House Paint Research Articles

Dutch Boy Strikes Again!: Lead-Based Watercolors in Paint Books for Children

ABSTRACT ‘Dutch Boy White – Lead’ was the trademark of the National Lead Company, the leading manufacturer of lead products in the United States in the early twentieth century. Though there was ample medical literature linking childhood lead poisoning to lead paint, National Lead continued to promote their products to the American public. Dutch Boy produced color-by-paint booklets for children to build generational brand loyalty, reasoning that the ‘children of today are the grown ups of tomorrow.’ The Winterthur Library has seven of these booklets, one of which, the Dutch Boy Conquers Old Man Gloom, required minor conservation treatment. A watercolor palette of the primary colors is in the center of the booklet, and considering the use of lead in house paint, the composition of the watercolors was called into question. Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy were used to identify the watercolors. Both techniques confirmed the presence of lead (II) chromate in booklets ranging from 1914 to 1929. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to quantify the amount of friable lead present, informing the conservation treatment approach. Housings were modified for the health and safety of library staff and researchers.

Perspectives on Childhood Lead Exposure Prevention: Looking Back and Looking Ahead.

Lead's neurotoxic properties and potential harmful effects to humans, particularly young children, have been recognized for decades, influencing public health policies to reduce its admixture in house paint and passenger car gasoline. We signal 3 emergent trends: firearm proliferation, complex international food supply chains, and equally complex product marketing strategies, which have opened opportunities for lead exposure to children from guns and ammunition, and lead contamination in children's food and consumer goods. Readers will also be apprised of Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program and education strategies cultivated and advanced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and its lead prevention partners. A national governmental policy update is included, as are future considerations.

Traditional sacred meanings in the ethnoregional culture of Altai

This article presents the study of methodological approaches to the study of the traditional sacred ethnoregional culture of Altai. The essence of the concept of "sacred" culture is considered. The theoretical aspects of the study of the "sacred" ethnoregional culture of Altai are revealed. A comparative analysis of various traditional forms of sacredness in the development of the ethnoregional culture of Altai is carried out. The problem of preserving the cultural heritage of Altai is considered.The purpose of the study is to reveal the features of traditional sacred meanings in the ethnoregional culture of Altai. Objectives: - to consider the theoretical aspects of the study of the sacred ethnoregional culture of Altai; - to conduct a comparative analysis of various traditional forms of sacredness in the development of the ethnoregional culture of Altai. The subject of the study is the traditional sacred meanings in the ethnoregional culture of Altai.The object of the study is the ethnoregional culture of Altai. The practical significance of this work lies in the possibility of using the data obtained in the creation of local regional programs for the preservation of ethnocultural traditionalism. The method and methodology of the work: the basis of the research is the principle of a systematic approach. To study methodological approaches to research, the sources of information were textbooks and monographs by such authors as M. Eliade, T.V. Bernyukevich, I.Ya. Murzina, N.I. Kaplan, G.M. Kazakova, V.A. Lipinskaya and others. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the culture of Altai is a huge layer of ethnographically diverse ethnic groups. Each ethnic group has its own sacred values and social patterns through which these values can be passed on to subsequent generations. This can be traced by the example of the Altai house painting, in everyday objects there is a complex semantic complex of sacralization. On the one hand, painting appears as a way of sacralizing human existence, on the other hand, it is a channel for transmitting appropriate social patterns that influence the consolidation of bearers of a particular culture. The boundaries of the sacred here are determined by the substantial meanings of human existence and the civilizational level of development of the sacralization of values. Traditional sacred meanings are intertwined with the way of life, culture and way of life of the people.

Украшения деревянных домов и старообрядческих рукописей второй половины XIX – начала XX века: к вопросу об общности композиционных элементов

