Hot Water Decoction Research Articles

Antibacterial and smear layer removal efficacy of moringa (Moringa oleifera): An in vitro study

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effectiveness of moringa (Moringa oleifera) leaves decoction for removing a smear layer compared to sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), as well as its antimicrobial activities. MethodsThe moringa leaves were extracted using hot water decoction at two different concentrations (2.5% and 5.0% w/v). A total of 30 extracted human single-rooted teeth were prepared to assess the smear layer removal efficacy. The presence of a smear layer in the middle third of the root canal was detected by confocal microscopy. Then the antibacterial effects were assessed against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans bacteria using the agar diffusion method. ResultsThe 2.5% and 5.0% decoction were significantly more effective than 0.25% NaOCl in removing the smear layer (p < 0.05); however, no significant difference was observed compared to EDTA (p > 0.05). The in vitro antimicrobial assay showed that 5.0% decoction had higher antimicrobial activity against both of the test pathogens. ConclusionThe findings of this study suggest that moringa leaves decoction can be considered an effective irrigant in endodontics.

Comparative analysis of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of red, blue, and black tea for health benefits

The current COVID-19 predicament necessitates a greater emphasis on developing immunity. Herbal teas are abundant in antioxidants which are important for strengthening the immune system. Hot water decoction of Hibiscus rosa sinensis flowers (red tea), Clitoria ternatea flowers (blue tea) and commercially available black tea were evaluated by comparing for in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Anthocyanin pigment in red, blue, and black tea demonstrated Rf values of 0.52, 0.86 and 0.78 respectively. Blue and black teas exhibited dominance of polyphenols, flavonoids, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, saponins as compared to red tea. The highest total phenolic (12.25 ± 0.245 mg GAE/gm extract-1) and flavonoid (15.84 ± 0.268mg QE/gm extract-1) content were observed with black and blue tea respectively. Blue tea, and black tea extracts exhibited FRPA values of 1.81 ± 0.413 mg and 1.93 ± 0.178 mg AAE per gram extract-1 respectively. Black tea exhibits the highest antioxidant capacity in reducing molybdate ions (1.94 ± 0.354 mg AAE per gram extract-1) followed by blue tea (1.56 ± 0.199 mg AAE per gram extract-1). Blue tea extract at a very low concentration showed highest percentage hemolytic inhibition (57.14 ± 0.567%). According to the study, blue tea is a rich source of antioxidants with significant anti-inflammatory properties. The research may offer a valuable supplementary strategyfor its therapeutic applications.

IN VITRO ANTICOAGULANT AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF PRASAPLAI RECIPE AND ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR ROXB. EXTRACTS

Objective: This present study aimed to evaluate the anticoagulant activity and antioxidant properties of Prasaplai recipe (PPR), a Thai traditionalmedicine, and its major ingredient, Zingiber cassumunar (ZC) Roxb. extracts, seeking new therapeutic purposes for the recipe.Methods: Aqueous extracts of PPR and ZC Roxb. were prepared by hot water decoction technique. The anticoagulant activity of the extracts wasevaluated by prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) tests. In addition to anticoagulant activity, total phenolcontent and antioxidant activity were investigated. Total phenol content was determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. The antioxidant activity wasestimated by DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assay.Results: The APTT of plasma samples mixed with the PPR and ZC Roxb. extracts was significantly prolonged (p&lt;0.05) at the concentration of1.0 mg/ml and above comparing to the control (normal saline solution) but was no significantly different for the PT. These results suggested thatPPR and ZC Roxb. extracts showed anticoagulant activity affecting the function of coagulation factor in the intrinsic pathway. All aqueous extractspossessed considerable antioxidant activity and were rich in total polyphenol.Conclusion: This finding indicates that the aqueous extracts possess significant anticoagulant and antioxidant activities, thus showing the potentialPPR and ZC Roxb. as a new source of bioactive compounds for therapeutic purposes, with particular emphasis on the prevention and treatment ofthrombosis.

