Horizontal Shaft Research Articles

Evaluation of stresses on the surface of production columns equipped with sand filters when downing into a horizontal well

Relevance. The need to estimate the time of formation sand accumulation near the annulus of a horizontal well and the unit length of filter elements in the bottom of production strings and to determine the stresses on the surface of production strings equipped with sand filters when lowering into the well. Aim. Based on a study of the reasons for the continued flow of sand into wells equipped with anti-sand filters, to develop and propose measures related to the need to choose a reduction in the number of filters that provide the design flow rate of a horizontal well or a significant increase in the length of the filtering surface of the filters in order to reduce erosive wear of the wire winding. Objects. We are considering a well with a horizontal section, equipped with sand filters, the same size as the casing strings. It was assumed that the integrity of the surface of the filter elements would be preserved and the conditions for their destruction would be eliminated when lowering into the horizontal shaft. This presupposes the necessary efficient operation of the well throughout the entire operational period. The section of the first set of curvature and the forces arising during this are considered as wellas stability of a pipe string during possible stops. Centralizers are evenly located along the length of the column, then in some sections we will have a multi-span statically indeterminate beam, in each section of which a radial load acts. Methods. When studying the time of formation sand accumulation in the annular space of a horizontal well and a unit length of filter elements in the bottom of production strings, it is necessary at the first stage to determine the stresses on the surface of production strings equipped with sand filters when lowering into the well. Studying the assessment of the existence time of the transition period is of particular interest. This is, in other words, during what operational period there is a complete accumulation of formation sand in the annular space and the transition of formation drainage along the entire length of the horizontal wellbore to drainage of only zones adjacent to the filters. To calculate the fluid flow rate when the annular space of the horizontal well is completely filled with sand, the design values ​​of the AC4.8 formation parameters were used. The maximum value of depressions used in the calculations is assumed to be 1.5 MPa. Results. Consideration of situations that arise when filters are lowered into horizontal wells indicates that the outer surface of the filter elements is not protected from destruction as a result of contact stresses with the walls of the drilled wellbore. To protect against destruction and rubbing open gaps by clay-containing rocks, rigid centralizers should be installed along the edges of the filter elements, the maximum allowable distances between which should not exceed 4.0–4.5 m.

A High-Resolution Measurement Method for Inner and Outer 3D Surface Profiles of Laser Fusion Targets Using a Laser Differential Confocal–Atomic Force Probe Technique

The high-resolution and nondestructive co-reference measurement of the inner and outer three-dimensional (3D) surface profiles of laser fusion targets is difficult to achieve. In this study, we propose a laser differential confocal (LDC)–atomic force probe (AFP) method to measure the inner and outer 3D surface profiles of laser fusion targets at a high resolution. This method utilizes the LDC method to detect the deflection of the AFP and exploits the high spatial resolution of the AFP to enhance the spatial resolution of the outer profile measurement. Nondestructive and co-reference measurements of the inner profile of a target were achieved using the tomographic characteristics of the LDC method. Furthermore, by combining multiple repositionings of the target using a horizontal slewing shaft, the inner and outer 3D surface profiles of the target were obtained, along with a power spectrum assessment of the entire surface. The experimental results revealed that the respective axial and lateral resolutions of the outer profile measurement were 0.5 and 1.3 nm, while the respective axial and lateral resolutions of the inner profile measurement were 2.0 nm and approximately 400.0 nm. The repeatabilities of the root-mean-square deviation measurements for the outer and inner profiles of the target were 2.6 and 2.4 nm, respectively. We believe our study provides a promising method for the high-resolution and nondestructive co-reference measurement of the inner and outer 3D profiles of laser fusion targets.

