Robin Hood Research Articles

Robin Hood or not: IPO overfunding and trade credit

ABSTRACT This article studies the role of initial public offering (IPO) overfunding in the reallocation of resources from the view of trade credit. The results show that, in general, the degree of liquidity supplement from IPO overfunding is positively correlated with the trade credit provision. Trade credit acts as Robin Hood to help the reallocation of direct financing resources. In addition, this effect is more pronounced for companies with strong product-market power, or when economic uncertainty policy is higher.

Фeдор Достоевский vs Фридрих Шиллер: от романтического разбойника к Федьке Каторжному

The article raises the question why Dostoevsky entered European literature as the first among equals, despite his constant rejection of the West. The author bases his research on the fact of “borrowing” and processing plots in the history of literature as a methodological basis for his analysis, citing well-known examples from the works of Shakespeare, who took other people’s plots and created his masterpieces on their basis. Dostoevsky, in his great Pentateuch, also relied on various plots of European literature, rethinking them. The research focuses on a comparison of the texts of Schiller (“The Robbers”) and Dostoevsky (“The Landlady” and “The Karamazov Brothers”), not only in literary and intellectual contexts, but also in connection with significant changes in Russian culture in the second half of 19th century. The author draws attention to the reader’s perception of the images of Schiller and Dostoevsky and shows that Schiller’s hero — the ataman of robbers Karl Moor — was endowed with the qualities of a strong personality, like Robin Hood, which attracted the reading youth to imitate this hero. In “The Landlady”, old Murinis a robber, but also an old believer who reads books. His terrible past does not show nobility and cannot cause positive emotions in the reader. The article examines the internal connection between the actions of old man Murin and the future image and idea of the Grand Inquisitor. The author believes that the writer’s real convict experience allowed him to depict Murin and other characters as carrying the evil: Fedka the Convict in “Demons” does not distinguish between good and evil, has no conscience, easily kills and easily forgets about the death of the person he killed. The new emphasis in the article is the comparison of the idea of “returning the ticket” to the Lord by Schiller and Dostoevsky. In Schiller’s famous poem “Resignatio n”, the words about “returning the ticket” to the entrance to paradise express the poet’s lyrical alter ego. Dostoevsky gives these words to Ivan Karamazov, who is not the spokesman for the ideas of the writer, for whom faith in God was the center of his world outlook.

A critical conversation with Alexandra Elbakyan: Is she the Pirate Queen, Robin Hood, a scholarly activist, or a butterfly flapping its wings?

A critical conversation with Alexandra Elbakyan: Is she the Pirate Queen, Robin Hood, a scholarly activist, or a butterfly flapping its wings?

When the Rising Tide Lifts All Boats Differently: Income Distribution Matters

In 2018, Alonzi, Drougas, and Condon (“ADC”) developed a simple macroeconomic model to analyze the effect of a less equal income distribution. This paper builds upon that paper by constructing a model incorporating a rising absolute income in both the high and low groups while at the same time allowing a higher proportion of income to go to the high-income group, but a lower proportion go to the low-income group. Notably, we find that the qualitative results of the “Reverse Robin Hood” case remain in the “Rising Tide” case but there are quantitative differences.

Heroism As Portrayed in Henry Gilbert’s Novel Robin Hooda and Rizki Ridyasmara’s Novel Pitung: A Comparative Literature Analysis

This thesis contains a study of comparative literature which involves two novels of different nations with similar motifs; heroism. The purpose of this study is to find out how heroism in the two novels and find the similarities and differences regarding the thirteen central features of the hero possessed by the leading character. The leading characters, Robin Hood and Pitung are the heroes who concern for other people in need, through their actions by stealing from the rich to give to the poor. The study also involves looking at the intrinsic elements to look at the similarities and differences found in the two novels. In completing the analysis, the writer uses the descriptive qualitative method which represents all the data in the forms of words and sentences. The writer collects data from various sources, including the novels Robin Hood by Henry Gilbert, Pitung by Rizki Ridyasmara, relevant books, articles, and journals to support the analysis. Based on the analysis it concluded that the novels show similarities and differences regarding the central features of the hero that is possessed by the two leading characters of both literary works. Robin Hood shows braver as physically act while Pitung shows more courage as mentally active.

