Consumption Expenditure Of Households Research Articles

The Effect of Pepper Price Fluctuations on the Expenditures of Farmer Household Consumption in Koronua Village, Sabulakoa District, Konawe Selatan Regency

This research was conducted in Koronua Village, Sabulakoa District, South Konawe Regency from August to September 2021. The purpose of this study was to find out how the fluctuations in pepper prices were and to determine the effect of pepper price fluctuations on the level of family household consumption expenditure in Koronua Village, Sabulakoa District, South Konawe Regency. . The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis. The results of this study indicate that the level of pepper price fluctuations in Koronua Village has decreased and varied price fluctuations but is within reasonable limits. Meanwhile, pepper price fluctuations have no significant effect on household consumption expenditures for each harvest in Koronua Village, with an average level of expenses. household consumption per month is Rp. 644,853, and the average consumption cost per harvest is Rp. 82,710.52 with a significance value of 0.420, this makes the consumption expenditure variable have no significant effect on price fluctuations because sig 0.420 > 0.05.

The effect of monetary policy on household consumption expenditures in Portugal: A decomposition of the transmission channel

The effect of monetary policy on household consumption expenditures in Portugal: A decomposition of the transmission channel

Asymmetric Impacts of Rising Food Prices on Households’ Welfare in South West Ethiopia

Food price inflation affects household welfare and the macroeconomy pervasively. The study estimated Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand system of six food groups to simulate the money costs of food prices inflation on households’ welfare and; predict relative potency of income and price policies to counter the effects in a particular context of South West Ethiopia. It drew on Household Income and Consumption Expenditure Survey data of 519 households collected by the Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia. Rural households respond more to income and prices than do urban dwellers. The welfare losses from food price inflation fall heavily, more on urban households than their rural counterparts. On average, it requires resource allocations as large as percentage increases in prices to keep households’ welfare at pre-price change levels. It is suggested that a sector-specific mix of income and price policies could offset the negative consequences on consumers’ welfare.

An Ecological Analysis of Food Expenditure Patterns During Periods of Economic Recovery and Economic Shock in India

ObjectivesTo study the patterns of food expenditure by Indian households during periods of economic recovery (after the Great Recession in 2008–09) and economic shock (from a currency demonetization policy in 2016). I hypothesize that real consumer price index (CPI) adjusted food expenditure (in Rupees) would be lower after the economic shock with higher share of spending on processed foods ― consistent with the nutrition transition hypothesis. MethodsUsing published tables from India’s nationally representative Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys in 2011–12 and 2017–18, I estimate real (Rs.) and percentage (of total expenditure) CPI-adjusted monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) on food. I report the share of food MPCE for dairy products, sugar, oil, fresh fruits, vegetables (including tubers), and processed foods. Analysis was carried out for 36 states and union territories stratified by urbanicity. ResultsReal and percentage MPCE on food were lower in 2017–18 (Rs. 705.1; 52.3%) relative to 2011–12 (Rs. 794.9; 52.9%) for rural India. For urban India, real MPCE on food (but not percentage) was higher in 2017–18 (Rs. 1207.4; 41.9%) relative to 2011–12 (Rs. 1168.4; 42.6%). The percentage decrease was due to higher non-food MPCE (2011–12: Rs. 1572.8; 2017–18: Rs. 1672.6). At the state-level, real (rural: 28; urban: 9) and percentage (rural: 21; urban: 20) decreases were observed in rural areas. As a share of food MPCE, spending on sugar (rural: 25; urban: 29) and edible oil (rural: 22; urban: 26) decreased in most states from 2011–12. However, share of food MPCE increased on dairy (rural: 26; urban: 23), fresh fruits (rural: 31; urban: 30), vegetables (rural: 26; urban: 19), and processed foods (rural: 20; urban: 26) for majority of states. This is despite a real decrease in spending (in Rs) on processed foods (rural: 26; urban: 9) and vegetables (rural: 21; urban: 8) for most states in rural areas. Real spending (Rs.) increased for dairy (rural: 20; urban: 26) and fresh fruits (rural: 23; urban: 29) for most states. ConclusionsRural areas showed a decrease in real food expenditures from 2011–12 to 2017–18. Food expenditures decreased in share for sugar and oil, but increased in share for fruits, vegetables and processed foods. This was also observed in urban areas where there was an increase in real food expenditures. Funding SourcesNone.

