Horticultural Groups Research Articles

The domestication process of the Modern Rose: genetic structure and allelic composition of the rose complex

Genetic variability among 100 old cultivated rose varieties from 13 horticultural groups was estimated by arbitrary primed (AP) PCR. Using five long (20-mer) PCR primers, 58 polymorphic DNA fragments were produced, of which 55 were highly discriminant, allowing differentiation of the quasi-totality of the 100 cultivars. A dendrogram was constructed displaying the relative genetic similarities between cultivars estimated from the presence/absence of PCR fragments. It shows the relationships between the Chinese and European founder roses, hybrid groups of the first (Bourbons, Noisettes, Portlands) and second (Hybrid Perpetuals and Teas) generations, and the most modern Hybrid Teas, produced during the history of domestication. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the same data demonstrates the occurrence of a continuous gradient of the European/Chinese allele ratio, and a considerable reduction of genetic variability superimposed with the progress of domestication. The two complementary analyses are in good agreement with the horticultural literature. They also give access to DNA fragments potentially linked to genes involved in the control of the main morphogenetic characters of various groups.

470 Narrow-sense Heritability Estimates for Melon Root Traits

Improving melon root systems by traditional breeding is one component of the program to develop multiple-stress-resistant melons at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco. Ten diverse melon lines representing four horticultural groups were intercrossed utilizing a Design II mating scheme. The male parents were: `PI 403994,' `Perlita,' `Doublon,' `Caravelle', and `PI 525106.' The female parents were: `Créme de Menthe,' `Magnum 45,' `BSK,' `PI 124111 × TDI', and `Deltex.' F1 progeny were grown in pasteurized sand in the greenhouse using a randomized complete-block design with four reps. After 4 weeks, root systems from all plants were carefully washed to remove the sand. Each root system was then placed onto a glass, plated, and scanned into the computer software Rhizo Pro 3.8 (Regent Instruments, Quebec). This software calculated root lengths of various diameter classes, root area, and root tip number. All data was input into Agrobase software for calculation of genetic variances based on Design II analysis. Significant differences of contributions by male parents to progeny variation were few. Only length of roots with 1.0- to 1.5-mm-diameter and vine length were significantly different. Differences in contributions by female parents to all traits except root tip number were highly significant. No significant interaction effects were observed for any trait. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were moderate to high for all traits. The range was from 0.56 for root tip number by males to 0.81 for both length of 0.5- to 1.0-mm-diameter roots and vine length for females. Estimates for total root length (0.76) and root surface area (0.77) were high. The lack of male by female interaction suggests very low dominance genetic variation and contributed to high heritability estimates, which represent predominantly additive gene action. Additive genetic variation allows more-efficient progress by selection, making the potential for root system improvement favorable.

Response of squash ( Cucurbita spp.) as rootstock for melon ( Cucumis melo L.)

The effects of different Cucurbita spp. rootstocks on melon cultivars belonging to different horticultural groups were studied by comparing grafted plants with non-grafted ones under greenhouse and open field growing conditions. Winter melons ( Cucumis melo L.) of the Inodorus group, cvs. ‘Thraki’, ‘Peplo’ and ‘Lefko Amynteou’, and a summer melon of the Cantalupensis group, cv. ‘Kokkini Banana’, were used as scions. The commercial hybrids of Cucurbita spp. ‘TZ-148’ and ‘Mamouth’ and the landrace of winter squash ( C. moschata L.) ‘Kalkabaki’ were used as rootstocks. The commercial rootstocks were compatible with all scion cultivars tested, while the landrace was compatible with the three cultivars but with lower survival ratios. Generally, differences in stem diameter between Cucurbita and Cucumis reduced the survival ratio of grafts. Fruit yield was not affected by any rootstock. Descriptive and qualitative characteristics of the fruit of the grafted plants were similar to those of the intact ones, except for taste and texture, which showed a remarkable deterioration in some of the stock/scion combinations tried. The deterioration was more severe under protection. However, all Cucurbita spp. rootstocks were found acceptable for honeydew melons (cv. ‘Lefko Amynteou’), with C. moschata (cv. ‘Kalkabaki’) being the best. The landrace of C. moschata is recommended as a source of breeding material for rootstocks of honeydew melons.