Heroism As Portrayed in Henry Gilbert’s Novel Robin Hooda and Rizki Ridyasmara’s Novel Pitung: A Comparative Literature Analysis

This thesis contains a study of comparative literature which involves two novels of different nations with similar motifs; heroism. The purpose of this study is to find out how heroism in the two novels and find the similarities and differences regarding the thirteen central features of the hero possessed by the leading character. The leading characters, Robin Hood and Pitung are the heroes who concern for other people in need, through their actions by stealing from the rich to give to the poor. The study also involves looking at the intrinsic elements to look at the similarities and differences found in the two novels. In completing the analysis, the writer uses the descriptive qualitative method which represents all the data in the forms of words and sentences. The writer collects data from various sources, including the novels Robin Hood by Henry Gilbert, Pitung by Rizki Ridyasmara, relevant books, articles, and journals to support the analysis. Based on the analysis it concluded that the novels show similarities and differences regarding the central features of the hero that is possessed by the two leading characters of both literary works. Robin Hood shows braver as physically act while Pitung shows more courage as mentally active.

Robin Hood meets Pinocchio: Justifications increase cheating behavior but decrease physiological tension

We investigated whether altruistic justification increases cheating behavior while suppressing its associated physiological arousal. In the first study (n = 60), participants strategically employed altruistic considerations to justify their dishonesty and promote their personal goals. In the second study (n = 110), participants who worked to benefit others (compared to participants who worked to benefit themselves) cheated more and were less likely to be detected by a lie detector test. In addition, among participants who worked to benefit others, more honest participants experienced higher psychological distress than dishonest participants. These findings suggest that physiological arousal may be a good indicator of self-interest cheating, but not justified one.

Empirical Analyses of Income: Finland (2009) and Australia (1967-1968)

Analyses of income data are often based on assumptions concerning theoretical distributions. In this study, we apply statistical analyses, but ignore specific distribution models. The main income data sets considered in this study are taxable income in Finland (2009) and household income in Australia (1967-1968). Our intention is to compare statistical analyses performed without assumptions of the theoretical models with earlier results based on specific models. We have presented the central objects, probability density function, cumulative distribution function, the Lorenz curve, the derivative of the Lorenz curve, the Gini index and the Pietra index. The trapezium rule, Simpson´s rule, the regression model and the difference quotients yield comparable results for the Finnish data, but for the Australian data the differences are marked. For the Australian data, the discrepancies are caused by limited data. JEL classification numbers: D31, D63, E64. Keywords: Cumulative distribution function, Probability density function, Mean, quantiles, Lorenz curve, Gini coefficient, Pietra index, Robin Hood index, Trapezium rule, Simpson´s rule, Regression models, Difference quotients, Derivative of Lorenz curve

Narco Robin Hoods: Community support for illicit economies and violence in rural Central America

• Traffickers are more likely to garner community support when they are native to the community. • Traffickers are more likely to garner community support when they operate in rural and marginalized areas. • Community support for illicit economies can limit narco-violence and reduce non-trafficking related crimes. • Narcos invest in spaces the state has abandoned and, in return, locals provide support networks for clandestine operations. Current counter-narcotics policies are counter-productive and have contributed to the ability of narcos to gain local support. While there is a growing literature on criminal governance, to date limited work has focused on rural spaces and transit zones. Drawing on over two years of ethnographic fieldwork in drug trafficking hubs along the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras, I provide evidence and offer an initial theorization of forms of criminal governance in rural Central America. I show how both structural and individual level factors increase community support for illicit economies. I argue that rural and marginalized communities where there is widespread corruption and limited state capacity are more inclined to be supportive of and form collaborative relationships with traffickers. I argue that traffickers who are native to the community, limit their use of violence in the community, and invest economically in the community are the most likely to win the community’s support or even become viewed as Robin Hood-esque figures. In spaces where community support is low, I find traffickers may still take actions to limit crimes unrelated to their business (e.g. theft) which could draw attention from state actors and result in community frustration. Understanding community-narco dynamics is crucial to formulating effective policies to address violence in the region. Current international counter-narcotics policies are counter-productive; therefore, it should be unsurprising that certain marginalized communities support drug-traffickers who offer tangible benefits instead of counter-narcotics forces who seem to increase conflict and suppress economic activity without providing viable alternatives.