Effects of rock types and crushing mechanism on the 3D morphological parameters of manufactured sands: a combination study of 3D scanning and spherical harmonic analysis

This study aims to investigate the effect of rock types, i.e., granite, conglomerate rock, limestone, and crushing mechanism, i.e., Vertical Shaft Impact (VSI) crusher, Horizontal Shaft Impact (HSI) crusher, on the morphology of manufactured sands. By combining the 3D scanning and spherical harmonic analysis, the morphological parameters of manufactured sands such as elongation ratio (EL), flatness ratio (Fl), aspect ratio (AR), edge angle (EA), sphericity (SH), and fractal dimension were quantified. The results indicate limestone is more readily broken into blade-shaped particles without being able to blunt sharp edges through constant abrasion. The proportion of bladed particles in manufactured sand prepared from limestone is 1.91 times higher than the proportion of bladed particles in conglomerates. Additionally, the HSI crusher has a more significant effect on rocks with smaller strength. For the same parent rock, manufactured sand from a VSI crusher contains 30% more spherical and oblate particles than from an HSI crusher.

Next-Gen Lubrication: Water-cooled thrust bearings in conjunction with nano fluid lubricant

Thrust bearing finds application as a key element for heavy duty machines such as hydro-power plants (vertical shaft), submarines, steam engines, cement plant-ball mills (horizontal shaft) etc. Bearing temperature is a primary factor that affects the performance of hydrodynamic thrust bearings. Thermal deformation, misalignment, reduction in minimum oil film thickness and subsequent drop in load carrying capacity, are some of the manifestations related to high bearing temperatures. The present study attempts to decrease the bearing temperature by utilizing novel hybrid bearing set up. It involves the integration of water-cooled pads coupled with nanoparticle-infused lubricant films. This approach represents a convergence of two key technologies aimed at addressing the thermal effects linked with elevated temperatures generated during the operation of bearings. This study utilizes computational simulations to evaluate the effect of integrated thrust pad design on performance characteristics like pressure, temperature, and thermal deformation of a thrust bearing. The simulation results of new integrated design confirm (i) enhancement in pressure values e.g. maximum pressure increases from 5.6 MPa to 6.5 MPa (ii) reduction of pad temperature values e.g. maximum pad temperature value reduces from 85℃ to 70℃ (iii) reduction of pad thermal deformation values e.g. maximum pad thermal deformation value reduces from 36.5 µm to 22.3 µm. By leveraging the direct cooling effect of embedded cooling circuitry and the enhanced thermophysical properties of nanoparticles, this novel configuration promises to unlock new levels of efficiency and reliability in thrust bearing operation.

Machine Learning-Based Prediction of NPSH, Noise, and Vibration Levels in Radial Pumps Under Cavitation Conditions

Cavitation, a physical phenomenon that detrimentally affects pump performance and reduces pump life, can cause wear on pump elements. Various engineering methods have been developed to identify the initiation and full development of the cavitation process. One such method is the determination of the net positive suction head (NPSH) through a 3% decrease in total head (Hm) at a constant flow rate. In radial pumps, commonly used in agricultural irrigation and industry, cavitation conditions result in a sudden drop in the Hm-Q curve, making it challenging to detect the 3% Hm value drop. This study differs from others in the literature by modelling NPSH, noise, and vibration levels using three machine learning models, specifically artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and decision tree regression (DTR). The best-performing model predicts NPSH, noise, and vibration levels corresponding to a 3% decrease in Hm level. The present study determined the NPSH values of a horizontal shaft centrifugal pump at different flow rates and constant operating speed, and the vibration and noise levels were measured for these NPSH values. For each of the NPSH, noise, and vibration levels, ANN, SVM and DTR models were created. The performances of these models were evaluated using criteria such as root mean squared error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). In addition, Taylor and error box diagrams were created. The ANN model and DTR yielded high accuracy predictions for NPSH values (R2 = 0.86 and R2 = 0.8, respectively). The ANN model provided the best prediction performance for noise and vibration levels. By entering the level of 3% drop in the Hm value of the pump as external data input to the ANN model, NPSH3, noise, and vibration levels were determined. The ANN models can be effectively employed to determine NPSH3, noise, and vibration levels, particularly in radial flow pumps, where detecting 3% reductions in manometric height value is challenging.

