OPD Of Hospital Research Articles

EFFECT OF ALCOHOLISM ON LIVER FUNCTION TEST IN RURAL POPULATION IN INDIA

Background: alcoholism is one of the major socioeconomic as well as public health problem in India. The problem is occurring equally in urban as well as in rural India. This study was carried out in essence of liver damage in alcoholics and alteration in the biochemical enzymes in the serum with respect to liver damage.
 Method: 100 alcoholics and 100 non alcoholic patients were selected from the hospital OPD. Liver function test was performed in both the study group. Liver enzymes ALT,AST,ALP and the total protein and albumin level were compared in the study group and controls.
 Results: The results showed there is significant increase in the liver enzymes ALT,AST,ALP in the alcoholic patients as compared to normal individual and significant fall in concentration of the total protein and albumin level in the alcoholics.
 Keywords: Alcoholics, liver function test

MANAGEMENT OF MADHUMEHA ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA – A CASE STUDY

Diabetes mellitus is the disease afflicting mankind since a very long time. Over 30 million people have been diagnosed with Diabetes in India and it is one among the cause for morbidity, which makes the life of individual miserable. In Ayurveda, Diabetes mellitus can be understood as Madhumeha which is one among the Vataja Prameha. Lakshana pertaining to Madhumeha as per the classical text are Prabhoota Mutra, Aavila mutra etc. In the present case study, a 45 years old male patient came to Smt. Vimladevi Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital OPD with complaints of pain in smaller joints and increased fre-quency of micturition. Through Physical findings and Investigations, the diagnosis leads to Madhumeha (Diabetes mellitus). The treatment plan opted was Shamana Aushadhi, Proper Diet and Change in Lifestyle would be an apt management in such case.

A CASE STUDY AND CHALLENGES IN REPORTING OF ANO-RECTAL DISORDERS

Ano-rectal disorders namely Haemorrhoids, Fissure-in-ano and Fistula-in-ano here includes a variety of pathological disorders having different and various types of clinical presentation. These ano- rectal disorders generates relevant discomfort and disability to the patient. In this work our primary focus is only on these three anorectal disorders. The prevalence of Ano- rectal disorders are much higher than what we see in the hospital or clinics because most of the patient having such disorders do not seek for medical attention at an early stage. The present paper discusses about the hurdles or challenges faced while trying to enroll, update and increase the cases of Haemorrhoids, Fissure-in-ano and Fistula-in-ano reporting to Shalya Tantra OPD and IPD of Government Ayurvedic College and Hospital, Varanasi between year 2009-2019. The study had been also carried out to know the prevalence of diagnosed cases of Haemorrhoids, Fissure-in-ano and Fistula-in-ano and the interpretation of the data on the gender basis for better understanding of the disease. It is an institutional data study of total 5158 patients with an aim to estimate and evaluate the epidemiology of these ano–rectal disorders in eastern UP. This work is exploring scientifically the cause behind the prevalence of these three ano-rectal diseases reporting in our hospital.

Smoking, general and oral health related quality of life \u2013 a comparative study from Nepal

BackgroundPerceived dental health has shown to have a significant predictive effect on overall health perception and life satisfaction. Thus, it seems plausible that Health Related Quality of Life (HRQOL) measures are associated with Oral Health Related Quality of Life (OHRQOL) dimensions in Nepalese context as well. The adverse effects of tobacco on oral health are reported worldwide including Nepal. However, evidence which can quantify effects of tobacco smoking on dental health perception is limited. Thus, a study was designed to find association of smoking and socio demographic characteristics with OHRQOl and to determine association between OHRQOL and HRQOL among dental patients in Nepal.MethodsA cross sectional study was conducted among 125 current smokers and 125 non-smokers who attended oral surgery OPD of a teaching hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. The study participants were enrolled through consecutive sampling and data was collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of questions related to sociodemographic characteristics, tobacco history, Oral Health Impacts Profile (OHIP)-14 and World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief version (WHOQOL-Bref) to assess OHRQOl and HRQOL respectively. Descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated by using SPSS version 18.0. The level of significance was set at 5%.ResultsAmong the socio demographic characteristics, patients with education of more than Class 12 had significantly higher average OHRQOL scores (p = 0.013) compared to illiterate patients. Current smokers reported significantly poorer scores in sub scales of psychological disability (p = 0.001), social disability (p = 0.003), physical pain (p < 0.001), functional limitation (p = 0.007) and also overall perceived oral health compared to nonsmokers. OHRQOL was significantly correlated with overall HRQOL in physical (p = 0.015) and psychological (p = 0.04) domains in this study sample.ConclusionsImprovements in OHRQOL may require a multidimensional approach with focus of social factors like education and behavioral factors like cigarette smoking. Also, improvement in OHRQOL might also lead to betterment of perceived overall health as they are interlinked.