Energy and sparse coding coefficients as sufficient measures for VEBs classification

This paper proposes an efficient model strategy based on the use of two features, Energy (En) and sparse coding coefficients (non-zero elements, Nze), from sparse representation (SR) modeling to detect the arrhythmia. First, we use a set of labeled QRS complexes for dictionary learning. Each category of heartbeats generates a dictionary. Then, SR modeling is applied to unlabelled QRS complexes and thus based on the previously learned dictionaries. The making decision to select the correct class of heartbeats depends on the low value of the SR modeling attributes (En and Nze). These features go beyond the six intuitive properties (Robin Hood, Scaling, Rising Tide, Cloning, Bill Gates, and Babies) that a good sparsity measure ought to fulfill, such as Pietra/Gini indexes (PI, GI), Hoyer, etc. We validate the performance of our strategy on records, including VEBs, from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia and the Petersburg Institute of Cardiological Technics (INCART) databases. The experimental results show an overall accuracy of 95.51%, 92.04%, and 79.19% with MIT-BIH and 97.67%, 86.73%, and 96.88% with INCART. These results correspond to three scenarios: patient-specific, cross-validation, and independent set, unseen data, respectively. Results are better or comparable to those obtained by the complex machine learning-based methods. The most relevant issues in the area of SR for classification (SRC) are mainly related to the measure of sparsity using recognized standards. In this study, we use a strategy based on model selection rather than machine learning (ML). Then, features were sufficient measures of sparsity and robust for VEBs detection.

DP 0255 - ‘Robin Hood in Reverse’: persistence and barriers to redistributive fiscal policy

Despite improvements in the living conditions of the population, there has not been a significant change in income disparities. Since the growth of left-wing parties and political competition as per the median voter hypothesis do not stand in the Brazilian case, what could explain the tenacity of inequality in the country? To answer this, the paper, grounded in new institutionalism theory, employed a process-tracing method to explore the causes of the continuity of unequal income distribution in Brazil. The inquiry tests the mechanism using the case of redistributive fiscal policy and the literature of electoral rules and business influence in the political system. This analysis reinforces that the Brazilian government not only misuses its fiscal instruments to distribute income, but also acts as a ‘Robin Hood in reverse’: that is, it withdraws from those who have less to subsidize or pay transfers to those who have more.

Reframing the contested city through ethnographic film: beyond the expository on housing and the urban

The legacy and future of the ‘ethnographic film’ has been the subject of much scrutiny and refinement in recent decades, mirroring the reinvention of ethnography itself. A number of innovative strands such as observational film, direct cinema, and sensory ethnographic film have attempted to reframe the ‘ethnographic film’ beyond its narrative expository documentary origins. In reinventing the ‘ethnographic film’, filmmakers have addressed important questions regarding representation, the relationship between the filmmaker and the subject, and the need for a more open-ended interpretation and contextualisation to involve the audience. Concomitantly, an ever-increasing number of films direct their focus towards the contested nature of housing and urban redevelopment in cities. Despite this, the use of film in housing and urban studies remains under-examined and in need of urgent critical engagement. In this paper, we discuss the representation of two contested housing and urban redevelopment projects in London, the Robin Hood Gardens public housing estate, and the Seven Sisters Indoor Market. We analyse a relatively large number of films made on these projects and compare their treatment of representation and audience to assess the significance of the ‘ethnographic’ approach, consequently arguing that filmmakers and researchers probing contested cities can benefit from a closer engagement with productive debates with it. We argue that the dialectical engagement between ‘ethnographicness’ and ‘filmicness’ can help realise the immense generative potentials presented by the filmmaking medium, allowing a reality to emerge from the film, rather than reduce the film to a representation of textually reproduced reality. In doing so, we consider the importance of the contested nature of housing and the urban as cinematic subjects. As a conclusion to the paper, we present some reflections on the need for moving towards filmmaking that dwells on the liminal experiences of communities inhabiting contested housing and urban redevelopment projects.