The effect of the distance between the trunks of horizontal oil wells on their productivity

The article deals with a uniform fan arrangement on a circular formation with different distances from its center to the entrance to the formation of the initial section of horizontal trunks. This problem was solved by creating a geological and mathematical model of a circular formation drained by horizontal wells of different lengths and working with the same depression on the formation. When horizontal wells are fanned out on a circular formation, their productivity is significantly affected by the distance from the center of the circle to the entrance of the trunk into the productive formation. The degree of influence of the distance from the center of the circle to the entrance of the horizontal shaft into the formation depends on: the capacitive and filtration properties of the productive formation; the magnitude of depressions created in wells; the design of the horizontal section; the heterogeneity of the formation in thickness and area; the radius and angle of the sector drained by wells and the completeness of the sector opening.

Performance Analysis of Horizontal Shaft Wind Turbine Through Blade Design Modification

The objective of this study is to investigate the performance of a horizontal shaft wind turbine model with variations in blade shapes. The focus of the research lies in examining the impact of different blade shapes, specifically the curved shape, inverted linear taper, and rectangular shape measuring 8 cm x 20 cm at a 200 tilt angle. The experiments are conducted at various wind speeds: 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 m/s. The findings reveal that changes in blade shape significantly influence the operation of the horizontal shaft wind turbine. The Brake Horse Power (BHP) reaches its maximum with a rectangular blade shape, achieving 1.1 watts at a wind speed of 11 m/s and a corresponding torque of 0.0221 Nm. Additionally, the highest efficiency is attained with the rectangular blade shape at a wind speed of 7 m/s, reaching 21%.

Finite Element Investigation of Horizontal Shaft with Point Load, Axial Stress and Turning Moment

Finite Element Investigation of Horizontal Shaft with Point Load, Axial Stress and Turning Moment

Gravity-induced virtual clocking effect in large-capacity/low-head pumped hydro energy storage system with horizontal shaft

Significant gravity effects in a large-capacity/low-head pumped hydro energy storage system with horizontal shaft can destroy the axisymmetric inner flow structures in pump mode compared with its hydraulic model. For the stationary guide-vane region, this makes the inflow condition of each vane change with its circumferential installation position and thus causes a virtual clocking effect between the visible guide-vanes and the invisible gravity. The virtual clocking effect may change the hydraulic performance and induce instability risks, but its specific influence is still unclear. In this article, for a low-head pumped hydro energy storage prototype system with horizontal shaft, four virtual clocking schemes, namely the top guide-vane inlet edge and the gravity direction staggering 0/4, 1/4, 2/4 and 3/4 passage interval angle, were established, and a comparative investigation on hydraulic performance in the optimal pump mode was carried out. Firstly, the pressure polarization oscillation is observed in the impeller region under different schemes. The differences in the polarization degree do not exceed 1%, but the circumferential distributions of the peak-to-peak values of pressure fluctuations at the impeller outlet show a phase difference, which should be considered in the circumferential support structures. Secondly, the partial flow separation is observed in the guide-vane region under different schemes, and the flow deviation ratio between the left and right sides at the guide-vane outlet exhibits differences of up to 10%, which cannot be ignored for a huge system. The scheme with staggering 1/4 passage interval angle exhibits the least flow deviation ratio while the scheme with staggering 3/4 passage interval angle exhibits the greatest flow deviation ratio. Overall, to ensure the hydraulic stability of the large-capacity/low-head pumped hydro energy storage system with horizontal shaft, the virtual clocking scheme with staggering 1/4 passage interval angle is recommended for the energy engineering.

Feasibility Analysis of Calcium Carbonate Particle Trajectory Simulation in a Dual Horizontal Shaft Mixer.

