Honghe Prefecture Research Articles

The Effect of Teaching Team Building and Demographic Factors on Employees' Performance of Vocational Education Schools in Honghe Prefecture, China

The Effect of Teaching Team Building and Demographic Factors on Employees' Performance of Vocational Education Schools in Honghe Prefecture, China

A new species of the Amolops monticola group (Anura, Ranidae) from southern Yunnan, China

A new species of the Amolops monticola group is described from Yunnan Huanglianshan National Nature Reserve, southern Yunnan, China. Morphologically, the new species is characterized by a moderate body size (snout–vent length 38.3–40.8 mm in adult males and 62.3–63.1 mm in adult females), head being longer than wide, nostril to snout tip distance being slightly smaller than eye to nostril distance, the presence of pineal body, distinct tympanum, vomerine teeth being invisible in males and weak but visible in females, distinct dorsolateral folds, the absence of outer metatarsal tubercle, the presence of vocal sac and nuptial pad in adult males, dorsal surface of head and body being green with no or a few black dots, and the presence of a few large flat white tubercles on the posterior inferior flank. Genetically, the uncorrected genetic distance between the new species and other species of the A. monticola group ranged from 3.0% to 7.6% in 16S ribosomal RNA and from 7.2% to 17.1% in NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene sequences. Currently, the new species is known only from its type locality in Lvchun County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China.

Molecular and serological investigations of Batai virus in cattle and goats in the border area of Yunnan, China (2021-2022).

Batai virus (BATV), a zoonotic pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes, infects vertebrates, including livestock, birds, and humans. Although BATV has been detected and isolated in mosquitoes in Yunnan Province, China, there have been no reports of livestock infection. Thus, we conducted a molecular and serological investigation of BATV in cattle and goat sera collected in spring and autumn from 2021 to 2022 in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, on the China-Vietnam border. We used indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) to test 929 cattle and 973 goat serum samples. BATV antibodies were detected in 262/929 (28.2%) cattle and 263/973 (27.0%) goat serum samples. RT-qPCR did not detect BATV RNA. The positive rate of BATV serum antibodies in cattle and goats in Luxi County was higher compared with other areas, and it was also higher in autumn compared with spring, which may be related to climate, temperature, and mosquito density. Although our findings indicated the presence of BATV infection in livestock in the region, RT-qPCR did not detect BATV RNA. Therefore, BATV monitoring in cattle and goats should be heightened in autumn, and the scope of host monitoring should be expanded to clarify the hosts and vectors of BATV infection.

Effects of water and fertilizer regulation on soil microbial community, fruit nutrients, and saponin content of Panax notoginseng: A three years field experiment

In pursuit of maximum yield and economic benefits of Panax notoginseng, farmers usually apply excessive fertilizer and irrigation. Which easily induce the decline of Panax notoginseng quality, fertilizer and water use efficiencies and soil health. From 2021–2023, a field experiment was conducted in Dali Village, Luxi County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, to study the response of soil microbial community, root nutrient content, and ginsenoside content of Panax notoginseng to different water and fertilizer regulation. The experiment including three irrigation levels (F1: 120 mm, F2: 240 mm, and F3: 360 mm) four fertilization rates(F1: 48 kg ha−1, F2: 72 kg ha−1, F2: 96 kg ha−1, and 120 kg ha−1),and a CK treatment (no fertilizer and no irrigation) The results showed that the average N, P, and K contents across all treatments were greater in 2023 than those in 2021 and 2022. W3F4 treatment significantly increased N absorption. W2F4 treatment significantly increased P and K absorption. W2F4 treatment significantly increased the Panax notoginseng yield, and W3F2 treatment significantly increased the saponin content. The Panax notoginseng yield ranged from 1165 to 3006 kg∙ha−1, with a maximum average yield in 2023. The Re content averaged 81.5 % in 2023 over 2021, and the highest Re content in W3F2 treatment in 2023 was 108.54 mg∙g−1. In 2023, W2F3 treatment had the highest R1 content of 15.34 mg∙g−1, W2F3 treatment had the highest content of Rg1 of 44.65 mg∙g−1, and W3F2 treatment had the highest Rb1 content of 52.52 mg∙g−1. From 2021–2023, the total number of unique OTUs in W1F1 was the largest, out followed by W3F2, W3F4, and W3F1. The treatment that significantly increased the bacterial Chao1 index was W3F1 and W2F2 in 2021, W3F3, W2F1, W2F1 and W2F3 in 2022, and W2F3 and W2F4 in 2023. The Shannon nor Simpson indices were not varied significantly from CK. At the phylum level, W1F3 in 2021 and W3F1 in 2022 and 2023 improved the relative abundance of Proteobacteria, Acidobacteriota At the genus level, W1F1 in 2021 and 2023 improved the relative abundance of Vicinamibacteraceae_norank and Vicinamibacterales_norank. LEfSe analysis of soil microbial communities showed the most divergent species in 2021 with W3F2, W1F1 in 2022, and W2F1 in 2023. Different water and fertilizer treatments affected the total OTU number of bacterial communities and changed the bacterial community structure. W3F1 and W2F3 treatments significantly increased soil bacterial diversity, and soil microbial diversity regulated plants N as well as R1 and Rg1 content, and the quality of Panax notoginseng is related to microbial diversity. N, P, K, and R1 had a significant positive correlation with microbial community diversity (P<0.05). The W1F1 treatment communities were relatively abundant, and the community species showed high similarity in W3F1 and W2F3.