New localities for nine bird species in Arnhem Land, including those for the notable Gouldian Finch, Red Goshawk and Hooded Robin

New localities for nine bird species in Arnhem Land, including those for the notable Gouldian Finch, Red Goshawk and Hooded Robin

Robin Hood or Matthew? Children's Reasoning About Redistributive Justice in the Context of Economic Inequalities.

How should one respond to ubiquitous economic inequalities? The legend Robin Hood suggests to take away from the wealthy to benefit the poor, whereas another strategy holds the opposite (Matthew effect). Here, 3- to 8-year-old children (N=140) witnessed protagonists performing redistributions (e.g., Robin Hood, Matthew) of necessary and luxury resources between a wealthy and a poor child. Results showed that, with age, children increasingly approved of Robin Hood and increasingly disapproved of Matthew. In addition, reasoning about others' welfare mediated the effect of age on children's evaluation of Robin Hood, but only for necessary resources. This suggests that children regard restorative justice actions as a strategy to address social inequalities when it increases the welfare of disadvantaged agents.

REVIEWING THE RESULT OF MACHINE TRANSLATION: A CASE FOR INDONESIAN TRANSLATION VERSION BY GOOGLE TRANSLATE AND IMTRANSLATOR

This research is intended to describe the translation version of a literary story that produced by the machine translation. This study used qualitative research. The research was conducted from a literary story of the storybook of Robin Hood: Level 2, retold by Liz Austin. The book was published by Pearson Education Limited in 2000 (the first edition). Research data and analysis were taken from the documentation of the translation results of different machine translation, that is Google Translate and IMTranslator. The result proves that both Google Translate and IMTranslator can help translators to do their works quickly. There are also some weaknesses from those MT as follows: (1) some versions are inaccurate and inappropriate according to the grammatical rules; (2) those MT can only translate on words for word and literal level, so the versions are looked inaccurate and inappropriate for some contexts; (3) those MT also cannot distinguish connotative or associative meanings; and (4) the results of MT serve only as pre-translation, therefore, they still need further discussion and adjustment by the human translators to achieve more acceptable, readable, and understandable results.