In the diversity of the ornamental decoration of the Old Believer handwritten literary artefacts, one can distinguish stable stylistic trends and book design techniques that have developed in the regions where the Old Believer population is densely populated. In addition, in the book decoration of the late Cyrillic manuscript tradition, there are a lot of original elements that do not fit the description of traditional forms of well-known ornamental styles. Such book decorations, as a rule, are designated as authors. One of the variants of the authors solutions in the manuscript decoration is the use of motifs of folk arts and crafts. The purpose of this study is to determine a connection between the art of decorating Old Believer manuscripts and one of the areas of folk arts and crafts – house painting and carving of the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries. The source base is the Old Believer ornamented manuscripts of that time, which are stored in the Repository of the Ural Federal University’s Laboratory of Archaeographical Studies. Using the method of comparative analysis of the ornamental decoration of Old Believer manuscripts and elements of external paintings of wooden houses (gables, the space under the roof around the upper window and the closing of the eaves overhang, etc.), we managed to find similarities and a common symbolic component, the meaning of which was to demonstrate the strength and well-being of the house, reliable protection, and also showed the dream of beautiful gardens of Eden. Book decor with such motifs can be seen more often in singing manuscripts, where the beauty of the musical text was reinforced by the rich colors of the drawings of the Divine abodes. The ornamented initials of the manuscripts are often very close to the expressive tracery in house paintings. Novelty in the methods of designing a handwritten book in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries consisted in rapprochement with the folk arts and crafts of painting and wood carving. If in an earlier period book decoration was distinguished by some “elitism”, since it had its own strict stylistic and typical features, its own schemes and rules of construction and occupied a separate niche in the art of the book, now it has come close to folk crafts, reflecting the brightness, beauty and immediacy of a folk art. A new step in the study of the ornamentation of manuscripts of the late tradition became the study of its connection with the art of house painting and woodcarving. The study of this type of ornamental decoration will allow us to take a broader look at the problem of Cyrillic literacy, which is closely related to other types of art, and will also provide an opportunity to see and fully appreciate the creative potential of Old Believer scribes.

КЛАССИЧЕСКИЕ И НЕТИПИЧНЫЕ ПРИМЕРЫ ДОМОВОЙ И ПРЯЛОЧНОЙ РОСПИСИ АЛТАЯ В СОБРАНИЯХ АЛТАЙСКОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО КРАЕВЕДЧЕСКОГО МУЗЕЯ И БИЙСКОГО КРАЕВЕДЧЕСКОГО МУЗЕЯ ИМ. В.В. БИАНКИ

The article presents an overview of the collections of two museums in Altai Krai (the Altai State Museum of Local Lore and the Bianki Biysk Museum of Local Lore) on house and spinning wheel painting as of 2023. The article considers typical and atypical for Altai samples of decorated wooden objects of the 19-20 centuries, products of modern authors made in the style of the Altai version of the Ural-Siberian painting, as well as sketches of the Altai house painting recorded by museum staff during historical and ethnographic expeditions.

Poly(Vinyl Acetate) Paints: A Literature Review of Material Properties, Ageing Characteristics, and Conservation Challenges.

Since their development in the 1950s, poly(vinyl acetate) [PVAc] paints (also known as vinyl) have been used by many artists, most notably in countries such as Spain, Portugal, and the United Kingdom; they are also used globally as a common binder for house paints. However, only a relatively limited number of heritage scientific studies have focused on vinyl paints. Consequently, many critical aspects of this material, such as the degradation processes, variations in paint formulations, and responses to conservation treatments, remain largely understudied. This article aims to summarise the available relevant information on poly(vinyl acetate) paints from both the scientific and the conservation practice perspectives. The article provides a brief overview of the development of poly(vinyl acetate) paints as artist-grade and household products and the known differences in their formulations. It also focuses on poly(vinyl acetate) ageing behaviour, the physicochemical properties, the recent scientific research on poly(vinyl acetate) material characterisation and degradation, and the main conservation issues regarding these paints, such as those relating to cleaning treatments.

First lead, now no bed? The unintended impacts of lead abatement laws on eviction

Lead paint in old houses is the leading cause of lead poisoning in children under 6 today. To combat this problem, several states have passed lead abatement laws, forcing landlords to remove lead in the homes they rent if tenants have children under the age of 6. However, these laws have unintended consequences, causing landlords to evict tenants rather than abate lead. I use a difference-in-differences approach while employing various model specifications with various fixed effects and sets of controls to examine the impact of Ohio’s 2003 lead abatement law on eviction rates. Using newly collected data from the Eviction Lab at Princeton University, I find that the passage of Ohio’s lead abatement law sharply increased targeted evictions. Due to the law’s passage, the average census district in Ohio faced an increased eviction rate of roughly 0.457 points, corresponding to an additional 13.93 evictions a year. These impacts are highly statistically significant, sizeable, and economically meaningful, indicating that policy makers should incorporate distributional consequences when designing future lead abatement laws in order to avoid unintended consequences and ensure equitable outcomes.