Middle-income Trap: Upaya Pembangunan Manusia dan Peran Pemerintah

The most important reason why the middle-income countries, including Indonesia, can't reach the level of economic growth in high-income countries is that their level of productivity is lower than high-income countries. In order to increase their productivity levels, they must primarily increase human development. The study aims to test determinants that influence human development and the importance of government intervention. The research object is middle-income countries in the period 2015--2019. Data panel is used and tested using fixed effect model approach. The results showed household consumption and government expenditure had positive effect on human development. Meanwhile, foreign direct investment and corruption have no effect on human development. The results of this study are expected to be inputs and considerations for the Indonesian government in order to create strategies and public policies that support national development that focuses on improving the capabilities and competitiveness of their people through human development.

Exchange Rate Effect on the Household Consumption in BRICST Countries: Evidence from MATNARDL Model

Various empirical methodologies have examined the relationship between exchange rate and household consumption expenditures. However, traditional methods fail to analyze the exchange rate effect on consumption across minor and major currency depreciation and appreciations. We attempt to extend the existing literature by examining the impact of minor and major currency appreciation and depreciation on household consumption expenditures in BRICST countries, including Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey. We use an extended version of the nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) and multiple threshold nonlinear ARDL model called the multiple asymmetric ARDL (MATNARDL) model. Our estimates, based on the traditional NARDL model, indicate that the asymmetric effect is found in the context of India and China only. However, the MATNARDL estimates suggest that, in the long run, the asymmetric effect is found for all the sample countries except India whereas, in the short run, the asymmetric effect is found for all the sample countries except Turkey. Finally, this study recommends the policy implications based on the results obtained in this study.

Migrant remittances and consumption expenditure under rain-fed agricultural income: micro-level evidence from Ghana

ABSTRACT Using a repeated cross-section data set from Ghana for 1991/1992, 1998/1999, 2005/2006, 2012/2013 and 2016/17, and a Two-Stage Least Squares estimator, this paper investigates the effect of agricultural income on remittances and consumption expenditure. It is found that households in Ghana use remittances to protect themselves from decline in agricultural income due to rainfall failure. The results suggest that a 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income leads to a 30 Ghana Cedis increase in remittances. The results further posit that rainfall-induced agricultural income changes affect total consumption and food expenditures of rural households. A 100 Ghana Cedis decrease in agricultural income due to rainfall failure leads to a 60 Ghana Cedis fall in total consumption expenditure, and 36 Ghana Cedis fall in food expenditure of rural households. Very poor households in rural areas are found to be more vulnerable to such rainfall-driven agricultural income changes.

Reducing gender bias in household consumption data: Implications for food fortification policy

Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) data are increasingly used to inform nutrition policy around the world, most prominently for food fortification programs. However, they risk providing incorrect and gender-biased estimates of dietary intakes. We use both 7-day HCES and 24-hour dietary recall (24HR) data on all members of 5604 households in rural Bangladesh to disentangle the two main sources of error: 1) mismeasurement of household consumption, and 2) intra-household allocation assumptions used to individualize household consumption. We show that, relative to 24HR, HCES overestimate household-level quantities and underestimate women’s share of household foods. Errors from modeling the potential benefits and risks of fortification depend on the food – better measurement is needed for foods consumed episodically (e.g. wheat flour or sugar) or in small quantities (e.g. salt and oil). Beyond mean bias, we find poor and heteroskedastic agreement between HCES and 24HR methods, which is more driven by mismeasurement of food quantities than the application of flawed assumptions about food allocation – at least in the Bangladeshi context. We demonstrate a novel generalizable method for improving HCES intake estimates by drawing on the advantages of both HCES and 24HR data. Using a small sample of 24HR data to generate context- and food-specific quantity and allocation corrections, we can almost eliminate mean bias. With further validation, we hope our proposed method can be used to ensure that HCES estimates account for locally-specific measurement error and gender norms, and that nutrition policy based on these data will be safer and more gender-sensitive.