Robin Hood: Legend and Reality by David Crook

Reviewed by: Robin Hood: Legend and Reality by David Crook John Marshall david crook, Robin Hood: Legend and Reality. Woodbridge, UK: The Boydell Press, 2020. Pp. xiv, 298. isbn: 978–1–78327–543–4. £60/$99. Robin Hood scholars, overall, are a convivial and generous fraternity: a merry band of men and women. But not everything in the Greenwood is so amicable. For more than a century, there has existed a diametric difference of opinion over whether Robin Hood was 'real' or not. For the most part, historians favor an original Robin Hood [End Page 84] whose existence can be traced in medieval records of English government. Literary and cultural scholars, on the other hand, take a different view in that Robin Hood is a fiction, or, as F. C. Child, a nineteenth-century philologist and ballad scholar, so concisely put it: Robin Hood 'is absolutely a creation of the ballad-muse.' In this book, David Crook, a retired archivist with immense experience and knowledge of the records of national government, brings this understanding to make a case for a 'real' Robin Hood and to identify both him and the actual Sheriff of Nottingham. This book does more, however, than propose an historical criminal as the origin of the legend of Robin Hood. It is divided into two parts. The first half, 'The Legend and its Interpreters,' acknowledges the vital importance of the early literary material in constructing and disseminating the legend. In addition to summarizing the medieval tales of Robin Hood, this part goes on to consider the contributions made to the legend by antiquarians, archivists, folklorists, literary scholars, and historians. Much of this material is available elsewhere and is familiar to historians and literary critics alike. For students and newcomers to the romantic delights of Robin Hood, it provides a comprehensive introduction to the essential literature and its interpretations required to fully appreciate the legend. A fulsome bibliography assists investigating further. Unfortunately, in the chapter 'Chroniclers, Revellers, Playwrights and Antiquarians, c. 1420–1765,' there is an error that will mislead students new to the subject. On page 48, in a passage on the May games, Crook refers to 'The Play of Robin Hood's Death, dated 1475/6.' This reference is clearly a mistake, as no play about Robin's death exists until Munday and Chettle's The Death of Robert, Earl of Huntingdon was performed, for the first time, in 1598. What is more, this play was written for the Admiral's Men at the Rose Theatre in London, not for a May game. The only play that matches the date 1475/6 and a May game environment is that owned by the Paston family, and that is now known as Robin Hood and the Sheriff of Nottingham. The final chapter in Part 1 is given over to 'The Robin Hood Places.' It is from this point on that Crook comes into his own exercising his commitment to 'empirical historical research.' He examines in detail the earliest references to Robin Hood place names. From archival sources, he claims that 'Robin Hood's Bay is comfortably the earliest Robin Hood place name yet discovered,' dating the letter in which the reference appears to between 1346 and 1377. Part 2 uses the same methodology to explore the 'Outlaw and Evildoer of Our Land: The Original Robin Hood.' The chapters that follow contextualize the criminal environment in which the original Robin Hood would have lived in the first quarter of the thirteenth century. The first of these discusses the plethora of variations of the name Robin Hood and their wide geographical distribution—which raises the question of whether the large number listed, most without criminal records, diminishes the likelihood of any one of them being the one and only Robin Hood. The next two chapters offer a fascinating study of Robin Hood and criminality and, more specifically, law and disorder in Yorkshire between 1215 and 1225. The second of these opens with Crook's opinion that the origin of the Robin Hood legend may [End Page 85] lie in Yorkshire in the decade following the issue of the Magna Carta in 1215. Spoiler alert: I am about to name Crook...

The Original Robin Hood: Traditional Ballads and Plays Including All Medieval Sources by Thor Ewing