Alkaloid-Rich Crude Extracts, Fractions and Piperamide Alkaloids of Piper guineense Possess Promising Antibacterial Effects.

Piper guineense is a food and medicinal plant commonly used to treat infectious diseases in West-African traditional medicine. In a bid to identify new antibacterial compounds due to bacterial resistance to antibiotics, twelve extracts of P. guineense fruits and leaves, obtained by sequential extraction, as well as the piperine and piperlongumine commercial compounds were evaluated for antibacterial activity against human pathogenic bacteria. HPLC-DAD and UHPLC/Q-TOF MS analysis were conducted to characterize and identify the compounds present in the extracts with promising antibacterial activity. The extracts, with the exception of the hot water decoctions and macerations, contained piperamide alkaloids as their main constituents. Piperine, dihydropiperine, piperylin, dihydropiperylin or piperlonguminine, dihydropiperlonguminine, wisanine, dihydrowisanine and derivatives of piperine and piperidine were identified in a hexane extract of the leaf. In addition, some new piperamide alkaloids were identified, such as a piperine and a piperidine alkaloid derivative and two unknown piperamide alkaloids. To the best of our knowledge, there are no piperamides reported in the literature with similar UVλ absorption maxima and masses. A piperamide alkaloid-rich hexane leaf extract recorded the lowest MIC of 19 µg/mL against Sarcina sp. and gave promising growth inhibitory effects against S. aureus and E. aerogenes as well, inhibiting the growth of both bacteria with a MIC of 78 µg/mL. Moreover, this is the first report of the antibacterial activity of P. guineense extracts against Sarcina sp. and E. aerogenes. Marked growth inhibition was also obtained for chloroform extracts of the leaves and fruits against P. aeruginosa with a MIC value of 78 µg/mL. Piperine and piperlongumine were active against E. aerogenes, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enterica, P. mirabilis and B. cereus with MIC values ranging from 39–1250 µg/mL. Notably, the water extracts, which were almost devoid of piperamide alkaloids, were not active against the bacterial strains. Our results demonstrate that P. guineense contains antibacterial alkaloids that could be relevant for the discovery of new natural antibiotics.

Tannins, flavonoids and stilbenes in extracts of African savanna woodland trees Terminalia brownii, Terminalia laxiflora and Anogeissus leiocarpus showing promising antibacterial potential

Terminalia laxiflora, Terminalia brownii and Anogeissus leiocarpus are used as decoctions, macerations, infusions and fumigations in East and West African traditional medicine for treatment of infectious diseases and their symptoms. Using this ethnopharmacological information as a guideline for our research and owing to the fact that these species have not been subjected to in depth antibacterial and phytochemical studies, thirty-nine extracts of various polarities of the stem bark, stem wood and roots were studied for growth inhibitory effects against the human pathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our results indicate that the studied species contain antibacterial compounds of a wide range of polarities. All polar root extracts of T. laxiflora and various polar extracts of T. brownii roots, including hot water decoctions, gave broad-spectrum antibacterial effects and low MIC values of 39μg/ml. The main ellagitannins in an ethyl acetate extract of the root of T. laxiflora were found to be corilagin and its derivative and punicalagin. A methanol extract of the roots of T. brownii contained methyl-(S)-flavogallonate and its derivative as the main identified ellagitannins. Moreover, both Terminalia species were found to contain ellagic acid xylopyranoside and methyl ellagic acid xyloside and pure ellagic acid was present in T. brownii. Pure punicalagin did not give as low MIC as an ethyl acetate extract of the roots of T. laxiflora, containing punicalagin as one of its main compounds, although this ellagitannin totally inhibited the growth of S. aureus at 125μg/ml and P. aeruginosa at 500μg/ml. Similarly, pure ellagic and gallic acid gave higher MIC values than the methanolic root extract of T. brownii against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Moreover, a Sephadex LH-20 fraction of the methanolic extract of the roots of T. brownii, enriched with methyl-(S)-flavogallonate and its isomer, gave higher MIC values than the crude methanolic extract. These results suggest that the polyphenols in the extracts might act synergistically with each other. A methanolic soxhlet extract of the roots of A. leiocarpus, containing ampelopsin, aromadendrin, taxifolin, pinosylvin and 4′-methylpinosylvin gave a low MIC value of 39μg/ml against all bacterial strains used in this investigation. Our results demonstrate that the roots, stem bark and stem wood of T. brownii, T. laxiflora and A. leiocarpus are rich sources of (new) antimicrobial compounds and justify the uses of these plants for treatment of infections in African traditional medicine.