Is China's financing for climate change prevention ensure green environment? Evaluating the role of higher education

Over the last few years, China has maintained rapid economic growth globally. China has initiated various investments and improved higher education to tackle climate change issues and ensure a green environment. This study examines the influence of economic growth, higher education graduates, household consumption expenditures, industrial pollution prevention investment, and energy industry investment. Covering the period from 2000 to 2017, this study investigated a panel of 30 Chinese provinces. The data under study follows an irregular pattern, and all the variables are cointegrated; therefore, this study employed the novel method of moment quantile regression. Empirical findings suggest that economic growth and investment in the energy industry are the significant contributors to carbon emission in all the quantiles Q0.25, Q0.50, and Q0.75. However, higher education graduates, household consumption expenditures, and investment in industrial pollution prevention negatively and significantly affect carbon emissions and promote environmental sustainability. The Granger causality test reveals a bidirectional causal association between carbon emissions and the explanatory variables. Based on the empirical findings, this study suggests investment in environmental recovery plans, adopting renewable energy sources, improving the level of higher education by more investments for higher education graduates, environmental education, and increased investment in pollution prevention industries.

Small area estimation of food insecurity prevalence for the state of uttar pradesh in India

The 2nd Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of the United Nations attempt to eliminate the potential hunger and food insecurity issues by 2030, but in the plight of COVID19 pandemic it has become far more critical and persistent issue globally as well as in India. The nation-wide socio-economic surveys of National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in India are designed to produce reliable and representative estimates of important food insecurity parameters at state and national level for both rural and urban sectors separately but these surveys cannot be used directly to generate reliable district level estimates. Whereas, efficient and representative disaggregated level estimates for the extent (or incidence) of food insecurity prevalence has direct impact on strategizing effective policy plans and monitoring progress towards eliminating food insecurity. In this backdrop, the paper outlines small area estimation approach to estimate the incidence of food insecurity across the districts of rural Uttar Pradesh in India by linking data from the 2011–12 Household Consumer Expenditure Survey of NSSO, and the 2011 Indian Population Census. A spatial map has been generated showing spatial disparity for the incidence of food insecurity in Uttar Pradesh. These disaggregated level estimates are relevant and purposeful for SDG indicator 2.1.2 – severity of food insecurity. The estimates and map of food insecurity incidences are expected to deliver invaluable information to the policy-analysts and decision-makers.

Modeling and Analysis of the Impact of Information and Communication Technology on Household Consumption Expenditure in Different Regions

Based on the panel data of cities and towns in China, by using the generalized estimation method of a dynamic panel, through the construction of regional household consumption expenditure evaluation models, optimize the impact evaluation algorithm of household consumption expenditure in different regions, standardize critic indicators, and build the impact modeling of household consumption expenditure in combination with relevant algorithms such as the Engel coefficient. Finally, it is verified by experiments that the impact model of ICT on household consumption expenditure in different regions has high practicability and fully meets the research requirements.

Life quality in Russia: a brief overview

The life quality is a fundamental characteristic by which it is possible to assess the level of socio-economic development of the territory for which it is assessed. The main purpose of the study is to assess the key socio-economic parameters that affect the life quality in Russia. Methods of system analysis, classification and generalization were used in the study. The analysis of the main macroeconomic indicators affecting the quality of life in our country, such as gross domestic product, inflation rate, unemployment rate, the volume of credit resources issued, household consumption expenditures, is carried out. The main trends of their changes are revealed. The article convincingly shows that the life quality is formed under the influence of external and internal factors, which together reflect the living standard state of the population (material well-being, consumption of goods). The values of the vast majority of key factors affecting the life quality of Russian population have negative dynamics. To change the situation, it is necessary to develop a comprehensive system of measures, where the key role is assigned to state regulation, which actively responds to the transformations taking place in the socio-economic environment.