This article aims to investigate the feasibility of using discrete element software EDEM 2022.0 to simulate the trajectory of artificial marble patterns in a dual horizontal shaft mixer. Research was conducted on the mixing uniformity of particles in the mixing chamber, and the optimal speed range for particle mixing was established. By simulating the trajectory of pigment particles, the trajectories of the particles at different positions of the stirring paddle were obtained, and the trajectories were compared with the measured results. In the study of uniform particle mixing, the Lacey index at different speeds was compared, and the optimal speed range was established between 40 RPM and 60 RPM. Based on this, the particle trajectory simulation found that the motion trajectories of particles at different positions of the stirring paddle varied significantly. The particles in the stirring paddle rod exhibit a gradual trend, in which they gradually decrease as they approach the head of the stirring paddle. Finally, the feasibility of this method was established by comparing the simulated and actual patterns through proportional replication of the mixing process, and it was discovered that the two were similar.

Partial flow separation in guide-vane region of large-capacity/low-head pumped hydro energy storage system with horizontal shaft

The hydraulic performance of a large-capacity/low-head pumped hydro energy storage system is usually assumed to be consistent with that of its hydraulic model system, that is, the energy parameters and the inner flow fields conform to the conventional similarity law. However, this expected hydraulic consistency may not be realized in actual engineering projects. In a prototype system with horizontal shaft, head change and vibration enhancement have been observed, but the origin of this inconsistency is still unclear. This article investigates the inner flow characteristics in the guide-vane region of a prototype system with horizontal shaft in the optimal pump mode. A new phenomenon, partial flow separation, is discovered. The most intuitive feature of partial flow separation is that large-scale separation vortices in the guide-vane region are concentrated in the top passages of the antigravity part, while the bottom passages demonstrate good through-flow capacity. This is significantly different from the axisymmetric inner flow structures in the model system. Further in-depth analysis shows that this new phenomenon directly stems from the constant circumferential imbalance of inflow attack angles, and is further attributed to the blade loading polarization in the impeller region under pronounced gravity effects. More importantly, partial flow separation can adversely affect energy performance and operation stability, including the aggravation of energy loss in the guide-vane region and severe flow deviation in the outflow passage. Particular attention should be paid in the future to the design and operation of large-capacity/low-head pumped hydro energy storage systems with horizontal shaft.

Identification method of unbalanced fault characteristics of horizontal shaft of rotary table of drilling rig

The horizontal shaft of rotary table is an important rotating part of drilling rig. The vibration caused by the mass imbalance of the horizontal shaft will seriously affect the normal operation of drilling rig and lead to faults. Therefore, taking the horizontal shaft rotor system of rotary table of the drilling rig as the research object, the unbalanced vibration characteristics of the rotor are extracted by the improved all-phase fast Fourier transform method. Through the cross-correlation operation of the signal, the data of the discrete signal is weighted and superimposed, the vibration amplitude, time delay of the phase and the spectrum analysis can be obtained. The experimental results show that the accuracy and stability of the vibration amplitude and phase extracted by the improved all-phase fast Fourier transform method are better, and the accuracy of the vibration phase extraction can reach 98%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.

OPTIMALISASI METODE BLADE TURBIN ANGIN SUMBU HORIZONTAL

The utilization of wind turbines is able to convert wind energy into electrical energy. It is recorded from the DG of NREEC source that Indonesia has a wind energy potential of 60.6 Giga Watt (GW) with a total renewable energy potential of 442GW. One of the most common types of wind turbines is the horizontal axis wind turbine. This study uses a literature study method that aims to compare and summarize data optimizing variations in the number of blades and wind speed on horizontal axis wind turbines from various sources. The results of the study are known that the pinwheel power generated by the rotation of the pinwheel blade produces energy that is converted into electrical energy. The wind speed and blade rotation yield are directly proportional to the energy produced. The greater the wind speed given to the turbine, the higher the rotation. Variations in the number of blades result in variations in rotational properties, since the effect of the ratio of tip speed is inversely proportional to wind speed. The performance of horizontal axis wind turbines can be optimized by applying blade design using chord and twist linearization methods. The greatest efficiency of the counter-rotational horizontal shaft wind turbine is achieved at a blade angle of 10° and a wind speed of 4.03m/s, resulting in a maximum efficiency of up to 71.8%, which is higher than the optimal single-rotor power coefficient of 59%. This means dual-rotor wind turbines are more efficient at converting energy than single-rotor wind turbines.