Range extension and expanded description of Micryletta hekouensis Liu, Hou, Mo &amp;amp; Rao, 2021 (Amphibia, Anura, Microhylidae), with comments on Micryletta of Northern Vietnam

The Paddy frog species Micryletta hekouensis was described based on only two specimens from Nanxi Village, Nanxi Town, Hekou County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Herein, we report on new findings and a range extension of this species based on a re-examination of preserved specimens deposited in Duy Tan University (DTU) and Zoological Museum of Lomonosov Moscow State University (ZMMU) collected from Vietnam. All new specimens were previously identified as Micryletta cf. inornata or M. cf. steinegeri. Molecular analyses based on mitochondrial DNA supported the morphological findings. The newly identified specimens have a pairwise divergence of only 0.7% from those of the type series of M. hekouensis, based on the 16s rRNA mtDNA gene. Based on the new information, we confirm the presence of M. hekouensis in Vietnam and update the diagnostic characters of this species and its distribution. We suggest the species should be considered as Near Threatened (NT) following the IUCN’s Red List categories. Further studies reassessing the populations of the Micryletta inornata complex in the Indochinese Region (including Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and Thailand) are required.

A Study on the Application of Miao Culture in Regional Landscape Design

Pingbian Muyang River Park is located in the core area of Dishui Miao City, Pingbian Miao Autonomous County, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, with a construction area of about 93000 m2. By rational planning and layout of space, reorganizing the original site relationships, and using the “Miao Culture Active Museum” as the theme of park design, we aim to create a unique Miao culture space, allowing people to experience the charm of ethnic culture and the uniqueness of regional landscapes, as if wandering between Miao culture museums in the park. Utilize elements such as water bridge culture and Miao culture in the Pingbian area to create local characteristic landscapes, and summarize the methods of using Miao culture to create regional landscapes. Integrating theory with practice, designing a regional landscape space that embodies the cultural charm of the Miao ethnic group, integrating leisure sightseeing, tourism experience, and health and entertainment. After its completion, the park received widespread attention and recognition from all sectors of society. In 2018, it was successfully declared a national AAAA scenic spot and provided reference and inspiration for landscape design in Yunnan’s ethnic areas.

Identifying factors influencing the spatial distribution of minority cultural heritage in Southwest China