Rapid Consumption Survey Methodology: An Empirical Study in Bangladesh

Every unidimensional poverty measure is mostly based on consumption expenditure. In the household consumption expenditure survey, the questionnaire needs to record detailed information about food and non-food items. The lengthy administering time hampers the survey very often. This study applies a rapid consumption methodology on two-round panel data from the Bangladesh integrated household survey conducted by the International Food Policy Research Institute. The surveyed items for each household are partitioned into the core and optional modules. Any randomly taken optional module is assigned to a household, and missing modules are then estimated by the imputation method. In estimating the poverty indicators, the multiple imputation with chained equation model shows better estimates than the ordinary least squares (OLS) and median imputation techniques. The estimated poverty headcount ratio (FGT0) is 26.72%, whereas the full consumption data show FGT0 as 27.2%. These results suggest that the rapid consumption survey methodology in a risk-prone area can be a potential approach to estimate the consumption and poverty at a lower cost and lower administrative time.

Investigating the performance of agricultural sector on well-being: New evidence from Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso’s economy is based mostly on agriculture. Despite this sector’s substantial contribution to economic development, the majority of the population continues to live below the poverty line, and poverty is even more pronounced in rural areas where subsistence farming is the main source of income. The present research intends to assess the effects of the agriculture sector on the wellbeing of society in Burkina Faso from 1970 to 2017 using a Vector Autoregressive technique. The results reveal that agriculture sector has an adverse influence on well-being in both short- and long-run when household consumption expenditure (HCE) used as a proxy of well-being. While this sector uncovered a productive impact on well-being measured by education (EDU) in both short- and long-run. An increase in the agriculture value-added induces an extend in the short-run and a reduction in the long-run of life expectancy (LEXP) in the Burkina Faso. The variance decomposition results show that the agricultural sector will contribute about 57.33% to explain variation in the household final consumption expenditure while industry and service sectors will only contribute about 2.03% and 4.42% respectively. However, the value-added from the industrial sector affects significantly (47.37%) the variation of life expectancy at birth in Burkina Faso. In addition, Granger’s causality test has demonstrated a unidirectional causal impact from agriculture value-added to household income. The same causal links were also discovered, respectively from the agricultural and service sectors to life expectancy. This study emphasizes the necessity to concentrate stakeholders including farmers, policymakers and experts on agri-business strategies and programs, investment in farm commodity processing in the growing country concerned. The farmers may thus change from subsistence to agri-business, therefore accelerating the industry’s growth and creating more jobs for the working population and diversifying the country's household income sources.

Evaluation of catastrophic health expenditure risk due to measles in Nigeria

ABSTRACT Measles can have a substantial negative impact not only on people’s health but also on their finances, especially in developing countries. This study evaluates the household risk of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) due to measles, according to regions and wealth quintiles. The CHE risk due to measles was computed based on (1) the likelihood of health service utilization to treat measles, (2) out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditure and indirect costs associated with disease treatment, and (3) household consumption expenditures. I derived the CHE risk associated with measles, conditional on contracting the disease, across regions and wealth quintiles in Nigeria, using secondary data sources for health-care utilization, OOP expenditures, and consumption expenditures. There was a large variation in CHE risk according to regions and wealth quintiles. Among the poorest households, those in the northeast and northwest would have the highest risk of CHE, up to 17%, while those in the southwest would have the lowest risk of 5%. For all regions, as the wealth increases, the CHE risk would decrease. There would be zero or very little CHE risk among the richest households in any regions. Given the proven efficacy of measles vaccines, immunizations can prevent households, especially poorer households in northeast and northwest regions, from facing the CHE risk due to measles.

Household consumption expenditure in Thailand during the first COVID-19 lockdown

The COVID-19 pandemic has been particularly challenging to developing countries, such as Thailand. Although the country has managed to control the outbreak relatively well, changes in the consumer spending behaviour could affect the whole economy. In this study, household consumption expenditure in Thailand during the first COVID-19 lockdown is examined by using descriptive and empirical analyses. The findings of this study indicate that total consumption declined drastically during the first two quarters of 2020. Consumer spending on services dropped significantly during that time, but spending on non-durable goods, durable goods and housing-related expenses increased. These expenditure patterns are similar to those in developed countries in which consumers increased their spending on at-home activities, but reduced their expenditures outside the home.

PENGARUH PENDAPATAN DAN JUMLAH TANGGUNGAN KELUARGA TERHADAP PENGELUARAN KONSUMSI RUMAH TANGGA

This study aims to determine the effect of income and number of dependents on household consumption expenditures. The population in this study were community customers who received direct cash assistance (BLT) totaling 91 people. The sampling technique in this study was non-random sampling, where the researcher took a sample of part of the total population. The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis using multiple linear analysis methods. The results based on this path analysis show that income has an insignificant effect on household consumption expenditures, the number of family dependents has a significant effect on household consumption expenditures receiving direct cash assistance and the income and number of family dependents simultaneously has a significant effect on household consumption expenditures receiving direct assistance cash.