Antimalarial and cytotoxic properties of Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss and Turraea vogelii Hook F. Ex. Benth

Malaria, caused by plasmodium parasite, is at the moment the highest cause of morbidity and mortality in the tropics. Recently, there is increasing efforts to develop more potent antimalarials from plant sources that will have little or no adverse effects. This study is aimed at investigating the in vivo mice antimalarial and in vitro antiplasmodial effects of two Meliaceae plants commonly used in Nigerian ethnomedicine as part of recipe for treating malaria infection: Chukrasia tabularis and Turraea vogelii. Hot water decoction and methanol extract of both plants were evaluated for their antimalarial activity in vivo using the mice model assay and in vitro using the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) assay. The extracts were also assessed for toxicity with brine shrimp lethality assay and in mammalian cell lines using the neural red assay. The in vivo mice model antimalarial study showed that the methanol extract of the stem bark of C. tabularis exhibited the highest % chemosuppression (83.65 ± 0.66) at the highest dosage administered (800 mg/kg) when compared with chloroquine diphosphate, the standard reference drug which had a % suppression of 90.36 ± 0.04 (p < 0.05). The in vitro antiplasmodial study indicated that the aqueous extract of the stem bark of C. tabularis displayed good activity against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-sensitive (D6) strain (IC50 of 10.739 μg/mL) and chloroquine-resistant (W2) strain. Chloroquine and artemisinin had <0.163 and <0.0264, respectively.

Optimised extraction of Erythronium sibiricum bulb polysaccharides and evaluation of their bioactivities

In this study, the extraction of Erythronium sibiricum bulb polysaccharides (ESBP) through hot water decoction was optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) and a three-level, four-factor Box–Behnken design. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time of 4.28h, extraction temperature of 90°C, ratio of liquid to raw material of 37mL/g and extraction cycle number of three. The experimental yield (37.25%±0.17%) agreed with the predicted value of the RSM model (37.465%). Preliminary ESBP characterisation was conducted through physicochemical analysis. Biological activity test results showed that ESBP exhibited antioxidant activities and excellent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, indicating its potential as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic agent.

Antimycobacterial effects of African medicinal plants Terminalia brownii and Terminalia laxiflora

Terminalia brownii and Terminalia laxiflora are popular medicinal plants in Africa, used for treatment and prevention of various ailments and diseases, among them tuberculosis and related symptoms. Decoctions of the leaves, bark and roots are used against cough in Sudan. Tuberculosis is common in sub-Saharan Africa and the incidence of antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is increasing. New antimycobacterial compounds could be found from African medicinal plants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth inhibitory effects of extracts of different polarities of T. brownii and T. laxiflora against Mycobacterium smegmatis using modified agar disk diffusion and microdilution methods [1,2]. M. smegmatis is commonly applied as a model organism due to its similarity to M. tuberculosis as well as its relative resistance to rifampicin. Acetone extracts of the leaves and cold water extracts of the roots of T. brownii gave significant growth inhibitory effects with inhibition zones of 27.0 and 26.7 mm and MIC 2500 and 5000 µg/ml, respectively. In addition, hot water decoctions of the roots of T. brownii gave significant growth inhibitory results. Compared to stem wood, bark and leaf extracts, the root of T. laxiflora gave the best antimycobacterial effects and especially acetone (MIC 625 µg/ml), methanol and ethyl acetate extracts (MIC 1250 µg/ml) gave good activities. A hot water decoction of T. laxiflora roots showed slight antimycobacterial activity. Our results support the traditional uses of the roots of T. brownii as hot water decoctions for treatment of tuberculosis and cough.