Assess the Attitude on Breastfeeding among Fathers of Infants at Selected Hospital, Salem

United Nations Childrens’ Emergency Fund (UNICEF) states that “every year, over one million infantsdie and millions of others are impaired, because they are not adequately/exclusively breastfed. A women’sdecision to initiate and continue breastfeeding is influenced by her attitude towards breastfeeding as well asthe breastfeeding attitudes of significant referent people. The aim of this study was to assess the attitude offathers on breast feeding which plays a significant role in its practice by the mothers. Quantitative approachwith a descriptive research design was used. Sixty fathers of infants who were accompanying their wives/children in the pediatric OPD of a tertiary hospital in Salem were selected through purposive samplingtechnique. Structured Interview schedule was used to collect the demographic variables &amp; Five point likertscale was used to collect attitude of fathers. Data was calculated using descriptive &amp; inferential statistics.Findings revealed that majority of fathers had positive attitude (98.4%) and only 1.6% had neutral attitudetowards breast feeding.

Treatment Non-Compliance in Patients with Schizophrenia

INTRODUCTION: Non-compliance to medication in Schizophrenia is a common problem. It leads to frequent recurrence of Psychosis which has negative impact on individuals and their families. Understanding and reducing non-adherence is therefore a key challenge to quality care for patients with Schizophrenia. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the incidence and factors associated with medication non-compliance among patients suffering from schizophrenia.&#x0D; MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 94 schizophrenic subjects who visited psychiatric OPD of tertiary level hospital. Disproportionate stratified random sampling method was applied to collect the data. Socio-demographic data sheet, data sheet to collect the various factors of compliance and the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) were used for data collection by interview method. &#x0D; RESULTS: The prevalence of non-compliance was 89.4%. With regards to association between noncompliance and demographic characteristics, there was high non-compliance rate in age below 40 years (54.2%), male (52.1%), married (64.8%) and low economic status (52%). Medication non-compliance were high in patients with medication side effects dizziness (60.6%), sedation (66%), longer duration of illness (92.8%) &amp; having 1-3 pills (47.8%).&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Medication Non-Compliance in Schizophrenia was high. Measures that can increase compliance like psycho-educational programmes on compliance and the active involvement of the relatives and significant others in the management of patients of mentally ill patients are recommended.

A study on awareness and behavior of women towards contraceptive use among women attending tertiary care center in northern Andhra Pradesh, India

Background: In spite of the constant efforts by the government, the unmet need for contraception (12.8% in 2006 WHO report) is still there. There are many social factors, taboos, myths, and ignorance, which is responsible for the underutilization of contraceptive services. This leads to many unwanted pregnancies causing maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, practices, and behavior of women regarding various contraceptive methods. Material and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study of 1244 married women attending gynaecology OPD of Great Eastern Medical School and Hospital, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh (India). All participants were interviewed with a predesigned proforma. Results: Almost 88.5% of women were from a rural area and more than one-third were illiterate, belonging to low socioeconomic status. Awareness level about contraceptive methods was 92.3% among the participants and almost all of them knew about barriers and oral pills. The main source of knowledge was Healthcare Workers followed by media and social circles. Approximately 43.5% were currently using one or the other method of contraception. The barrier method was the most commonly used. The main reason for not using contraception was Desirous for Conception. Conclusion: There is a need to create awareness about the benefits of contraception.

Awareness about paediatric cataract among the middle aged patients attending ophthalmology OPD: A teaching hospital survey

To study the awareness about paediatric cataract in middle aged patients attending the teaching hospital OPD. 200 willing participants in the middle age (30-60 years), were selected from the ophthalmology OPD. Each participant was given the questionnaire enquiring their knowledge about the paediatric cataract. The questionnaire was in the regional language. The questionnaire was orally asked to the illiterate participants. The response to each question was recorded. 64(32%) participants out of 200 knew that cataract can affect children. 25(12.5%) of them were aware of the fact that the paediatric cataract can cause permanent blindness. 30(15%) knew about the few factors during pregnancy which can cause cataract in new born. 30(15%) knew about the availability of the treatment for the paediatric cataract. Majority of the participants recruited showed very low level of awareness regarding the paediatric cataract. The knowledge regarding the consequences and availability of treatment was also very low. Higher literacy level in the participants was associated with increased awareness. Paediatric cataract which contributes to high blind person years and it being an avoidable cause of childhood blindness can be managed at the community level in a better way by increasing its awareness.