Reviewed by: The Original Robin Hood: Traditional Ballads and Plays Including All Medieval Sources by Thor Ewing Alexander L. Kaufman thor ewing, trans., The Original Robin Hood: Traditional Ballads and Plays Including All Medieval Sources. Edinburgh: Welkin Books Ltd., 2020. Pp. 263. isbn: 978–1–910075–13–5. $14.99. There are very few contemporary English translations of the Middle English and Early Modern English Robin Hood poems, plays/games, and chronicle entries. For a character and a tradition that is seemingly reborn and reimagined with each new era or after a major event, and one that continues to be recreated in various forms of media, the dearth of translations is surprising. Excellent translations do exist by Thomas H. Ohlgren (2005) and Lesley Coote (2020), though they are limited in the number of Robin Hood texts that they include. Thor Ewing's audience for his anthology is the general reader, and he is explicit when it comes to the aim of the book, which is 'to put the old poems, ballads and plays of Robin Hood back into a language that anyone can enjoy' (p. 10). Indeed, [End Page 86] these are very enjoyable translations, but Ewing takes a number of creative liberties with the source material in order to craft them. Moreover, there is another aim to his volume, and that is to explore, in a lengthy introduction, the historical origins of Robin Hood and other characters that dwell within the literary tradition. Thus, the translated works are meant to augment his evidence that he has located the origins of the original Robin Hood and of some of his associates. The works that Ewing translates are organized into four sections. The Gest of Robin Hood is first and resides alone. We then have 'Ballads of Robin Hood,' which contains twelve poems that are arrange according to the life cycle of the outlaw. 'Plays of Robin Hood' has the Paston-associated Robyn Hod and the Shryff of Notyngham, as well as Robin Hood and the Friar and Robin Hood and the Potter that were first included in William Copland's 1560 edition of the Gest. Lastly, there is an appendix, which comprises translations from chronicle entries (Wynton, Bower, the Polychronicon, and Mair), thirteenth-century legal records, a few early allusions to the legend, and music scores for ballads and songs (which is a welcome inclusion). For the medieval texts, Ewing bases his translations mostly on Stephen Knight and Thomas Ohlgren's TEAMS edition Robin Hood and Other Outlaw Tales; for the later works, he relies heavily on Francis James Child's English and Scottish Popular Ballads. For a book that calls itself The Original Robin Hood, there is an inherent problem: with a translation, we are moving further away from the original sources of the Robin Hood literary tradition. Ewing's poems place the reader within his present artistic moment. Additionally, Ewing has taken certain liberties with a number of Robin Hood texts that are incomplete: 'I've tried to keep my own additions to a minimum, but I have felt the need to "restore" more than usual of the ballad of "Robin Hood's Death"' (p. 55). To this poem, he has added twelve verses; to Robin Hood and the Monk, where a single leaf of the manuscript is missing (and thus some 48 lines are absent), Ewing has added 'two blocks of one-and-a-half verses' (p. 56); and to Monk and the poem Robin Hood and the Potter, he has 'added occasional half verses to keep the regular pattern of four-line verses' (p. 56). Ewing unconvincingly argues that the opening of Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne was part of a now-lost version of Robin Hood and the Monk and that the dream narrative in the former has no bearing in the plot of that poem; as such, some eighteen verses are excised from Gisborne, but two verses from the opening of Robin Hood and the Butcher from the Percy folio (where the only extant version of Gisborne is found) are added to the opening of Gisborne. Ewing in his introduction attempts to suggest that the original Robin Hood was not a yeoman (as...

«Робин Гуд школьный»: от «дешевых ужасов» к «повестям для мальчиков» (2-я половина XIX — начало ХХ в.)

In the second half of the 19th century Robin Hood, who formerly had been a character of historical novels a la Walter Scott and the low-grade criminal and adventurous literature (“penny dreadful”), came into the field of books addressed to young children and teenagers of a relatively high status. These stories were largely designed both to amuse and to teach; they served as the voice of pedagogical ideas and carried the public school ethos. The focus was shifted from Robin Hood’s outlawry towards the very features that could serve didactic purposes. The legendary archer stands before boy readers as an epitome of cardinal virtues of an ideal English schoolboy (patriotism, justice, bodily development, love for sport’s competitions, the skill of fair play, socialization as the supreme value). Robin Hood as the hero of school stories was especially invented for readers to identify with him on the points that were crucial in the public school ethos. For the young readers he became at least a good example, both cautionary and thrilling, of fulfillment of social expectations, if not a real role model.

Re-thinking Poplar District. A new perspective for Robin Hood Gardens

Re-thinking Poplar District. A new perspective for Robin Hood Gardens

On Distributive Justice by Antitrust: The Robin Hood Cartel

Inequality concerns in antitrust could justify market power in return for a fairer allocation by weighing the consumer welfare of disadvantaged groups more heavily. A simple example illustrates how seeking distributive justice through lenient antitrust enforcement is effective nor efficient. Permitting competitors to jointly set prices gives them the ability to price discriminate: overcharging the rich and giving lower than competitive prices to the poor. Provided society values redistribution enough, such a `Robin Hood cartel' is profitable, despite losing money on the poor and creating deadweight-losses. Yet the poor will be given only what is minimally required for permission to take profit-maximizing from the rich. A full-payout plan does not necessarily reduce total deadweight-losses. In essence, assigning a larger relative consumer welfare weight to the poor discounts the inefficiencies on the rich.