AbstractMinority Cultural Heritage (MCH) plays a crucial role in preserving human cultural and historical diversity. In Southwest China, there is a disparity between the abundance of ethnic minority cultural heritage resources and their inadequate protection and development. However, limited by interdisciplinary barriers, research into the distribution patterns of varied MCH in this area remains unexplored, making an initial step towards comprehensive preservation. The study investigates the relationship between MCH distribution and its association with factors of geography, climate, transportation, economics, and demographics, utilizing spatial geographic analysis, Geodetector methods, and social network analysis. The results indicate the following: (1) The distribution of 483 national-level MCH in Southwest China exhibits clustering, with a higher concentration in the southern regions. Honghe Prefecture, Dali Prefecture, and Qiandongnan Prefecture serve as the core areas with high MCH density, accounting for 47.2% of the total concentration. (2) All three categories of MCH show cohesive distribution patterns. cultural heritage clusters in the northern to southeastern regions of Yunnan Province, intangible cultural heritage clusters in the southeastern to southern regions of Guizhou Province, and agricultural cultural heritage clusters in the northern region of Yunnan Province. (3) The distribution of MCH among different ethnic minorities demonstrates polarization. The Yi and Tibetan ethnic groups have a higher quantity and diversity of MCH, while the Qiang, Lisu, and Jingpo ethnic groups have relatively fewer resources. (4) Single-factor analysis reveals that natural factors like the proportion of mountainous areas, river density, and annual average sunshine, as well as human factors like the proportion of minority population, urbanization rate, and road mileage, have the strongest explanatory power for the distribution of MCH. Furthermore, the interaction between these factors and others enhances the explanatory power for the distribution of MCH in Southwest China. This study provides scientific evidence for the assessment, protection, and sustainable development of MCH.

Temporal–Spatial Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Forest Fires in the Tropic of Cancer (Yunnan Section)

Forest fires often cause many casualties and property losses, and it is important to explore the time and space laws of forest fires and the influencing factors. The present study used the cities (prefectures) crossed by the Tropic of Cancer (Yunnan section) as the study area. Based on burned land data, a combination of natural factors, such as climate, topography, vegetation, and human activities, such as distance from settlements and population density, a binary logistic regression model, and a boosted regression tree model, were used to analyze the temporal–spatial characteristics and influencing factors of forest fires in 2000 to 2020. The following results were obtained: (1) During 2000–2020, the overall forest fire area in the study area showed a trend of fluctuating decline. The high incidence period of forest fires occurred in 2010. After 2010, the forest fire area in the study area was greatly reduced. (2) The forest fire area in the study area was greater in the east and less in the west. The forest fire areas in Wenshan Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture in the east were larger, accounting for 68%, and the forest fire areas in Pu’er City, Lincang City, and Yuxi City in the west were smaller, accounting for only 32%. (3) The contribution rate of the average precipitation and average temperature factors ranked in the top two in the two driving force analysis models, which indicated that precipitation and temperature had a significant effect on the incidence of forest fires in the study area.

Taxonomy and phylogeny of endophytic Chaetomium (Chaetomiaceae) associated with mango (Mangifera indica) in Yunnan, China

ABSTRACT Endophytic fungi reside within plant tissues throughout their entire or partial life cycle, establishing a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with their host plant, free from causing any adverse effects or diseases. In addition, endophytic fungi are known as a rich source of new and physiologically active natural chemicals with great therapeutic potentials. Endophytic fungi can promote their host's growth and improve tolerance towards biotic and abiotic stresses. The endophytic fungi associated with mangoes have been infrequently studied, and most isolates lack both morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses. When investigating fungal endophytes associated with mango, we isolated four species of Chaetomium from fresh mango leaves, which were collected from mango trees under commercial cultivation in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Based on morphological comparisons and the results of phylogenetic analyses of concatenated LSU, ITS, rpb2, and tub2 sequence data, here we introduce a new species: Chaetomium hongheensis (KUNCC22-10764, 22-10750); and two new host records: C. cochliodes (KUNCC22-10741) and C. globosum (KUNCC22-10752) from mango leaves. The two new host records were frequently reported on various substrates in China previously. In addition, the new host and country record Chaetomium unguicola (KUNCC22-10758) is first reported in this study as a mango endophyte in China.

Extraction of Hani terraces based on Sentinel-2 and GF-2 images in Honghe prefecture, Yunnan province

Monitoring Hani terraces quickly and accurately using remote sensing technology is crucial for the protecting World Cultural Heritage Sites. However, single remote sensing image is affected by the mutual constraints of temporal and spatial resolution, making it difficult to concurrently integrate key phenological and spatial information for accurate extraction. In this study, GF-2 and Sentinel-2 images are used to extract terraces based on objected-based image analysis. Firstly, the spatial and phenological features of objects were obtained by multi-resolution segmentation using GF-2 image. Secondly, the optimal spatial and key phenological features were optimized by recursive feature elimination cross-validation and separation index, respectively. Finally, all optimized features were adopted to extract terraces using random forest (RF) and support vector machine (SVM) classifiers, respectively. Comparing deep learning and traditional machine learning methods, the proposed method using RF achieved the highest accuracy with Kappa coefficient and overall accuracy of 89.45 and 94.73%, respectively.