Prevalence of dental malocclusion in stomatology hospital, Kabul-Afghanistan

The objective of this study was to determine the incidence of different types of malocclusion among 1000 OPD patients in Stomatology Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan. 1000 patients between ages of 15-30 years (500 males and 500 females), randomly selected using specific criteria among patients that visited Kabul Stomatology Hospital OPD department, for 7 months. Patients were examined directly intra-orally, and information was collected by a single observer, recorded on pre-prepared forms, and analyzed through the SPSS program. Result of this study showed that from 1000 OPD patients, 81.2% were suffering from malocclusions, among which Class I Malocclusion was recorded to be 49%, Class II Division 1 was 14.8%, Class II Division 2 was 8.2%, Pseudo Class III was 3.1%, and Class III Malocclusion was recorded to be 6%. Class I Malocclusion was the most prevalent.

Correlation between haemoglobin levels and attention, concentration, learning and memory among older adult population in Chennai

The older adults constitute a considerable part of the Indian population and due to advancements in the Medical field this population is fast growing. With the current advancements in treatment modalities there is an increased life expectancy. Low haemoglobin level is a potential contributing factors for cognitive impairment in older adults.The present study focuses on correlation between haemoglobin levels and attention, concentration, learning and memory among older adult population in Chennai. The present study was conducted in Sri Ramachandra Hospital OPD, Porur, Chennai. A total of 304 older subjects were included in this study. Older adults of both male and female were selected from the OPD based on theInclusion criteria - Age [50 to 65 years] matched subjects were selected. The Digit Span test,a subtest from Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale is used to assess the subjects attention and concentration. Ray auditory and verbal learning test (RAVLT) is used to measure learning and memory. The digit span forward test in males is higher when compared with the females, this difference is statistically significant. (t= 9.669 and p=0.000). The digit span backward test in males is higher when compared with the females, this difference is statistically significant. (t= 9.669 and p=0.000).The digit AVLT trial test scores in males is higher when compared with the females, this difference is statistically significant. (p=0.000)All the scores of normal haemoglobin group were higher than the low haemoglobin group and the results were statistically significant. (p=0.000). In this study, we were able to observe that lower haemoglobin levels were associated with decreased cognitive functions in the domains of attention, concentration, learning and memory among older adult population in Chennai.

Novel management of fibroid with Ulipristal

Fibroid with heavy menstrual bleeding and pain in pre and perimenopause women to reduce it, in reproductive women to relieve sympt oms in infertility and in preoperative conditions to reduce size of fibroid, now a days medical therapy is available. To determine effectiveness and safety of Ulipristal in symptomatic fibroid by assessing reduction in heavy menstrual bleeding, pain, reduction in size of the fibroid and improvement in activity score: This is a Prospective study. Women between 20- 45years both unmarried and married attending gynaec OPD of Saveetha Medical College and hospital with fibroid with symptoms of heavy menstrual bleeding, pain abdomen during period, with Infertility were recruited after ethical Clarence and informed consent. Study was conducted from September 2018 to Dec 2018 first week. Menstrual blood loss was assessed with pictorial blood loss chart (PBAC) and pain was assessed with short form Mc Gill pain questionnaire pain score. After routine investigation including LFT, USG abdomen and Pelvis were done for all subject and mapping of fibroid were done pretreatment and every month and at the end of treatment. Women were given10 mgs Ulipristal once daily for 13 weeks. Post treatment investigations and USG were repeated. Women age group between 30-40 years were 86.5%, 20-25 were 6. 66% and Nulliparous were 6. 66%.Pretreatent 66.66% had PBAC score of 130 and above. None of the women had PBAC &amp;#60;100 before treatment. After 13 weeks treatment Perimenopause women 13.33 % developed amenorrhea. 20% women had PBAC score &amp;#60; 100, PBAC score 100-110, in 63.33% of women, PBAC between 111 -120 score in 3.33% PABC score between 120 and above were Nil. Fibroid volume reduced between &amp;#62;25 to &amp;#60; 50% in 53.33% of size and volume and 10% fibroid disappeared. There is considerable improvement in pain score with p value of 0.0001 and activity score significantly improved with p value of 0.0001. In all age groups commonest gynaec condition is Fibroid. In the study Ulipristal resulted in, improvement in heavy men strual bleeding ,pain and considerable reduction in size of the fibroid and thereby improved quality of life

Foldscope as a primary diagnostic tool for oral and urinary tract infections and its effectiveness in oral health education.