Effect of the pipe bend of the morning glory spillway on the cavitation number

Cavitation phenomena always threats the hydraulic structures with high velocity flow and suddenly varying the flow direction. It is assumed that the process of the flow depleting with high ratio through the morning glory spillway accompanied by suddenly varying the flow direction caused by the bend pipe can deteriorate the condition of the cavitation. Introducing the ratio R/D (diameter size of the vertical and horizontal shaft divided with radius of the bend pipe) can be beneficial to propose the novel design plan to avoid the cavitation caused by the bend pipe. Present study carried out a series experimental tests to validate a numerical model of the morning glory spillway with different R/D ratio to show the impacts of the suddenly varying the flow direction on the variation of the cavitation number. The cavitation values of the free, semi-submerged and submerged flow conditions showed that cavitation was mainly occurred on the internal arch of the bend pipe for free flow and the level of the danger for semi-submerged flow was the major danger level for internal arch of the bend pipe and due to submerged flow, the crest level at the entrance of the morning glory spillway was additionally threated by cavitation. To prevent from the cavitation, the values of the cavitation number due to different R/D as 0.55, 0.45, 0.35, and 0.25 were calculated by employing the validated numerical model due to high danger of the cavitation in semi-submerged condition. Results showed that due to D/R > 0.35, the possible cavitation damage is obtained for the internal and external arch of the bend pipe of the morning glory spillway; however, for D/R < 0.25, the bend pipe position is located in safe zone and the danger of the cavitation is negligible.

Application of Computational Intelligence in Describing Dust Emissions in Different Soil Tillage Applications in Middle Anatolia

Soil degradation is an increasing problem in Turkey, especially in the Middle Anatolia region where the annual precipitation is approximately 300 mm, resulting from conventional farming methods. To address this issue, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used, as they are flexible mathematical tools that capture data. This study aims to investigate the relationships between dust emission (PM10) and the mean weight diameter, shear stress, and stubble amount of the soil, which were measured in eight different tillage practices (conventional tillage, six types of reduced tillage, and direct seeding). The results show that the mean weight diameter, shear stress, and stubble amount of the soil varied between 4.89 and 14.17 mm, 0.40–1.23 N·cm−2, and 30.5–158 g·m−2, respectively, depending on the type of tillage works. Additionally, dust emissions generated during different tillage applications ranged from 27.73 to 153.45 mg·m−3. The horizontal shaft rototiller produced the highest dust emission, approximately 150% higher than those of disc harrow and winged chisel plows. The impact of tillage practices on dust emission was statistically significant (p &lt; 0.01). A sophisticated 3-(7-7)-1 ANNs model using a backpropagation learning algorithm was developed to predict the concentration of dust, which outperformed the traditional statistical models. The model was based on the values of mean weight diameter, shear stress, and stubble amount of the soil after tillage. The best result was obtained from the ANN model among the polynomial and ANN models. In the ANN model, the coefficient of determination, root mean square error, and mean error were found to be 0.98, 6.70, and 6.11%, respectively. This study demonstrated the effectiveness of ANNs in predicting the levels of dust concentration based on soil tillage data, and it highlighted the importance of adopting alternative tillage practices to reduce soil degradation and dust emissions.

DEVELOPMENT OF AN EXTRACTOR FOR PROCESSING HONEY FROM INDIGENOUS HIVES AND NATURAL COLONIES

Marigat in Baringo County is among the ASAL areas in Kenya where most residents engage in honey production as their major source of income. Honey producers in the area keep their bees in the indigenous hives and others occur in natural colonies. Traditional methods are mainly used to harvest and process honey in the area. This is because, the honey extractors available in the market cannot be used to extract honey from indigenous hives and natural colonies, due to lack of frame attachment to the combs that firmly secure them during extraction. Therefore, this research aimed at developing an extractor with honeycomb net buckets within the system to firmly secure honeycombs harvested from these hives and colonies. The extractor operates on the principle of radial motion of the net buckets loaded with mature honeycombs. The main purpose of the bearings attached to the horizontal shaft was to reduce friction on the parts to ensure smooth rotation. The net buckets were spun to rotational motion manually. The centrifugal force so created, triggers the flow of honey out of the comb cells onto the extractor wall. As the rotation continues with increase in centrifugal force, the rate of honey outflow increases until the combs were empty. This paper focused on obtaining the experimental results with five (5) men operating the extractor alternatively for a period of 8 minutes each. A total of five (5) test runs were achieved during extraction which was equivalent to 40 minutes. From the experimental results, the mass flow rate of honey obtained from calculations was found to be equivalent to 5.99×〖10〗^(-3) kg/s. The extractor was also found to be 99.83 % efficient in the extraction of honey.

