Hope Scale Research Articles

Stress and hope distinguish individuals with suicidal plan from suicide ideators among Chinese college students.

Suicide among college students is a significant public health concern in China. While suicidal ideation serves as a crucial predictor of subsequent suicidal plans and behaviors, it is important to recognize that most instances of suicidal ideation may only be fleeting thoughts that do not progress to an actual plan. Therefore, it is imperative to identify the factors associated with the transition from suicidal ideation to a concrete plan. Consequently, this study aims to investigate whether certain frequently cited factors can differentiate individuals who have formulated a specific suicidal plan from those who have experienced suicidal thoughts without planning, based on data obtained through a cross-sectional survey. This survey was conducted as part of routine mental health assessments among second-year college students in October 2023. Data from a total of 4,858 second-year college students were utilized for the final analyses. Two survey questions were employed to identify past-year suicidal ideation and past-year suicidal plan. All participants were required to complete various assessments, including the Chinese version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21 items (DASS-21), the Chinese version of Gratitude Questionnaire-six items (GQ-6), the Chinese version of Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and the Chinese version of State Hope Scale (SHS). Among 4,858 participants, a total of 134 individuals (2.8%) were confirmed to have experienced past-year suicidal ideation. Out of these, 53 (1.1% overall) reported having a past-year suicidal plan, accounting for approximately 39.6% of those with suicidal ideation. Logistic regression analyses revealed that while most potential variables differentiated between students with and without suicidal ideation, only two factors stood out in distinguishing individuals with a suicidal plan from those who had not made such plans despite experiencing suicidal thoughts-presence of stress (OR=2.49, 95% CI: 1.04-5.96) and lower scores of hope agency (OR=0.84, 95% CI: 0.72-0.98). These findings suggest that the stress may contribute to susceptibility for transitioning from mere thoughts to actual planning regarding suicide; conversely, hope agency appears to offer protection against this transition process. Therefore, we advocate for targeted interventions aimed at fostering hope among individuals who have encountered adverse and stressful life events.

Psychological Inflexibility and Loneliness in Young Adults: The Role of Hope as a Mediator

Young adulthood (18-29 years of age) is the most unstable period of the life span when changes in intimate relationships and work are the common issues. This period is closely related to various mental health problems, such as loneliness. This study aims to determine the role of hope as a mediator between psychological inflexibility and loneliness in young adults. Research participants were 230 participants who were in the young adulthood stage (18-29 years of age). Loneliness was measured using UCLA Loneliness Scale-6 (ULS-6), psychological inflexibility was measured using Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II), and hope was measured using The Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (AHS). Mediation analysis was done using Hayes PROCESS MACRO (Model 4). The results of the analysis show that hope has a mediating role in the relationship between psychological inflexibility and loneliness in young adults. The implication of this research is that it can be used as a consideration for selecting interventions that focus on increasing psychological flexibility and hope when dealing with loneliness in young adults.

The Impact of Action Control and Dispositional Hope on Self-Regulated Learning among University Students in Pakistan

This study was focused on examining the impact of action control and dispositional hope on self-regulated learning strategies and course achievement among university students. The data were collected from different Departments of Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan. Their age range was 18 to 33. After collecting the data statistical analysis was done. The study was carried out with a sample of 350 students from different Departments of the University. A booklet consisting of three questionnaires; Action Control Scale (ACS-90), Adult Dispositional Hope Scale and Self-regulated Learning Strategies Questionnaire. Age, gender, qualification and CGPA were included as demographic variables. Results indicate that action control is negatively correlated with dispositional hope and learning strategies. Whereas dispositional hope is positively correlated to all learning strategies. Results also show that action control does not predict student’s performance but has an indirect effect through learning strategies. Action control predicts learning strategies. So, learning strategies are working as a mediating variable between action control and students' performance. On the other hand, dispositional hope predicts student performance; it also predicts learning strategies. The results of the Sobel test show that learning strategies are working as a mediating variable.

Psychological Health in Late Effects of Poliomyelitis: Ten-Year Follow-Up.