Flour-Based Paint as an Effective and Efficient Alternative to Pb-Based Factory-Made Paint in Common House Paint

Flour-Based Paint as an Effective and Efficient Alternative to Pb-Based Factory-Made Paint in Common House Paint

Flour-Based Paint as an Effective and Efficient Alternative to Pb-Based Factory-Made Paint in Common House Paint

Flour-Based Paint as an Effective and Efficient Alternative to Pb-Based Factory-Made Paint in Common House Paint

The Nucleus of Color: Analysis of Hélio Oiticica’s Studio Materials

ABSTRACT A collection of studio materials belonging to the Brazilian neo-concrete artist Hélio Oiticica (1937–1980) was analyzed to identify the pigments and binding media present in paint mixtures created by the artist and in Brazilian house, artist, and craft paints. The labels on some of the paint mixtures link them to specific artworks, including Invenções 6, 12, 23, and 34 (1959–1962), and Penetrável 1 (1961), and although the artworks themselves were not available for analysis, Oiticica’s methodical journals include paint recipes for these objects. The findings reveal that Oiticica used a relatively narrow range of red and yellow pigments in the mixtures, and the majority of the paint mixtures appear to be oil or oils mixed with alkyds, sometimes with additional additives, including fungicides and extenders. The journal notes are often brief and incomplete, listing only a few paint mixtures for a given work, although many more paint mixtures exist in the collection. These samples, the only physical legacy remaining for much of Oiticica’s work that was destroyed in a 2009 fire, offer an unparalleled glimpse into the materials used by this seminal artist and suggest a greater complexity to his works than has thus far been appreciated.

Impact assessment of Hg–Sb wastes to urban soils and shallow groundwater in the mining region of Huitzuco, Guerrero (southern Mexico) using mineralogical, geochemical and Sr–Pb isotopic tools

Concentrations of Hg, Sb and the related potentially toxic elements (RPTEs) As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn were determined in tailings from the Hg–Sb mining region of Huitzuco, Guerrero (southern Mexico) to evaluate their impact on urban soils and shallow groundwater. Tailings are entirely composed of fragments from the ore-hosting Morelos Formation and contain residues of cinnabar, terlinguaite, livingstonite, stibnite and Fe–Ti oxides, whereas urban soils are derived from rocks of the Tilzapotla Formation with a minor contribution from the Morelos Formation. Tailings typically contain lower concentrations of Hg, Sb and RPTEs than urban soils strongly suggesting more than one source of elements. Shallow groundwater is of Ca–HCO3 and Ca–SO4 types with most samples having concentrations of Hg and Sb above the Mexican and EPA guidelines and concentrations of all RPTEs below these guidelines. At Huitzuco, tailings are the most important source of Hg and Sb and a significant source of Mn, Fe, Cr and Ni, whereas As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, V and Co derive from neighboring lithologies. Neighboring rocks are also significant contributors of Sb, Mn, Fe and Ni. Besides lithology and mineralization, the Pb isotopes indicate the participation of a still unidentified, low radiogenic source in urban soils and groundwater with an isotopic signature similar to house paints. Unlike other nearby mining zones, at Huitzuco, only Hg and Sb represent a serious menace to ecosystems and inhabitants, Cu a moderate risk around tailings, and Pb, Zn and Cd a low risk.

PRODUCTION AND OPTIMIZATION OF PIGMENTS AND BINDER IN LOW-COST EMULSION HOUSE PAINT USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY

Paint is any liquid, liquefiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque solid film. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of some basic paint components i.e., prime pigment, extender pigment and binder on pH, viscosity and density on white emulsion paint formulation. The research was aimed at producing low-cost white emulsion house paint and optimizing the pigments and binder in other to obtain the optimal conditions for which the best paint formulation can be obtained using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The pH, density, viscosity and cost were chosen as the responses while the prime pigment, pigment extender and binder were selected as the factors. Twenty (20) different samples of white emulsion house paint were successfully formulated and produced using Central Composite Design. The physico-chemical properties of twelve (12) of the produced paints fell within the conventional specified range by Nigeria Industrial Standard. The results obtained revealed that the pH, viscosity and density were largely affected by the concentration of the prime pigment, pigment extender and binder. Also , the analysis of the variance (ANOVA) of the models showed that the developed models for viscosity, density, pH and cost were significant with F-values of 109.19, 99.55, 10.31 and 2278.53 respectively, and P-values less than 0.05 (P<0.05). In addition, the generated optimum conditions of the desired paint formulation were 66.85 g for the prime pigment, 440.56 g for the pigment extender and 0.108 L for the binder while the quality test optimum conditions were 5.819 poise for viscosity, 1352.836 g/L for density and 7.035 for pH at a cost of ₦336.465. Using the optimum conditions to validate the experiment, the obtained experimental values of 5.95 poise of viscosity, 1380 g/L of density and pH of 7.30 were close to the predicted values and it confirmed the validity and adequacy of the predicted models. While Percentage error deviation of 2.26%, 2.0%, 2.64% and 2.5% were calculated for the viscosity, density, pH and cost, respectively.

Muscular loads associated with floor vacuuming with cordless stick cleaners

The muscular loads of the upper extremity and chest muscles were assessed during floor vacuuming with stick vacuum cleaners. Ten participants conducted vacuuming with two stick cleaners (weight: 3.03 kg, 3.56 kg) on tiled and carpeted floors while the myoelectric activity of the upper extremity and chest muscles were collected. The mean muscle activation levels ranged from 15.5% to 45.7% of the maximum voluntary capacity. Greater muscular loads were observed on the forearm and shoulder muscles when vacuuming with repeated curved strokes (vs. straight storkes), and on the chest muscle when vacuuming the carpeted floor. The range of muscular loads were higher than that of occupational tasks such as house painting and dental drilling, which have been known as intensive activities for upper extremities. The results suggest that floor vacuuming with stick vacuum cleaners is physically demanding for household consumers. Ergonomic interventions such as more user-friendly design should be considered.

Art in the Time of Pandemic: Elisabetta Sirani, Artistic Agency, and Capitalist Social Reproduction

Art in the Time of Pandemic: Elisabetta Sirani, Artistic Agency, and Capitalist Social Reproduction

The identification of fish oils in 20th century paints and paintings

• Historic recipes show 19th-20th c. house paint manufacturers in the USA used fish oil. • Fish oil was cheaper than linseed oil and its presence in paints was not advertised. • GC–MS or HPLC-MS identify the unique fatty acid or TAGs profile of fish oil in paints. • Fish oil mixtures in some historic artists’ paints suggest adulteration. • Fish oil containing paints have been found in paintings by well-known artists. Vegetable oils such as linseed oil are commonly used in retail trade and artists’ oil and alkyd paints, but examination of historic trade literature from the 19 th and 20 th centuries suggests that paint manufacturers in the USA also used fish oils, especially from menhaden ( Brevoortia sp.). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry of menhaden oil samples provided by Werner G Smith Inc., a modern company that supplies menhaden oil to the coatings industry, reveal a fatty acid profile distinct from that of vegetable oils. Menhaden oil has high levels of myristic acid, low levels of lauric acid and a high palmitic to stearic acid ratio and so is readily distinguished from vegetable oils by either of these methods. Historic paint recipes indicate that menhaden oils were often mixed with vegetable oils, so to establish detection limits we analyzed combinations of menhaden oil and either linseed, safflower or sunflower oils by GC–MS; the high levels of myristic acid remain characteristic in mixtures containing only 20% menhaden oil. A selection of historic artists’ paints pre-dating 1970 and paint samples taken from paintings dating from the 1950s and 1960s were analyzed to determine if fish oils could be detected. Fish oils may be present in historic artists’ paints, including those made by the Bocour Company, and in paintings by American artists Franz Kline, Barnett Newman, David Smith, and Andy Warhol. This is the first positive identification of fish oils in historic artists’ paints and 20 th century artworks.