How Universal Are Preferences for Female Waist-to-Hip Ratios? Evidence from the Hadza of Tanzania

Female waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) has been proposed by evolutionary psychologists to be an important component of human male mate choice, because this trait is thought to provide a reliable cue to a woman's reproductive value. Based largely on work conducted in industrialized societies, the claim has been made that preferences for low WHR are culturally invariant. Presumably, the preferences evolved before the advent of agriculture, making foraging populations the best place to test the hypothesis. This was done with the Hadza of Tanzania, who were shown figures of females that varied by weight and waist-to-hip ratio. Low WHR was not preferred. Hadza men did not consider waist-to-hip ratio when expressing preferences for mates. Instead, they were most interested in the weight of potential partners. Research by others with subjects who practice swidden agriculture also revealed that low WHR was not preferred. The data from the Hadza coupled with the information derived from this horticultural group bring into question whether preferences for low WHR are culturally invariant.

Building sustainable farmer organizations: horticultural groups in Botswana

Abstract Although a number of researchers have recently identified local organizations as important vehicles for development among small-scale farmers, local organizations have not attracted the needed attention from African development researchers.This article examines the formation and operation of horticultural groups associated with three multi-purpose dams in Botswana.The findings indicate that the groups have not developed the essential elements necessary for the formation and operation of sustainable farmer organizations due to an over emphasis on the technical-engineering approach. A participatory approach incorporating socio-technical factors is suggested for the formation of future horticultural groups.

Summer Squash: History, Diversity, and Distribution

Summer squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) is grown in many temperate and subtropical regions, ranking high in economic importance among vegetable crops worldwide. A native of North America, summer squash has been grown in Europe since the Renaissance. There are six extant horticultural groups of summer squash: cocozelle, crookneck, scallop, straightneck, vegetable marrow, and zucchini. Most of these groups have existed for hundreds of years. Their differing fruit shapes result in their differential adaptations to various methods of culinary preparation. Differences in flavor, while often subtle, are readily apparent in some instances. The groups differ in geographical distribution and economic importance. The zucchini group, a relatively recent development, has undergone intensive breeding in the United States and Europe and is probably by far the most widely grown and economically important of the summer squash.

Pilgrims of the Cerrado.

O Sistem a Biogeográfico dos Cerrados, pela diversidade de ambiente, variedade de recursos e possibilidades de subsistência, exerceu, desde o final do Pleistoceno e início do Holoceno, importância fundamental na fixação de populações humanas, nas áreas centrais do Brasil. Os grupos caçadores e coletores estabeleceram com este tipo de ambiente uma relação bastante sábia, criando processos culturais singulares. A maior parte desses processos continua de forma acentuada também na cultura dos grupos horticultores e motiva o arqueólogo, de maneira geral, a incluir nos seus trabalhos inúmeras possibilidades e a entender melhor a função do ambiente e a organização do espaço, por populações de economia simples.

Interactive Dynamics of Intrusive Horticultural Groups Coalescing in South-Central Manitoba during the Late Prehistoric Period—The Vickers Focus

Recent fieldwork has demonstrated the presence of several intrusive horticultural complexes in southern Manitoba during Late Prehistoric times. These groups probably first began entering the area circa 1000 B.P. and disappeared from the archaeological record some 600 years later—about 150 years prior to the entry of Europeans. An examination of the ceramics indicates that no single migration theory or simple diffusion of technology can account for these assemblages. The diversity of the wares, derived from identifiable antecedents elsewhere, indicates a complex mingling and syncretism of cultural elements drawn from widely separated sources resulting in some form of hybrid ethnicity. Subsequent work has indicated a localized dispersal of these unusual assemblages during the terminal Late Prehistoric period. The material assemblage of one such composite society is evident at the Lowton site which has provided the ceramic type collection for an initial definition of the Vickers Focus within the larger context of the Scattered Village Complex. The sheer abundance of cultural materials in the Lowton assemblage, when compared with other sites containing these ceramics, indicates that the Lowton site was the most important of the known sites for people belonging to this segment of the Scattered Village Complex and may have been a regional center for a coalescing polyethnic society.

Measuring the Quality of Treatment in Horticultural Therapy Groups

The mental health-care system is in a state of change. Hospitals are riding the need to provide more thorough and more rapid treatment with less resources. Lengths of stay are reduced, and the need to provide effective treatment quickly has increased. As part of the quality assurance program, the Rehabilitative Therapies committee designed and implemented a four month study to measure patients' perception of their treatment groups run by the Rehabilitative Therapies Department. The data is currently under analysis. Horticultural Therapy groups have been separated and are being reviewed and compared with other Rehabilitative Therapies groups.

Class, culture, and the Miskito Indians: A historical perspective

In this paper I have endeavored to outline a dialectical analysis of the Miskito Indian historical experience of the last 350 years. This history has been divided into three periods, in each of which class processes have been integrally tied to particular ethnic configurations. In the first, pre-contact period, a series of autonomous egalitarian hunting, gathering and horticultural groups, linked in a network of mutual trading and raiding, inhabited the various river basins of the coastal region. In the second period, beginning roughly in the early 17th century, integration as a periphery in the British mercantile empire engendered a political economic transformation in which local headmen emerged as focal points in the articulation of coastal production with British exchange networks. The new level of power over the allocation of social surpluses assumed by these headmen was validated through the symbolic framework of British monarchy. This also served the geopolitical interests of the British. The rise of this incipient tributary mode of production was a central force in the emergence of the Miskito as a new ethnic entity.