Individuals with late effects of poliomyelitis (LEoP) cope with various physical and psychological symptoms throughout their entire life which become more severe as they are ageing. To perform a 10-year follow-up of the functional status and levels of psychological health of individuals with LEoP and to examine the associations of hope levels, work status, health perceptions, and life satisfaction with functional and psychological changes. A within-subject 10-year follow-up study. Eighty-two individuals with LEoP who participated in a previous study 10 years ago. Outcome measures included the functional status of individuals with LEoP assessed by the activities of daily living (ADL) questionnaire, emotional distress based on the Global Health Questionnaire (GHQ), hope based on the Hope Scale, life satisfaction as measured by the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and subjective health perception. The McNemar test, paired t-test, Spearman's correlation coefficient, and linear regression were used for statistical analysis. The mean age was 66.9 ± 8.5 years with a male-female ratio of 0.52. A significant functional deterioration was noticed during the follow-up years. Yet, the functional deterioration was not associated with changes in psychological health. Psychological health was associated with elevated levels of hope and life satisfaction. Individuals with LEoP who continued to work demonstrated higher psychological health, higher levels of hope, and greater life satisfaction. Individuals with LEoP demonstrated significant psychological health, manifested in their ability to block emotional distress and maintain life satisfaction despite the deterioration in their functional status. Hope and psychological health were associated with increased life satisfaction. Work appeared to be a significant source of psychological health in this population.

Hope, resilience and subjective happiness among general population of Paraguay in the post COVID-19 pandemic.

Positive mental health includes not only the absence of mental disorders but also the presence of subjective well-being, good coping strategies for life stress, and strategies for adapting to community life. It is well known that the COVID-19 pandemic has challenged mental health in general population worldwide. However, research has not measured protective factors for mental health in the general population after the declared end of pandemic by the World Health Organization. This observational, cross-sectional study surveyed 591 Paraguayan participants aged ⩾18 years, who were recruited through an online survey. Demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status were collected as well as mental health and validated tools for hope, resilience, subjective happiness were administered. Of the participants, 81.6% were women, 54% were married or in a relationship and 90.7% reported an university education. The main source of stress was economic issues (30.3%). A total of 22.7% had been previously diagnosed with a mental disorder, 22.2% had consulted a mental health professional and 10.8% had consumed prescription drugs. 42.6% reported flourishing, 36.2% reported moderate and 21.2% reported languishing mental health. This large survey has shown that most of participants reported a flourishing mental health with high ratings at hope, resilience, and subjective happiness scales. Also, the main sources of stress were economic issues, not consequently related to the pandemic. This may add evidences to the international debate on the long term effects of the global pandemic and probably suggests that recovery processes have been collectively adopted in Paraguay.

Effect of Language Barriers and Use of Interpreters on Hope Among Patients With Central Nervous System Malignancies and Bone Metastases

PurposeHope is important in serious illnesses, as it has been linked to patient quality of life. We aimed to determine factors associated with lower hope scores among patients with central nervous system (CNS) disease or bone metastases. MethodsThe Adult Dispositional Hope Scale (AHS) is a 12-item questionnaire that measures hope through two qualities: agency (goal-directed energy) and pathways (plan to meet goals). Total scores range from 8 to 64, with higher scores reflecting higher agency and pathways thinking. We prospectively collected scores from patients seen in two radiation oncology clinics at our institution from 10/2022 to 4/2023. The method of least squares to fit general linear models and Pearson's correlation coefficients (PCC) was used to determine relationships between AHS score and socioeconomic and disease factors. ResultsOf the 197 patients who responded, median age was 60.5 years (range 16.9-92.5 years), most patients were male (60.9%), white (59.4%), and had malignant disease (59.4%). Median overall AHS score was 54 (range 8-64), and median pathway and agency thinking scores were 27 (range 4-32) and 27 (range 4-32), respectively. Patients who needed an interpreter compared to those who did not had significantly lower overall AHS scores (mean score 45.4 versus 51.2, respectively; p=0.0493) and pathway thinking scores (mean score 21.5 versus 25.7, respectively; p=0.0085), and patients with poorer performance status had significantly worse overall AHS scores (PCC=-0.2703, p=0.0003). ConclusionPatients with CNS disease or bone metastases requiring the use of an interpreter had lower AHS scores, highlighting the possible association of language barriers to hope. Addressing patient language barriers and further studies on the possible association of language barriers to hope may improve hope, quality of life and outcomes among these patients.

Comparison of psychological well-being, hope, and health concern in leukemia patients before and after receiving stem cells.