Due to its speed, accuracy and cost-effectiveness, microscopy has become an integral part of clinical examination for disease diagnosis. However, modern microscopes are very costly and require skilled personnel for their operation and maintenance, and specimen processing and analysis is labour-intensive. Further, lack of such expensive diagnostic tools in remote areas is a serious concern. Affordable point-of-care diagnostic tools are the most useful for timely disease diagnosis and management. The Foldscope is an affordable origami-based microscopy device composed of a series of paper clippings, which, upon assembly, can hold a specimen slide for observation, and this specimen can be viewed via a mobile phone camera attached to it. The present study evaluated the use of the Foldscope in the clinical diagnosis of oral and urinary tract infections and evaluated its efficacy as a motivational tool for improving oral health among school children in India. We qualitatively compared the Foldscope to a clinical microscope by examining five different types of clinical samples. Of the different types of clinical samples, the Foldscope was effective in detecting infection in dental plaque samples and urine samples. Thus, we further analysed 31 dental plaque samples of patients aged 3-13 years and 25 urine samples of patients aged 11-62 years. We also evaluated the use of the Foldscope as an educational tool for motivating oral hygiene among 80 school children aged 12 years and found that students in the Foldscope intervention group had better measures of oral hygiene than did students in the nonintervention group. In summary, our study indicated that the Foldscope is useful in detecting urinary tract infections and kidney stones in urine samples and is a useful motivational tool for oral health education among school-aged children. Furthermore, it may also be useful in oral health monitoring in resource poor settings. LAY DESCRIPTION: Poor and remote population often suffers due to lack of capacity to buy products or avail services which are expensive. In such a society people are not able to afford even the basic detection of diseases. Foldscope may come to rescue here! Foldscope is a paper-based, use-and-throw, affordable microscope. This study explores the use of Foldscope in clinics and diseases diagnosis using patient samples. Preliminary detection of disease associated symptoms in dental and urinary infections and digital record keeping via storage in mobile phone memory and hospital OPD records for monitoring patient's health are some of the advantages of Foldscope for clinical use in resource poor settings. It identifies that Foldscope not only can be used by students or teachers for educational purposes but it can also pave a path for promotion of dental hygiene among young children. The study also suggests that further improvement in design or resolution of Foldscope will broaden the scope of its application, in future.

Chest manifestations of human immunodeficiency syndrome: A study from central Karnataka

Background: HIV/AIDS is an important public health problem which may also result in respiratory manifestations. The common respiratory manifestations include tuberculosis, bacterial pneumonia, PCP and others. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was undertaken in order to study the respiratory manifestations of the HIV/AIDS. A total of 80 patients attending Chest and TB OPD of Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital were studied in detail about the respiratory manifestations. A thorough clinical history and physical examination was conducted on all the patients including laboratory and radiological investigations. Results: Almost half of the cases were aged between 21 – 30 years and males outnumbered females in this study. Tuberculosis, non-tubercular pneumonitis and Kaposi sarcoma of the lungs was common in patients with CD4 counts of less than 250. The patients with CD4 counts of more than 250 had bacterial pneumonia, pneumocystitis carinii pneumonia, Cryptococcus pneumonia. Streptcoccus pneumonia in patients with CD4 counts less than 250 and Staph aureus was the common agent in patients with CD4 count of more than 250. Conclusion: Prompt recognition of manifestations of chest and prompt treatment in HIV/AIDS patients improves the prognosis of the disease. Keywords: HIV/AIDS, Chest manifestations, Tuberculosis, Pneumonia, CD4 count.

Concealed In the Cavity, Revealed upon Surgery- A Rare but Critical Entity “Gossypiboma”

A female patient 32yrs old G3P002 presented to the hospital OPD with the complaints of pain in the lower abdomen after a cesarean section three days back from a healthcare facility at 37 weeks and 4 days due to fetal distress and cord around the neck. She had attended 03 antenatal visits at the same health center wherein the fundal height was documented at each visit and routine care given.

