residents of an urban division in Kandy, a city seeing rapid private healthcare expansion in central Sri Lanka. Notwithstanding policies of universality guiding public sector delivery, out-of-pocket payments burden socially and economically disadvantaged women. They use private services to fill gaps in the public system, and consult dual practitioners privately, to pave way for better (public) care. By contrast, wealthier women opt for private outpatient care, but capitalize on the dual practitioners to obtain priority access to oversubscribed services at public hospitals. Most women, regardless of social location, combine public with private, albeit to varying degrees, to save on household expenses. Relying on women's invisible care work, these public-private “hybrid” routes of access within Sri Lanka's poorly regulated mixed health system, reinforce social inequalities and individualize the responsibility for healthcare. The article throws light on the messiness of access within mixed systems and demands closer scrutiny of calls for private sector engagement in the quest for UHC in LMICs.

Food insecurity among Finnish private service sector workers: validity, prevalence and determinants.

To examine the prevalence and determinants of food insecurity among private sector service workers in Finland and assess validity of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) tool. In this cross-sectional study, food insecurity and background characteristics were collected from Finnish private service workers via electronic questionnaires (2019) and national register data (2018-2019). We conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to determine the variables explaining food insecurity. Validity of HFIAS was assessed with rotated principal component analysis and Cronbach's α. Members of the trade union for private sector service workers, Service Union United (PAM), from all municipalities in Finland participated in the study in 2019. The subjects were 6435 private sector workers that were members of the Service Union United (PAM) in Finland. Mean age of participants was 44 years (sd 12·7 years). Two-thirds of the participants (65 %) were food insecure with over a third (36 %) reporting severe food insecurity. Reporting great difficulties in covering household expenses and young age markedly increased the risk of severe food insecurity (OR 15·05; 95 % CI 10·60, 21·38 and OR 5·07; 95 % CI 3·94, 6·52, respectively). Not being married, low education, working in the hospitality industry, being male and living in rented housing also increased the probability of severe food insecurity. The HFIAS tool demonstrated acceptable construct and criterion validity. Severe food insecurity was widespread and associated with low socio-economic status, young age and being male among Finnish private sector service workers, emphasising the need for regular monitoring of food insecurity in Finland.

Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Daily Lives, Agricultural Working Lives, and Mental Health of Farmers in Northern Thailand

This study aims to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the daily lives, agricultural working lives, and mental health of farmers in northern Thailand. This cross-sectional study was carried out in September and October 2021 by interviews. From the stratified random sampling, 2046 farmers responded. There were five sections on the interview form, including demographics, daily life, agricultural working life, stress, and depression experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results show that COVID-19 negatively affected the daily lives of the farmers, making it worse by 61.2%. COVID-19 increased the cost of planting (57.4%) and the cost of agrochemicals and fertilizers (69.9%). It also decreased the prices of agricultural products (73.5%) as well as agricultural extensions (66.5%). The markets and logistics of agricultural products during the pandemic were more difficult than before it (72.8% and 65.1%, respectively). Half of the farmers (50.3%) had moderate stress, and the highest scores were for the loss of household income (mean ± SD = 3.92 ± 0.94) and increased household expenses (mean ± SD = 3.92 ± 0.98). With regard to depression, 19.6% of farmers had depressive symptoms, and the multivariate analysis shows that the mental health of farmers was associated with the changes in their daily and agricultural working lives, as well as with financial problems. The remarkable findings indicate that the farmers who had high and extremely high stress levels had a higher prevalence of depression than the farmers who had no stress (adj.OR = 10.10 and 22.45, respectively). Our results lead to the conclusion that the COVID-19 crisis had an impact on the daily lives, agricultural working lives, and mental health of farmers. The results of this study can be used to provide pertinent guidance, and they have implications for government and other relevant organizations in their COVID-19 efforts to improve agricultural systems and sustain the mental health of farmers.

Pemberdayaan Ekonomi Masyarakat Melalui Budidaya Tanaman Sayuran

The implementation of Large-Scale Social Restrictions (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar) carried out by the government in the context of controlling the transmission of the Corona Virus -19 disease has an impact on the decline in the level of welfare of the Indonesian people. A real program is needed through community empowerment to improve the community's economy, one of which is through the cultivation of vegetables. This community service activity program aims to save expenses, especially household expenses and increase people's income during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, by cultivating vegetable crops, the environment becomes cleaner, neater and greener. The socialization of the activities was carried out using the lecture method and the practice of planting vegetables. The implementation of the activities of the community empowerment program through vegetable cultivation was carried out in the Bojong Menteng Village, Rawa Lumbu District. The enthusiasm of the community is shown by the community's participation in the activities of this empowerment program. as many as 42 representatives from Rt participated in the activities of this program.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keyword: Community Economic Empowerment, Vegetable Cultivation