Find a Painting Company to Help You with Your House Painting Project

Find a Painting Company to Help You with Your House Painting Project

State of cardiovascular system in employees with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in combination with arterial hypertension in terms of exposure to toxic games

Objective. Identification of the features of the cardiovascular system damage in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) combined with arterial hypertension (AH) in workers exposed to toxic gases (TG).
 Materials and methods. 132 house painters and paint production workers of the Novosibirsk aviation enterprise were included in 3 strata and examined: I-COPD and TG; II-COPD in combination with AH when exposed to TG; III COPD in combination with AH without exposure to TG. Employees of all strata were divided by length of service less than 10 and more than 10 years. The selection of workers in groups was carried out by a continuous method.
 Results. The most pronounced changes on the ECG, regardless of the length of service, were observed in workers with COPD in combination with hypertension and contact with TG (levogram and metabolic changes in the myocardium). When exposed to TG for more than 10 years, hypertrophy of the left parts of the heart was also detected. Among workers with COPD in combination with hypertension exposed to TG, the indicators of average pulmonary artery pressure (APAP) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) elevated with increasing work experience; changes in the structure and function of the right and left parts of the heart and signs of remodeling of large vessels were also revealed. The same workers showed more pronounced changes in the daily blood pressure profile (DBPP) of AP with the prevalence of Non-dippers and Night-pickers.
 Conclusions. Among workers suffering from comorbid pathology, with increasing duration of TG exposure over 10 years, there were observed the most pronounced ECG changes (deviation of electrical axis to the left, metabolic changes in the myocardium, hypertrophy of the left heart); increased APAP and PVR 1.21 and 1.10 times; changes in the structure and function of the right and left chambers of the heart, remodeling of large vessels; increase in the frequency of variants of the DBPP of Non-dippers and Night-pickers.

Asser Saint-Val: Artist Statement and Artwork

Featured artwork and accompanying Artist's Statement by Asser Saint-Val described as "A Function for alpha-MSH in fetal development and the presence of an Alpha-MSH-like compound in nervous tissue", a mixed media on Masonite: using coffee, chocolate, acrylic, watercolor, house painting, and color pencils: 2013.

State-Created Environmental Dangers and Substantive Due Process

This Article focuses on the litigation arising out of contaminated drinking water in Flint, Michigan, lead paint in public housing in New York City, and harms to young people from the impacts of climate change. At the heart of each case is a claim that state officials violated the plaintiffs’ substantive due process rights by creating or enhancing an environmental danger and then deliberately failing to mitigate the risk to the plaintiffs. Although the plaintiffs characterize their claims in similar fashion, the three cases are not likely to enjoy the same success as they move through the courts. The scholarly commentary thus far does not offer satisfying answers to why plaintiffs might state a claim against officials for contaminated drinking water but not for an unstable climate. Although these cases involve novel applications of substantive due process doctrine, scholars have yet to examine exactly if and how they depart from other substantive due process cases. To fill this gap in the literature, this Article seeks to situate these cases in existing doctrine. In doing so, it exposes doctrinal confusion regarding which standards and tests apply to state-created danger claims. In addition, to provide courts with necessary guidance, the Article proposes a framework for state-created danger claims, limited by established common law principles and grounded in the important distinction between challenges to official misconduct and challenges to governmental law or policy.

Experimental Study on the Link between Optical Emission, Crystal Defects and Photocatalytic Activity of Artist Pigments Based on Zinc Oxide

The historical knowledge inherited from house paint documents and the experimental research on synthetic pigments show that production methods have an important role in the performance of paint. In this regard, this work investigates the links existing between the optical emission, crystal defects and photocatalytic activity of zinc white pigment from different contemporary factories, with the aim of elucidating the effects of these characteristics onto the tendency of the pigment to induce paint failures. The analysed samples display highly similar crystallite structure, domain size, and specific surface area, whilst white pigments differ from pure ZnO in regards to the presence of zinc carbonate hydrate that is found as a foreign compound. In contrast, the photoluminescence measurements categorize the analysed samples into two groups, which display different trap-assisted emissions ascribed to point crystal defects introduced during the synthesis process, and associated to Zn or O displacement. The photocatalytic degradation tests infer that the emerged defective structure and specific surface area of ZnO-based samples influence their tendency to oxidize organic molecules under light irradiation. In particular, the results indicate that the zinc interstitial defects may be able to promote the photogenerated electron-hole couples separation with a consequent increase of the overall ZnO photocatalytic activity, negatively affecting the binding medium stability. This groundwork paves the way for further studies on the link between the photoluminescence emission of the zinc white pigment and its tendency to decompose organic components contained in the binding medium.