Optimized extraction of polysaccharides from Cymbopogon citratus and its biological activities

In this study the extraction of hot water soluble polysaccharides (HWSPs) from Cymbopogon citratus using hot water decoction was discussed. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a three level, three variable central composite rotatable design (CCRD), was employed to obtain best possible combination of extraction time (X1: 30–180min), extraction temperature (X2: 70–100°C) and water to the raw material ratio (X3: 10–60) for maximum HWSPs extraction. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: extraction time was around 113.81min, extraction temperature at 99.66°C and the ratio of water to raw material was 33.11g/mL. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 13.24±0.23%, which is well in close agreement with the value predicted by RSM model yield (13.19%). The basic characterization of HWSPs was determined by using the FTIR. These preliminary in vitro biological studies indicated that lemongrass polysaccharides were useful for anticancer therapy.

Antimycobacterial activity of ellagitannin and ellagic acid derivate rich crude extracts and fractions of five selected species of Terminalia used for treatment of infectious diseases in African traditional medicine

Ten crude extracts and their solvent partition fractions from five species of Terminalia collected in Tanzania were assessed for antimycobacterial effects using Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 14468 as a model organism. We report here, for the first time, on antimycobacterial effects of root and stem bark extracts of Terminalia sambesiaca and Terminalia kaiserana as well as of fruit extracts of Terminalia stenostachya and leaf extracts of Terminalia spinosa. T. sambesiaca gave the best effects of all the investigated species in terms of the sizes of the inhibitory zones of root and stem bark extracts. A crude methanol root extract of T. sambesiaca gave lower MIC values (1250μg/ml) than its aqueous and butanol soluble fractions (MIC 2500μg/ml). Our preliminary HPLC–DAD data indicates that methanol and aqueous extracts of T. sambesiaca roots are rich in ellagitannins and ellagic acid glycosides. Particularly, one polar ellagitannin at tR 10.3–10.9min dominates the extracts quantitatively and thus may be responsible for their good antimycobacterial effects. In contrast to the more polar fractions, a chloroform soluble fraction of the roots of T. sambesiaca was devoid of antimycobacterial activity. Also crude methanol and aqueous extracts of the stem bark of T. sambesiaca gave promising antimycobacterial effects (MIC 1250μg/ml). All fractions of T. kaiserana roots, except from the aqueous insoluble gave good antimycobacterial effects (MIC 1250μg/ml) and the aqueous extract showed the best effects of the fractions in terms of the size of inhibition zones. These results justify the uses of hot water decoctions of the roots of T. kaiserana for treatment of cough, one of the symptoms of TB. According to HPLC–DAD data methanol extracts of T. kaiserana roots and their aqueous fractions are rich in polar ellagitannins and ellagic acid glycosides. Quantitatively, the ellagitannins dominate these extracts and therefore the good antimycobacterial activity of the methanol and aqueous extracts is assumed to be due to these compounds. Sephadex LH-20 CC fractions of a methanol extract of the roots of T. kaiserana inhibited the growth of M. smegmatis, giving MIC values of 1000μg/ml. Ellagic acid glycosides in these fractions must be responsible for their good antimycobacterial effects since they are present in high concentrations. Good antimycobacterial effects were also obtained with a root extract of Terminalia sericea, and especially the butanol soluble fraction was a good inhibitor of the growth of M. smegmatis (MIC 1562μg/ml). Our preliminary HPLC–DAD results show that the roots of T. sericea are rich in ellagitannins, ellagic acid glycosides and at least one stilbene compound. Extracts of the fruits of T. stenostachya gave good antimycobacterial effects, butanol extracts being the most active. Also the leaves of T. stenostachya, and especially the butanol soluble extracts, give good antimycobacterial effects. Our HPLC–DAD data indicate that T. stenostachya leaves contain large quantities of gallic acid, ellagitannins and ellagic acid glycosides. Our results indicate that many of the investigated species of Terminalia might contain leads for development of anti-TB drugs. Standardized extracts of T. sambesiaca, T. kaiserana and T. sericea roots could be used as easily available and cheap medicines for treatment of TB in remote regions of East and South Africa.