The importance of nighttime observations in time allocation studies

Most time allocation studies have been conducted during daylight hours alone. However, an exploratory study of time allocation among the Samukundi Abelam, a horticultural group of Papua New Guinea, revealed that significant activities take place after dark. Furthermore, the nature and duration of these activities differ from those observed during daylight hours. Results suggest that time allocation studies confined to daylight hours alone may contain selective biases. By extension, comparative economic analyses utilizing such studies may also be biased. A sampling strategy employing limited, differentially weighted nighttime observations is suggested.

Application of isozyme electrophoresis for purity testing and cultivar identification of F1 hybrids of Brassica oleracea

Six isozyme genes were analyzed in seed samples of 65 commercial F1 hybrids of four horticultural groups of Brassica oleracea (cabbage, Brussels sprouts, sprouting broccoli and cauliflower). Results obtained from electrophoretic assays led to the following conclusions: 1) the electrophoretic test of F1 hybrid purity was possible in 59 (91%) of the hybrids analyzed, since their inbred parents were apparently fixed each for a different allele in at least on of the loci studied; 2) forty-eight (74%) of the hybrids were individually distinguished by their isozyme phenotype; 3) high levels of segregation in the inbred parents were inferred from the analysis of a sample of seeds of each hybrid.

The Explorer as Ethnologist: James Mackay's "Indian Tribes" Manuscript with a Test of His Comments on the Native Mortuary Customs of the Trans-Mississippi West

A little used nineteenth-century document by explorer James Mackay, called Indian Tribes, is transcribed and discussed. The accuracy of one part of the manuscript dealing with aboriginal burial customs is then evaluated in relation to ethnographic and archaeological data on Arikara mortuary practice. A more general evaluation of these comments is conducted using ethnographic statements on the burial practices of other horticultural groups that once lived in the Trans-Mississippi West. The findings are that Mackay's comments are applicable to the burial customs of the Arikara and probably to the Omaha, Wichita, Oto, and Missouri as well. Further evaluation of the manuscript by

Composition and distribution of urban vegetation in the Tucson basin

Tucson is a rapidly growing city of a half million people in the arid south-western United States. From 1945 to 1975, 62 per cent of the city's growth has been attributed to migration. The horticultural and landscaping activity of new residents replaced native vegetation with ornamental plants and thereby altered the pollen rain in the Tucson basin. Various pollen studies have shown changes in type and magnitude of pollen produced as well as a high degree of variability in local pollen concentrations in the air. This can be directly related to horticultural groups within the urban vegetation zone. Groundcover, trees and shrubs were tallied from the front yards of 1557 homes in the Tucson basin. Homes were selected randomly from six clusters around atmospheric pollen samplers. No significant (0.05 level) differences were found between any of the clusters in the Tucson basin. The sampled clusters of urban vegetation were then subdivided using Principal Component Analysis on a covariance matrix of the 17 most important plant and groundcover groups. The first eigenvector accounts for a minimum of 50 per cent of the variance in five of six clusters and 40 per cent of the variance in the sixth cluster. The first eigenvector represents the influence of human selectivity in landscaping plants. Tucsonans plant a limited number of plants consistently throughout the city. The second and third eigenvectors show the horticultural groups which are of major importance within each cluster and which are responsible for the differences in the pollen rain recorded at sites throughout the city. The first three eigenvectors accounted for 71–95 per cent of the total variance in the six clusters investigated.

Dental asymmetry as a measure of environmental stress in the Ticuna Indians of Colombia.

The magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry is reported for a marginally Westernized, horticultural Indian group, the Ticuna of the Region Amazonas, Colombia. Asymmetry is lower than in other Amerindian and Eskimo groups reported to date, which accords with the adequacy and reliability of traditional food sources and complements the claim that protein intake is at or above minimum requirements. Partitioning the variation by sex, arcade, dimension, and tooth discloses several statistically significant effects. Among these: 1) females are proportionately more asymmetric than males; 2) maxillary teeth are more asymmetric than their mandibular counterparts; 3) the mesiodistal dimension is less canalized than buccolingual width in the maxilla, but is more asymmetric in the mandible; and 4) the pattern of asymmetry corresponds closely with the morphogenetic gradients within each tooth field, suggesting that bilaterality provides an additional measure for disclosing underlying genetic and ontogenetic patterns in the dentition.