The aim of this study was to compare psychological well-being, hope, and health concerns in leukemia patients before and after receiving stem cells. The statistical population of the present study consisted of leukemia patients in Tehran, and the research sample was among the patients referred to the Bone Marrow Transplant Center of Shariati Hospital in Tehran, and they were placed in two experimental and control groups (15 people in each group), which were selected by purposive sampling method. To collect the data for the research, three psychological well-being questionnaires were used by Riff (2002), Schneider's Hope Scale (SHS), and Schneider's (1991) Health Concern Questionnaire (HCQ). To analyze the data in this research, according to the "pre-test-post-test design with the control group," covariance analysis was used. Based on the research findings, it was concluded that receiving stem cells increases hope and psychological well-being in leukemia patients and significantly reduces health concerns.

#59 : Greater Hope Leads to More Babies? Examining the Relationship Between Perceived Social Hope, Fertility Intention and Reproductive Decision-Making Among Hong Kong Childless Adults

Background and Aims: Hong Kong has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world at 1.1 children per woman. Prior studies focused on personal factors such as having a stable relationship and individual maturity as the most important conditions for parenthood. However, there is limited research about the relationship between individual perception of society and reproductive decision-making. Given that Hong Kong has experienced social turmoil such as the Umbrella Movement (2014), the Anti-Extradition Bill Movement (2019) and COVID-19 (2020) in this decade, this study explores whether the sense of social hope predicts fertility intention among Hong Kong childless adults. Method: Five Hundred and Four childless Hong Kong Chinese (Mean age=31.48±5.96) were recruited through community networks and social media. Data was collected between May and June 2022. The modified and translated Social Hope Scale (5-item) specifying “Hong Kong” was adopted to assess the participants’ level of social hope, with a 5-point Likert-scale of 1 (Strongly disagree) to 5 (Strongly agree). The overall internal consistency of the translated version was excellent ([Formula: see text]=.92). Self-constructed items regarding fertility intention and family formation plan were included. Results: 56.7% of the participants considered having children, yet only 28.8% of them had a concrete family formation plan. The average level of social hope was 2.24 out of 5. Regression analyses showed that social hope significantly predicted fertility intention ([Formula: see text]=.111, p<.05). As expected, there was no impact of the level of social hope on sexual desire. In a nutshell, the participants’ hopeful thinking for Hong Kong society predicts their fertility intention. Conclusion: Given the social and political uncertainties are expected to continue in Hong Kong, these findings call for an increased psychosocial and fertility education for citizens to have long-term parenting planning and policies that increase their sense of social hope thus increasing their fertility intention.

The Role of Hope and Emotional Maturity Which Influence Forgiveness in College Students Who Have Experienced Breakup

This study aims to examine the effect of emotional maturity empirically and hope on forgiveness in college students who have experienced a breakup. The research method used is the quantitative method with a cross-sectional study design. This study’s population was college students who had experienced a breakup in the last five years using a purposive random sampling technique. The measuring instruments in this study used the hope scale, emotional maturity scale, and forgiveness scale. The data analysis used to test the hypothesis is multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis for the major hypothesis, the F value of hope and emotional maturity on forgiveness is 60.167 with a significance level (p) of 0.000 (p less than 0.01). This means there is a significant influence between hope and emotional maturity on forgiveness. The effective contribution separately on the hope variable on forgiveness is 8 percent, and the contribution of emotional maturity to forgiveness is 35 percent. The total effective contribution is 43 percent, with the remaining 47 percent effective contribution to forgiveness influenced by other variables not discussed in this study. This research is expected to contribute to the scientific field of psychology, especially positive psychology. In addition, it is also expected to be a reference for further research and practically to find out the role of hope and emotional maturity that affects forgiveness in college students.

Fear of Deportation and Hispanic Early Adolescent Substance Use: a Moderated Mediation Model of Stress and Hope.

Reports of deportation can create a state of chronic fear in children living in mixed-status immigrant families over their own or a loved one's potential deportation. One indicator of health disparities among youth is elevated rates of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use (ATOD). Yet little is known about the effects of fear of deportation (FOD) on ATOD or what might promote resilience. We explore the associations between FOD and ATOD use, how stress mediates this relationship, and whether hope moderates the mediated pathway from FOD to ATOD. Participants were 200 first- and second-generation 7th grade Hispanic youth (49% female) assessed across three waves of data. A moderated mediation model tested the indirect effect of FOD on ATOD through stress and whether hope moderated these associations. FOD was measured by the Family Fear of Deportation Scale. Snyder's Children's Hope Scale measured hope. Stress was measured by a short version of Pediatric Psychological Stress Measure. ATOD was adapted from the Monitoring the Future project. FOD was not directly associated with ATOD use. However, this path was fully mediated by stress. Hope significantly moderated the path from FOD to stress such that a one unit increase in hope completely offset the effects of FOD on stress. Hope did not moderate the path from stress to ATOD use. Interventions that increase awareness of deportation trauma, alleviate stress, and promote hope may help prevent, delay initiation into, and/or decrease ATOD among Hispanic first- and second-generation youth.