Seroepidemiological investigation of Getah virus in the China-Myanmar border area from 2022-2023.

Getah Virus (GETV) is an RNA virus that is transmitted by mosquitoes and can cause disease or death in a variety of vertebrates. Its prevalence is increasingly severe in Asia. This study conducted a GETV epidemiological investigation on 1,300 bovine sera collected in the Honghe Prefecture of Yunnan Province on the China-Myanmar border from 2022 to 2023. The positive rate of GETV antibodies in bovine serum in Honghe Prefecture was determined to be 20.25% through indirect Enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) methods. Using Real-time PCR methods to detect GETV RNA in bovine serum, the positive rate was 0.23% (3/1300), and viral nucleic acids were only detected in three bovine sera in Jianshui area in 2022. The YN2305 strain was successfully isolated from mouse neuroblastoma (N2a) cells and the complete gene sequence was obtained. All the above results indicate the existence of GETV infection in cattle in Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan Province. Homology and genetic evolution analysis found that the isolated strain has a high homology with the JL1808 strain isolated from cattle in 2018, with a nucleotide identity of 100%, and a nucleotide identity of 99.8% with the SD17-09 strain isolated from foxes in 2017. Compared with the nucleotides of 44 virus strains published in Genbank, YN2305 has multiple nucleotide site mutations in the structural gene E2 and non-structural gene NS. The nucleotide and amino acid identity of the E2 gene are 94.2-100% and 96.4-100%, respectively. Genetic evolution analysis found that this virus strain is most closely related to the bovine origin JL1808, and it is in gene group III with HuN1, Kochi-01, SD17-09, MI-110-C1, and MI-110-C2 strains that causes significant clinical symptoms in Chinese pig, fox and horse populations, belonging to the same evolutionary branch. This study determined the infection rate, genotype, and main prevalence areas of GETV in bovine sera in the China-Myanmar border area. Therefore, the epidemiological investigation of GETV infection in multiple animal hosts should be further expanded, and research on its pathogenicity and vectors should be carried out.

Assessment of ecological security risk in rocky desertification area based on land-use change model

Social and economic development, production and living needs, other human behavior requirements and various ecological engineering construction are considered as the main influencing factors of land spatial pattern changes and land ecological security risks in rocky desertification areas. From the perspective of land-use spatial change, the impact of human activities and resource utilization on land ecological security risks can be more intuitively analyzed. Based on the land-use change survey data of Phase 4 of Honghe Prefecture, China, the study measures the characteristics of land-use transfer flow and land-use dynamic change, analyzes the main influencing factors and comprehensively constructs the land ecological security risk index model, on which the land ecological security risk is classified. The results showed that the land ecological security risk degree in the three stages of the study area from 2014 to 2020 was 2016–2018 > 2018–2020 > 2014–2016, and had obvious regional characteristics. Among many influencing factors, the different activities/projects (positive or negative) types, time and intensity affect the land-use transfer flow and dynamic change characteristics, resulting in corresponding changes in the risk of land-use ecological security. Among them, man-made destruction and construction activities have the most significant negative effects on land ecological status. The empirical analysis proved that building an ecological security risk index based on the direction, area, and rate of spatial changes in land-use can accurately reflect the degree of desertification risk in rocky desertification areas. The study results can provide important information on the impact of regional development and the environmental governance policies of the land-use change in rocky desertification areas.