Antimicrobial ellagitannin-rich extracts and ellagitannins in Terminalia kaiserana and Terminalia sambesiaca, two African medicinal plants

Terminalia sambesiaca and Terminalia kaiserana are native to East and South African woodlands. Roots, stem bark and leaves are made into hot water decoctions and teas or mixed with maize porridge for treatment of infectious diseases and their symptoms, diarrhea and cough (1). The leaves of T. sambesiaca are known to contain saponins (2), but this is the only report on chemistry of this species. T. kaiserana has not been studied in this context. Since ellagitannins are known from many species of Terminalia, we assumed to find high quantities of them also in T. kaiserana and T. sambesiaca. Therefore we have analyzed these plant species for their potential as sources of antimicrobial agents, with focus on ellagitannins.

진균류 균사체의 고체발효 커피생두로부터 조제한 원두커피의 생리활성

커피의 생리활성을 증진시키기 위해 고체발효를 이용하여 인도네시아산 Mandheling 커피생두에 3종의 버섯 균사체(Phellinus linteus, PL; Hericium erinaceum, HE; Ganoderma lucidum, GL) 및 2종의 홍국균 균사체(Monascus purpureus, MP; Monascus ruber, MR)를 배양하였다. 균사체-고체발효 커피생두를 로스팅하여 얻은 원두커피는 decoction법에 의한 열수추출물과 reflux에 의한 에탄올추출물로 조제하였는데, 열수추출물(HW, 수율 17.7～25.3%)은 에탄올추출물(EE, 9.5～12.2%)보다 더 높은 수율을 나타내었다. 2종의 홍국균 균사체-고체발효 커피생두로부터 조제된 원두커피 열수추출물(MP-CB-HW, MR-CB-HW)은 비발효 원두커피 또는 3종 버섯 균사체-고체발효 원두커피 열수추출물보다 높은 총 폴리페놀 및 플라보노이드 함량과 DPPH 자유라디칼 소거능을 나타내었다. 또한, 홍국균 균사체-고체발효 원두커피 중에서도 MR-CB-HW는 가장 높은 마크로파지 활성과 마이토젠 활성을 나타내었다(CB-HW의 1.32배와 1.40배). MP-CB-EE와 MR-CB-EE는 100 μg/mL 의 시료농도에서 세포에 대한 독성을 나타내지 않으면서도 LPS로 유도된 RAW 264.7 세포의 산화질소(NO)의 생성을 효과적으로 억제하였다(LPS 처리군의 38.6과 37.0%). 한편, 홍국균 균사체를 이용한 고체발효는 카페인 함량에 영향을 주지 않으면서 클로로겐산을 유의적으로 증가시켰다(76.21～76.73 μg/mL). 결론적으로 원두커피의 생리활성은 M. purpureus 또는 M. ruber와 커피생두의 고체발효에 의해서 증진되었으며 이러한 결과는 홍국균-고체발효 원두커피가 기능성 커피음료의 소재로 이용될 가능성을 제시하는 것으로 사료된다.