Positive and cognitive behavioral intervention to control HbA1c in type 2 diabetes: a pilot study

Introduction: the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Mexican population is 12 %. Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) is the most important indicator of control of this disease, so it is required to develop psychological interventions to help people to control HbA1c. Objective: develop and evaluate a positive and cognitive behavioral intervention to control HbA1c in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Method: eleven patients with T2DM were randomly assigned to an experimental group (EG; n = 6) or control group (CG; n = 5). The intervention consisted of 12 weekly sessions. Self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and optimism were measured with the Diabetes Treatment Self-Efficacy Instrument, Adult Hope Scale, Mexican Resilience Scale, and Life Orientation Test, respectively, along with an assessment of HbA1c, after intervention, and at a three-month follow-up. Results: clinically significant improvements on HbA1c after intervention (g = 0.426) and follow-up (g = 0.749), improvements in self-efficacy after intervention (g = 1.168) and follow-up (g = 0.873) were identified in EG. Discussion: clinically favorable, but not statistically significant, effects of the intervention were discussed; in addition, the role of study variables in HbA1c control is discussed. Conclusions: positive and cognitive behavioral intervention is a promising alternative to improve HbA1c and self-efficacy in people with T2DM. Thus, it is advisable to conduct further evaluation with randomized controlled trials.

The Effect of Perceived Tinnitus Disturbance on Hope.

Although there are systematic reviews of the effects of tinnitus on quality of life, the relationship of tinnitus to hopefulness has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between tinnitus distress and hope by comparing the severity of tinnitus to measures of hopefulness. This was done by comparing the Tinnitus Reaction Questionnaire (TRQ) to the following hope scales: the Herth Hope Scale (HHS) and the Herth Hope Index (HHI). Patients seen for a tinnitus evaluation in the University of Tennessee audiology clinic completed the TRQ, HHS, and HHI scales. Investigation of relationships between tinnitus assessment using the TRQ and measurements of hope (HHS and HHI) was performed via correlation analyses using Pearson coefficients and linear regression. Significant correlations were found between overall scores on the TRQ and HHS, and TRQ and HHI, indicating that greater tinnitus distress was associated with lower levels of hope. Further analyses showed the HHS and HHI Domain 1, regarding temporality and future, as significantly related to tinnitus distress. Significant correlations between tinnitus disturbance and hope suggest that potential interventions based on hopefulness may be of benefit for individuals suffering from tinnitus.

Hope and career regret: Mediator role of career adaptability and career construction

AbstractAn individual's career path choice is a unique decision that can be relatively difficult to change and lead to significant consequences. A well‐planned career decision‐making process helps individuals to be successful in an occupation. However, an undesirable decision‐making process may hinder career development. This type of undesirable decision‐making possibly leads to regrets in a career; if not addressed, these regrets may be highly destructive. To deepen the understanding of the reasons leading to it, this study focuses on the mediator role of career adaptability and career construction regarding the relationship between hope and regret. We collected the data through convenience sampling, and the participants comprised 550 Turkish university students. Each participant completed Dispositional Hope Scale, Student Career Construction Inventory, Career Adapt‐Abilities Scale—Short Form, and Career Decision Regret Scale. The results revealed that career adaptability and career construction had significant mediator effects regarding the relationship between hope and career regret.

Hope and life satisfaction in Palestinian children victim of military violence: The predictive role of agency, potentially traumatic experiences and symptoms of trauma