Leaf Blotch (Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk) of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Juss.

Plant PathologyVolume 25, Issue 4 p. 208-208 Leaf Blotch (Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. & Schrenk) of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Juss. D. R. HUMPHREYS-JONES, D. R. HUMPHREYS-JONES Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, CambridgeSearch for more papers by this authorS. F. FLETT, S. F. FLETT Geest Horticultural Group Ltd., Spalding, LincolnshireSearch for more papers by this author D. R. HUMPHREYS-JONES, D. R. HUMPHREYS-JONES Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, CambridgeSearch for more papers by this authorS. F. FLETT, S. F. FLETT Geest Horticultural Group Ltd., Spalding, LincolnshireSearch for more papers by this author First published: December 1976 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1976.tb01962.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume25, Issue4December 1976Pages 208-208 RelatedInformation

Northern Plains Village Cultures: Internal Stability and External Relationships

Horticultural groups in the Northern Plains comprised a cultural continuum in stable equilibrium, having undergone only superficial modifications in technology, exploitative activities, and settlement patterning from their first appearance in the area. The positioning of villages along terraces overlooking the Missouri River floodplain placed the zoned resources within equal reach of all communities. Consequently, these politically autonomous villages were also economically self-sufficient. There was little reason for trade between villages, but there was extensive trade with nomads from outside the valley. This trade not only diffused elements between nomads and villagers, but it intensified the village way of life and helped stabilize it, thus reinforcing the division between nomad and villager. There were no village or regional specializations, and only a few social mechanisms to stimulate inter-village integration. These factors combined to help maintain the village groups at a tribal level of organization.

Parsnip Canker: Selection of Resistant Stocks of Parsnip

THE account by A. P. Jones1 in Nature on Streptomyces scabies (Thaxter) Waksman and Henrici as the probable cause of parsnip canker is a welcome addition to the literature on a problem which has defied solution by various investigators during the past forty years. Previous to the above work, a survey of the problem was made by us during the period 1946–49 at the request of the Horticultural Group of the Agricultural Improvement Council and the results were embodied in the report AIC/HG/20, a summary of which was published in Agriculture 2. That report claimed to be no more than a fresh examination of the problem; but, although the exact nature of the causal organism was not discovered, a good deal of information was obtained. During the investigation it was clear that although no commercial variety or strain of parsnip was worthy of being called resistant to canker, there were always individual roots which in badly affected fields remained free from the trouble. This point has been noted by previous workers3.

Fruit Morphology and Anatomy of the Cherimoya

1. Fruits of Annona cherimola Mill. can be segregated into horticultural groups based on the nature of the fruit form and surface characters. 2. Considerable variation in density of epidermal hair and stomata is found between fruits of different horticultural varieties and between different parts of the fruit. 3. The bulk of the carpellary wall is parenchyma, the outer portion of which contains sclereid masses. These masses of sclerenchyma have modified parenchymatous cells radiating outward from them. 4. The vascular supply for each carpel is derived from a central reticulate vascular cylinder in the receptacle. Each carpellary bundle divides into three strands upon entering the carpel. One strand supplies the ovule; the other two become the dorsal and ventral bundles. 5. Starch is the prominent ergastic material found throughout the parenchyma in the firm mature fruit but disappears rapidly and completely as the fruit softens. Oil idioblasts are scattered through the parenchyma of the carpellary wall and of the endosperm of the seed. 6. The seed coat consists of heavily lignified, sclerenchymatous layers. The inner surface of the inner integument is characterized by a layer, one or two cells in thickness, in which the cells show extreme variability in shape and are separated by conspicuously large intercellular spaces. 7. The cells of the convolute endosperm are filled primarily with starch, although a number of oil idioblasts occur, particularly near the periphery.

Archaeological Investigations in Medicine Creek Reservoir, Nebraska

The Medicine Creek Valley of south-central Nebraska has for many years been known to contain within its limits important archaeological materials representing various periods of man's occupancy in the Central Plains. The region is climatically near the western limits of successful general farming. While the yearly precipitation averages about 23 inches, records show a variation in total from 11 to 38 inches. (Bason and others, 1939, pp. 4–6). This wide fluctuation in precipitation, often combined with extremely high temperatures during the growing season, makes the area one of agricultural uncertainty. Early White settlement in the valley was often retarded and in some instances completely checked as a result of severe but usually short-period droughts. Prehistoric horticultural groups subsisting in this region were undoubtedly subjected to the same unfavorable conditions. They, like the early- White settlers who were to follow, may have been forced at times to abandon the area temporarily and withdraw to a more favorable one.