Development of a Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analyzing Furanocoumarin Components in Citrus Fruit Juices and Chinese Herbal Medicines

A rapid and sensitive reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantitation of five furanocoumarins (bergaptol, psoralen, bergapten, 6',7'-dihydroxybergamottin, and bergamottin) is developed and validated. HPLC analysis of these five furanocoumarins is performed on a reversed-phase Inertsil ODS-2 column with a particle size of 5 microm. Using only water and acetonitrile as solvents, good separation, good precision, and high accuracy are obtained for the analysis of furanocoumarin components. This method is validated and applied to analyze the composition of five furanocoumarins in four citrus fruit juices (grapefruit, pomelo I, pomelo II, and shaddock) and ten Chinese herbal medicines (Bai-Zhi, Qiang-Huo, Du-Huo, Fang-Feng, Dang-Gui, Huang-Qin, Gan-Cao, Chen-Pi, Ge-Gen, and Yin-Chen-Hao) prepared by water decoction or an alcohol infusion. Results show that four of the five furanocoumarins (but not bergapten) are detected in grapefruit, pomelo I, and pomelo II, and the highest amount of these components is found in grapefruit juice. In the ten Chinese herbal medicines, the five furanocoumarins are not detected in Ge-Gen or Yin-Chen-Hao. The remaining herbs contain various compositions and amounts of furanocoumarins. In general, Chinese herbal medicines prepared by the 40% ethanol infusion contain larger amounts of furanocoumarins than those prepared by hot water decoction.

Inhibitory Potential of Herbal Medicines on Human Cytochrome P450-Mediated Oxidation: Properties of Umbelliferous or Citrus Crude Drugs and Their Relative Prescriptions

To investigate the possible drug interaction with herbal medicine, hot water decoctions or 40% ethanol infusions of several Umbelliferous or Citrus crude drugs and their prescriptions were examined in vitro for their abilities to inhibit human cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). Addition of each decoction or infusion from Baizhi (Angelica dahurica and varieties), Qianghuo (Notopterygium incisum or N.forbesii), Duhuo (Angelica biserrata), Fangfeng (Saposhnikovia divaricata), Danggui (Angelica sinensis), Zhishi or Zhiqiao (Citrus aurantium) resulted in various degrees of human CYP3A inhibition as determined by microsomal testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. The inhibitory potency was consistent with the abundance of the hydrophobic components for each sample. Experiments on the infusion of a Japanese Baizhi (BZ1) showed the major role of furanocoumarins on human CYP3A inhibition. Some of the crude drugs and a related prescription showed increased inhibition after the preincubation, suggesting the involvement of a mechanism-based inhibition. Some formulated prescriptions, however, showed intense inhibition with their hydrophobic fractions rather than with their hydrophobic fractions, suggesting that components other than furanocou-marins in herbal prescriptions may also cause CYP3A inhibition. These results indicate the necessity of intensive investigations on the possible drug interaction with traditional medicines.

Cathartic activity ofSoborodo: the aqueous extract of calyx ofHibiscus sabdariffa L.

The cathartic activity of soborodo (zobo drink), a hot water decoction of the flower (calyx) of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (family Malvaceae), is reported here. Evidence of the cathartic activity of soborodo was shown when the lyophilized aqueous extract (800 mg/kg) caused a pronounced increase in the number of wet faeces in rats without any significant increase in the propulsive intestinal movement. Unlike with senna (positive control), normal defaecation was not affected when compared with distilled water (negative control). The cathartic property of soborodo may be due to the saponin-like compounds detected in the extract. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Anti-inflammatory studies on Polygonum glabrum

Anti-inflammatory studies were conducted on a hot water decoction and on an ethanol extract of the stems of Polygonum glabrum. Effective anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated against acute carrageenan-induced paw oedema, exudate and granuloma formation in the granuloma pouch test, acute and delayed reactions in formaldehyde arthritis, and acute primary and delayed secondary reactions in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis in albino rats. The acute toxicity in albino mice and 1-month studies on subacute toxicity in rats suggested a good margin of safety. The extract was more effective parenterally than by oral administration.