Income and Household Consumption Expenditure in Nigeria (1986–2020)

The correlation between household consumption expenditure and income in Nigeria was examined using annual time series data (1986–2020). The objectives of the study were achieved using some econometrics tools like the error correction model, the Johansen co-integration test, and the Granger causality test. There is a long-run relationship between income and household consumption expenditure, as revealed by the Johansen co-integration test. The errors that arose in the short run were corrected in the long run using the error correction model. There is a direct and significant relationship between household consumption expenditure and income, while other variables, except inflation, exhibit the same relationship. Inflation shows an indirect relationship. Since there was a long-term relationship between household consumption expenditure and income, the study recommended that the government enhance its welfare activities to improve the citizens’ ability to buy goods and services. The interest rate should be reduced to encourage both potential and existing investors. The monetary authorities should embark on policies that will ensure a reduction in inflation rates and also ensure price stability. This would increase the value of each household's income and lead to an increase in household consumption.

COVID-19 distributes socially in China: A Bayesian spatial analysis.

PurposeThe ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic increasingly threatens the public health security worldwide. We aimed to identify high-risk areas of COVID-19 and understand how socioeconomic factors are associated with the spatial distribution of COVID-19 in China, which may help other countries control the epidemic.MethodsWe analyzed the data of COVID-19 cases from 30 provinces in mainland China (outside of Hubei) from 16 January 2020 to 31 March 2020, considering the data of demographic, economic, health, and transportation factors. Global autocorrelation analysis and Bayesian spatial models were used to present the spatial pattern of COVID-19 and explore the relationship between COVID-19 risk and various factors.ResultsGlobal Moran’s I statistics of COVID-19 incidences was 0.31 (P<0.05). The areas with a high risk of COVID-19 were mainly located in the provinces around Hubei and the provinces with a high level of economic development. The relative risk of two socioeconomic factors, the per capita consumption expenditure of households and the proportion of the migrating population from Hubei, were 1.887 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.469~2.399] and 1.099 (95% CI: 1.053~1.148), respectively. The two factors explained up to 78.2% out of 99.7% of structured spatial variations.ConclusionOur results suggested that COVID-19 risk was positively associated with the level of economic development and population movements. Blocking population movement and reducing local exposures are effective in preventing the local transmission of COVID-19.

Methodology of imputed rent: rethinking of the own housing costs

International comparisons of household expenditures on housing and communal services, despite a significant increase in tariffs, indicate an unreasonably low absolute and relative level of these expenditures in Ukraine. Analyzing this problem, the article considers the concept of conditional (imputed) rent (rent), which in recent years has been used as macroeconomic statistics and statistics on income and living conditions. The need to reliably determine the conditional rent is due to the differences in the formation of annual expenditures and incomes of households living in their own homes and those who rent housing.&#x0D; The aim of the article is, however, to compare the statistical expenditures of households on housing and communal services, in particular on housing maintenance services in cases where households are homeowners or tenants and national statistical observations differ in the methods of determining conditional rent or no such definition at all. &#x0D; The research methodology in this article deals with the definition of conditional rent in Ukraine in scientific publications on housing economics. Such publications are intended to clarify the idea of the full cost of homeowners necessary for its normal reproduction. Therefore, it is important how perfect the methodology for determining the conditional rent abroad is and how domestic statistics determine (or do not determine at all) the conditional rent.&#x0D; The results of the study indicate the general problems of determining the conditional rent, related to the incompleteness of the information base required for calculations. At the same time, in domestic practice there is a methodological gap in the reflection of conditional rent in macroeconomic statistics of final consumption expenditures of households and the lack of a corresponding indicator in sample surveys of income and expenditure (living conditions). It is concluded that correct comparisons in domestic surveys, further improvement of housing statistics and adjustment of absolute and relative indicators of household expenditures using their own housing, and thus an overall increase in the share of expenditures on housing services.