Effectiveness of nurses-led cardiac rehabilitation program among coronary artery disease patients attending a teaching hospital, Bharatpur

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a comprehensive secondary prevention program, de­livered by multidisciplinary team including nurses. This portion in health care sector is found to be lacking and communication between health care providers and cardiac patients is frequently suboptimal. The aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of nurse-led cardiac rehabilita­tion program among coronary artery disease patients attending a teaching hospital in Bharatpur, Nepal.&#x0D; Methods: One group pre-test post-test design was used. Total 85 CAD patients were selected for pre and post-test, baseline information was collected using consecutive sampling technique. The educa­tion intervention on CR was developed in Nepali language and distributed to each respondent after pre-test in separate room of OPD of Chitwan medical college and teaching hospital, Bharatpur. After one month of education intervention program, post-test was conducted with same subjects using face to face interview questionnaire using CADE-Q. Data was analyzed using Wilcoxon Rang signed test.&#x0D; Results: Of all 85 respondents, median difference between pre-test was 17 (IQR=14-22) and post-test was 39 (IQR=32-44) which was statistically significant (p=&lt;0.001). The percentage of respondents with non-acceptable level (&lt;50%) of knowledge sharply declined from 96.4% to 11.7% whereas those with acceptable knowledge (≥50%) significantly increased to 3.53% to 88.2% at p value &lt;0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion:The nurse-led educational intervention programme considerably improved the knowl­edge on Cardiac Rehabilitation among CAD patients. Hence, it is strongly recommended that nurses should be involved in establishing and organizing cardiac rehabilitation programs at each tertiary level hospital in Nepal.

EFFECTIVENESS OF NURSES-LED CARDIAC REHABILITATION PROGRAM AMONG CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS ATTENDING A TEACHING HOSPITAL, BHARATPUR

Background: Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a comprehensive secondary prevention program, de­livered by multidisciplinary team including nurses. This portion in health care sector is found to be lacking and communication between health care providers and cardiac patients is frequently suboptimal. The aim of this study was to identify the effectiveness of nurse-led cardiac rehabilita­tion program among coronary artery disease patients attending a teaching hospital in Bharatpur, Nepal.&#x0D; Methods: One group pre-test post-test design was used. Total 85 CAD patients were selected for pre and post-test, baseline information was collected using consecutive sampling technique. The educa­tion intervention on CR was developed in Nepali language and distributed to each respondent after pre-test in separate room of OPD of Chitwan medical college and teaching hospital, Bharatpur. After one month of education intervention program, post-test was conducted with same subjects using face to face interview questionnaire using CADE-Q. Data was analyzed using Wilcoxon Rang signed test.&#x0D; Results: Of all 85 respondents, median difference between pre-test was 17 (IQR=14-22) and post-test was 39 (IQR=32-44) which was statistically significant (p=&lt;0.001). The percentage of respondents with non-acceptable level (&lt;50%) of knowledge sharply declined from 96.4% to 11.7% whereas those with acceptable knowledge (≥50%) significantly increased to 3.53% to 88.2% at p value &lt;0.001.&#x0D; Conclusion:The nurse-led educational intervention programme considerably improved the knowl­edge on Cardiac Rehabilitation among CAD patients. Hence, it is strongly recommended that nurses should be involved in establishing and organizing cardiac rehabilitation programs at each tertiary level hospital in Nepal.

PATTERN OF CANCER CASES REGISTERED IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTER IN KATHUA DISTRICT OF J&K: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY

Introduction:Cancer is an important public health problem in India, with 10 lakh new cases occurring every year in the year. Cancer pattern varies in different regions and depends on genetic, environmental, dietary, social and other factors. Aim and objectives: This study was undertaken to determine magnitude and pattern of cancer cases reporting in the hospital. Methodology: This was a hospital-based retrospective study undertaken in the Government Medical College Kathua. GMC, Kathua is one among st the ve new medical colleges established in Jammu &amp; Kashmir. The records of cancer patients generated from 1st November 2018 to 1 November 2019 were analyzed. All the cancer cases who reported either for diagnosis in any of the hospital OPD or for the treatment (radiotherapy/ chemotherapy/ surgery) were included. Data was entered in the MS Excel for analysis Results: Out of total 272 patients registered, females accounted for 56.6% and males for 43.3%. Hindu patients were in majority (84.2%). Most of the cases (37.1%) were in the age group 60-80. Pattern of cancer was different in the two sexes. In males, maximum cases were of lung cancer and in females, Ca breast was the most common followed by the cervical cancer Conclusion: This hospital-based study indicates the cancer prole in Kathua district. Females were found to be more affected than that of males with majority of the cases in the late 40s age group. Rural area and urban area distribution was found to be almost similar.