Sliding Mode Control for a Non Linear 2 DoF Torsion System

2 Degree of Freedom(DoF) torsion system can be used to demonstrate the torsional dynamics and the effect of flexible coupling between the actuator and the load encountered in real world control applications. In this work non linear dynamics of a 2 DoF torsion system is considered and Sliding Mode Controller(SMC) is designed for controlling the angular position of the rotational load of the system. The plant consists of a rotary servo-base unit which includes a DC servomotor in a cubic solid aluminium frame to which the gear train is attached. Its horizontal shaft will rotate the flexible coupling attached to the rotational load. Multiple torsional loads can be attached to the rotary servo-base unit. In this work, two torsional loads are attached to the rotary base unit and hence called 2 DoF torsion system. The angular position of the flexible load is to be controlled by applying the control voltage to armature of the DC servomotor in order to produce the required torque. Effectiveness of the controller has been achieved from the simulation result.

Design of Energy Education Media For Solar and Wind Power Plants at Bomo Beach, Banyuwangi Regency

Bomo Beach, which is managed by community groups to become a tourist attraction, has the potential for renewable energy in the form of solar and wind energy. This potential can be harnessed and converted into electrical energy. This study aims to design energy education media for solar power plants and wind power plants at Bomo beach, Banyuwangi regency. The design is carried out in accordance with the natural management of tourist beach. The power plant designed is the integration of the solar power plant system (PLTS) and the wind power plant system (PLTB). Solar power plants use solar panels while PLTB uses horizontal shaft wind turbines and vertical shafts. The energy housing is made as a power store with a 12 volts battery. The design results show that the integration design of solar power plants and PLTB can be applied as an energy education media.

Analysis of the Effect of Variation in the Number of Taperless Type Blades on the Performance of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine with Naca 4412 Airfoil

The need for electrical energy which continues to be widely needed by society and industry today is a major factor in their daily needs and activities. Wind energy is one of the renewable energy that is environmentally friendly. At present the utilization of wind energy continues to be developed, one of which is a wind energy conversion system that converts wind kinetic energy into mechanical energy and then converts it into electrical energy through a generator. The amount of electricity generated by the generator depends on the rotating speed of the blades and the speed of the wind that hits the blades on the wind turbine. In this research is how the performance of horizontal shaft wind turbines with variations in the number of blades with the aim of obtaining optimal results of torque, power and efficiency. The tests carried out in this study were simulated on the Q Blade v 0.96 software with variations in the number of blades 2 to 6 and the average wind speed data in the West Java region. That the results of the tests carried out produce a graph that compares the number of blades to the power, torque, and efficiency produced by a wind turbine

The modeling of the process of stationary gas flow to the horizontal well

The development process of a gas deposit in the statinary mode with a horizontal well was modeled within combined equations of gas filtration in the formation, as well as the gas flow in the borehole and balance equation of gas intake from formation into the horizontal shaft and the effect of the geological-technological aspects on the selection of an optimum structure providing the efficiency of development was estimated. During the displacement of the horizontal shaft from the formation bottom towards its central part, the dynamics of the increase of well flow rate, and from the cenral part to the attic zone the dynamics of decrease of flow rate have been set. It is shown that in the same data of geological conditions, and formation properties, the maximum flow rate of a horizontal well is achieved in the isotropic layers, and after a definite length of wellbore, its extension does not affect the well flow rate.