BackgroundChildren exposed political violence deploy resources to maintain functioning, hope and life satisfaction. ObjectiveWe sought to explore whether or not children promote hope and life satisfaction trough agency, psychological difficulties, potentially traumatic experiences and symptoms in Palestine. Participants and setting965 children (494 males and 471 females) in multiple geographical contexts, and areas were involved. MethodsWe administered the War Child Agency Assessment Scale, Child Hope Scale, Multilevel Students'Life Satisfaction Scale-Bref, the Strength and difficulties scale, the Child Revised Impact of events Scale, and Trauma Checklist, and performed regression analysis; hope and life satisfaction were dependent and agency, strength and difficulties, trauma symptoms and traumatic events independent variables. ResultsSpecific forms of agency predicted life satisfaction (β = 0.219; ** p < .01, social agency; β = 0.11; ** p < .01, with agency in education) and hope (β = 0.07; ** p < .05, agency on free movement), while mental difficulties (conduct problems, β = −0.09; ** p < .01; hyperactivity, β = −0.07; ** p < .05; β = −0.15; ** p < .01 with life satisfaction) (conduct problems, β = −0.06; ** p < .05, and difficulties in pro-social behaviour, β = −0.21; ** p < .01 with hope), traumatic events (β = −0.16; ** p < .01, with life satisfaction; β = −0.15; ** p < .01, with hope) and trauma symptoms (β = −0.09; ** p < .05, with hope) were negatively associated with the dependents variables. ConclusionsWe found a positive role of social, educational, and freedom of movement agentic behaviours in fostering hope and life satisfaction.

Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Psychometric Properties of the Children's Hope Scale in Indonesia: Adapting a Positive Psychosocial Tool for Adolescents With Thalassemia.

Background: Hope is regarded positively as a factor in achieving a higher quality of life, particularly in chronic disease patients. Objectives: This study aims to adapt, validate, and establish the reliability of the Children's Hope Scale (CHS) questionnaire in Indonesian adolescents with thalassemia. Methods: The current study used iterative mixed methods. The data collection procedure was divided into three stages: instrument translation and cultural adaptation, validation, and reliability. The Content Validity Index (CVI) was used to assess the translated instrument's content validity, importance, contextual relevance, and acceptability of wording. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the factor structure of the CHS. Pearson correlation analyses were used to determine the associations between the two hope subscales. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and test-retest data were used to determine its reliability. Results: The CVI values ranged from 0.80 to 1.00. The CFA has shown that the two-factor model has adequate fitness factors. The Cronbach's alpha for the Indonesian CHS was 0.705, and the test reliability rate (CI 95%) was 0.81 (.73-.91). Conclusion: The CHS is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing hope in Indonesia. Additional research should be conducted to adapt and evaluate the CHS in other samples and social context in order to verify the factor consistency.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' CONSCIOUS AWARENESS, HOPE LEVELS, LIFE SATISFIED

The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between university students' levels of mindfulness, life satisfaction and hope. In the study, the relational survey model was used to examine university students in terms of mindfulness, life satisfaction and hope levels. The study group of the research consists of 201 university students, 138 female and 63 male, studying at Mehmet Akif Ersoy University in the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year. Research data were collected using the "Cognitive and Affective Awareness Scale", "Continuous Hope Scale", "Life Satisfaction Scale", and personal information form. As a result of the Pearson Correlation analysis test, it was determined that there was a positive and significant relationship between university students' mindfulness, life satisfaction and hope levels. According to the research findings, it is seen that there is a positive and significant relationship between university students' mindfulness, life satisfaction and hope levels. While it is seen that there is a low level of positive and significant relationship between mindfulness and hope level; There is a significant and positive moderate relationship between mindfulness and life satisfaction. Looking at the results, it can be said that as the level of conscious awareness of university students increases, their life satisfaction and hope levels increase.

Activism, Coping, and Hopefulness Among Parents of Children With Cancer.

Background: Coping styles employed by parents of children with cancer have significant implications for parents' and children's well-being. To supplement the minimal literature in this area, activism (participation in activities that serve to benefit children with cancer as a group) was investigated as a potential coping strategy. Method: Parents (N = 67) of children with cancer completed an online survey that included measures of COPE inventory (COPE), hopefulness (Adult Hope Scale), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9-item). Participants retrospectively reported their engagement in activism to benefit children with cancer and to benefit other causes, including actions that were taken before and after their child's cancer diagnosis. Relations between activism, overall styles of coping, hopefulness, and depression were assessed. Results: Activism was positively correlated with hope and active coping, but not associated with depression. Participants reported a significant increase in childhood-cancer-related activism following their own child's diagnosis, with 100% of parents endorsing engagement in such activism. Postdiagnosis childhood-cancer-related activism uniquely explained 17% of the variance in hopefulness after other forms of activism had been accounted for. Discussion: Childhood-cancer-related activism is a common activity among parents of children with cancer that has significant implications for parental hopefulness. Parents who endorse an active, solution-focused approach to coping with the childhood cancer experience may be more likely than others to engage in activism. Further research is needed to clarify the role of activism in the lives of families of children with cancer.