A Study to Assess the Quality of Life amongChildren with Thalassemia and its Relationshipwith Selected Factors in Selected Hospitals of Delhi

Objectives: Assess the quality of life among children with Thalassemia and determine the association between quality of life of Thalassemia children with selected demographic factors. Materials and Methods: The present study was aimed at assessing quality of life among thalassemia children using descriptive survey approach. A total of 100 Thalassemia children were selected by purposive sampling technique, from Safdarjung Hospital and Kalawati Saran Children Hospital OPD and Day Care Center. Structured interview schedule was used to assess quality of life among Thalassemia children. Analysis and interpretation of data for the present study were based on data collected through structured interview schedule from 100 children with Thalassemia by using both descriptive and inferential statistics based on objectives of the study. Result: The data was collected, analyzed and interpreted in terms of the objectives. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for the analysis of the data. The level of significance set for testing the association was 0.05 using chi-square test. The mean, median and standard deviation values were close to each other which indicate that group was homogenous. Mean=86.58, Median=87.5 and standard deviation of quality of life score was 10.95. Conclusion: The major findings of the study were, majority of children were having moderate quality of life and there was a significant association between quality of life of Thalassemia children and selected demographic variables. How to cite this article: Bains M, Mandal K. A Study to Assess the Quality of Life among Children with Thalassemia and its Relationship with Selected Factors in Selected Hospitals of Delhi. Ind J Youth Adol Health 2019; 6(3): 1-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24321/2349.2880.201911

Serum Ferritin Status of Patients with Type 2 DM Attending OPD of BIRDEM General Hospital

Background: In recent times much is talked about of serum ferritin, an acute phase reactant a marker of iron stores in the body and its association with diabetes mellitus. Studies implicate that increased body iron stores and subclinical hemochromatosis has been associated with the development of glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes and its micro as well as macrovascular complications.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: This study was carried out to examine and to observe for any relationship between serum ferritin with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Our study populations were included 163. Among them 81 type 2 diabetes patients as a case (M=49,F=32, mean 44.68 age in years)and 82 normal healthy individual as a control ( M=35, F=47 , mean 34.71 in years).&#x0D; Results: Majority were healthy outpatients who had come for regular checkup and were matched with controls. Serum ferritin and FBS were estimated and other investigations. Results showed that although Serum ferritin was in the normal range value it was increased in type 2 diabetes patients than in controls and was statistically significant, we did get a positive correlation with duration of diabetes. It can be concluded that there were positive associations between serum ferritin and FBG, age, sex among study groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion our study shows that there is significant correlation between increased serum ferritin in diabetes compared to individuals with normal blood sugars in this part and hyper ferritinemia may be one of the causes for development of insulin resistance before overt diabetes.&#x0D; Anwer Khan Modern Medical College Journal Vol. 11, No. 1: Jan 2020, P 7-10

Congenital Anomalies Presenting as Head-Neck Swellings: A Study of 50 Cases

Purpose: To analyse the prevalence, distribution and presentation of different congenital head-neck lesions with their age, sex, site and side predilection.&#x0D; Methods: 50 patients of head-neck congenital swelling was selected from january/2013 upto december/2013 in the OPD of otorhino-laryngology, head and neck deptt. of Dhaka medical college hospital under a specific prospective study protocol.&#x0D; Results: The most frequent swelling was thyroglossal cyst(42%), followed by branchial arch anomalies (18%),dermoid cyst(14%),pre-auricular sinus(14%),lymphangioma(8%) and haemangioma(4%).Amongst the cervical swellings the sequential preponderence was thyroglossal cyst(52%),branchial arch anomalies(23%),dermoid cyst(13%), lymphangioma(10%) and haemangioma (2%).The majority of branchial arch anomalies(100%) were of second arch. The majority of patients were of first(52%) and second(30%) decade and the male to female ratio for thyroglossal cysts was 1:1.1.The majority of lesions were painless swelling and all were surgically excised.&#x0D; Conclusion: The overall frequency and age-sex distribution of congenital head-neck swellings as well as site, nature and type specific predominance of some of them in OPD of Dhaka medical college hospital are almost similar to international findings.&#x0D; Bangladesh J Otorhinolaryngol; October 2017; 23(2): 171-179