“The Interaction Effects of Age of the Patients and Stages of the Disease on Hope among Hematology Cancer Patients: A two-Way Analysis of Varriance”

Introduction: Whenever the patient is being diagnosed with cancer they lose their hope. Hope is very vital component for uplifting the psychological health. There are few researches found on interaction effect of age and stages of the cancer disease on hope of the hematology cancer patients. The present study focused on to explore the interaction effects of age of cancer patients and stages of the cancer disease on hope among hematology cancer patients.&#x0D; Methods: Two-way factorial research design has been used for the present study. The purposive sampling data was collected, Stage I and Stage II hematology cancer patients (age group 21-35 years and 50- 75 years) were included as sample size. To measure hope- Adult Hope Scale was used. For data analysis, SPSS version 20 was used for descriptive statistics, t-test, and two-way ANOVA.&#x0D; Result: A two-way ANOVA was run on a sample of 71 hematology cancer patients to examine the effect of age groups and stage category of the disease on level of hope in hematology cancer patients, F (1,67) = 12.90, p = .001. Simple main effects analysis showed that age groups have statistically significant effect on level of hope (p = .000). Simple main effects analysis showed that stage category of cancer have a significant effect on level of hope (p = .000).&#x0D; Conclusion: It is indicated that similar level of hope was found at stage I in both the age groups but there was declined in level of hope in stage II, whereas older aged patients have shown better level of hope.

Psychometric properties of persian version of escapism scale among Iranian adolescents

The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Escapism Scale among Iranian adolescents aged 14–18. Between January 2021 and August 2021, cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sampling method to select 566 participants (340 girls and 226 boys) to investigate the relationship between physical activity and mental health in adolescents. The participants completed several questionnaires, including the Escapism Scale, Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory (EPSI), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Hope Scale (AHS), Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version (SAS-SV), and General Self-efficacy (GSE). Construct validity, reliability using Cronbach’s alpha, and concurrent validity were used to evaluate the Escapism Scale’s validity and reliability. Results of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) indicated that a two-factor model provided a good fit for the data: sbX2 = 179.99 (p < 0.01); SRMR = 0.07; RMR = 0.56, CFI = 0.91; NFI = 0.89; IFI = 0.91; NFI = 0.89; GFI = 0.93; AGFI = 0.90, RMSEA = 0.076). The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for escapism was 0.73. The study found a significant positive relationship between escapism and smartphone addiction (r = 0.19). Additionally, a significant negative relationship was observed between escapism and hope (r=-0.31), satisfaction with life (r=-0.34), and general self-efficacy (r=-0.33). Furthermore, a significant relationship was found between escapism and gender. Lastly, the study found a significant relationship between escapism and identity confusion (r = 0.164, P < 0.01) and identity coherence (P < 0.01, r = 29). In conclusion, the Escapism Scale is a valid and reliable tool for assessing escapism and psychological evaluations in Iranian adolescents. These results may inform future research and suggest re-testing in clinical populations.

A randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of the abridged illness management and recovery program for people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an abridged version of the Illness Management and Recovery Programme (AIMR) that was modified and developed in Hong Kong through a mult-centre randomized controlled trial for patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. This study was implemented in 10 occupational therapy departments, psychiatric day hospitals of 7 Hospital Authority clusters in Hong Kong. A total of 211 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder was recruited and randomized into either the experimental or the control condition. In the control group, the subjects went through conventional occupational therapy programmes. In the experimental group, the subjects went through an additional 10-session programme of AIMR. were measured at baseline, completion of the AIMR, and 3-month after the AIMR programme. Measures include the expanded version of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-E), the client version of the Illness Management and Recovery Scale (IMRS), the Snyder Hope Scale, the Social and Occupational and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS), the WHO Quality of Life Scale (WHOQOL-BREF), and the Chinese Version of the Short Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (C-SWEMWBS). Both the experimental and control cohorts had comparable clinical and socio-demographic characteristics except years of education and duration of illness. These two variables were entered as covariates in the linear mixed model which showed that the experimental group had significantly higher improvement than the control group in terms of illness management (F = 4.82; p = .03; Cohen's d = .45), functional (F = 10.65; p = .001; Cohen's d = .58), and hope (F = 5.52; p = .02; Cohen's d = .08) measures after the completion of treatment. The results supported the effectiveness of the AIMR programm which would be important in the recovery oriented practices in psychiatry.