Research on the Protection and Industrialization Development of Tuanshan Residential Cultural Resources

Our country's cultural industry has entered a period of rapid development, the development potential of national minority cultural industries is also a powerful grasping hand to promote rural revitalization. Under this background, in order to realize the protection and industrialization development of cultural resources in ethnic minority areas, the paper, based on literature research and field research, under the guidance of the principles of the overall protection, villager main body and community participation, takes the protection and industrialization development of folk dwellings cultural resources in Tuanshan, Honghe Prefecture as the case, sort out the historical evolution, natural conditions and cultural relics of the region. Based on the primary data of field research, this paper analyzes the benign combination of Tuanshan residential houses for cultural resources protection and industrial development from four perspectives: overall landscape, specific architecture, village gate construction and supporting tourism products, and puts forward optimization suggestions with certain reference significance.

Evaluation on the adaptability of Yunnan karst ecosystems based on “rock-soil-water-vegetation”

Because of its fragile nature, the karst ecosystem is prone to instability and gradual degradation of the key elements with “rock-soil-water-vegetation” under the continuous interference of human unreasonable activity, resulting in the final formation of the rocky desertification landscape. Based on the research of the structure of karst critical zone, it was proposed to establish the concept of karst ecosystem adaptability with the evaluation system of “rock-soil-water-vegetation”. At the same time, the analysis of the stress and coupling relationship was conducted in combination with the analysis of human activity intensity in Yunnan karst rocky desertification areas. The results showed that: (1) On the county scale, the karst ecosystem adaptability mainly fell into Level 2–3 (0.10 < Ake ≤ 0.30). The contribution degree of indicators followed the order of annual precipitation > proportion of waterbody area, biological abundance index > rock outcrop rate > wetness index, vegetation cover > soil erosion index. (2) The synergistic relationship between karst ecosystem adaptability and human activity intensity was mainly characterized by ecological priority type (S ≥ 1.20), which was mainly found in West, Northwest and Southwest Yunnan. The development priority type (0 < S ≤ 0.80) was mainly centered around Kunming City, extending eastward to Qilin District of Qujing City, southward to Hongta District of Yuxi City, and further to Gejiu-Mengzi-Kaiyuan of Honghe Prefecture and Wenshan City of Wenshan Prefecture. (3) The coupling relationship between the karst ecosystem adaptability and human activity intensity was mainly in the running-in coupling state (0.50 < C ≤ 0.80). The coupling centers were mainly in Kunming City, Yuxi City, Qujing City and Honghe Prefecture (a high-level coupling, 0.80 < C < 1.00). (4) The coordination relationship between the karst ecosystem adaptability and human activity intensity mainly fell into the imbalanced development category, mostly moderately and mildly imbalanced development (0.20 ≤ D < 0.40). The coordinated development center was mainly centered in Kunming City of Central Yunnan (a coordinated development, D ≥ 0.5), which widely extended southward to Hongta-Jiangchuan-Chengjiang -Tonghai in Yuxi City and slightly spread eastward to Qilin District in Qujing City. The research results can provide effective ways and evaluation basis for enhancing the resilience and stability of the karst ecosystem and repairing damaged links, and also provide theoretical support for further studies on sustainable development of karst rocky desertification areas.

A rapid identification based on FT-NIR spectroscopies and machine learning for drying temperatures of Amomum tsao-ko

Amomum tsao-ko (A. tsao-ko), is a medicine and food homology plant with high economic value. Different drying temperature affects flavor and quality of A. tsao-ko, which is closely related to its economic value and consumer acceptance. This research investigated the feasibility of combining Fourier-transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) with chemometrics and machine learning to the identification of drying temperatures of A. tsao-ko. A total of 626 fresh samples from Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan, were dried to constant weight at 40 ℃ (62 h), 50 ℃ (54 h), 60 ℃ (43 h), 70 ℃ (35 h) and 80 ℃ (25 h) using an electric thermostatic drying oven. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to observe the clustering of samples treated at different drying temperatures. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), support vector machines (SVM), and Residual Neural Network (ResNet) are used to build discriminant models. The accuracy of GS-SVM, GA-SVM, and ResNet models was more than 99% in the test set for identifying the drying temperature of A. tsao-ko. In contrast, the ResNet model based on synchronous two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) images obtained the most satisfactory discrimination results. The use of appropriate data pre-processing (SD) can optimize the performance of the model to a certain extent and improve the accuracy of discrimination. This study demonstrates the feasibility of FT-NIR in the identification of the drying temperature of A. tsao-ko, providing a rapid and nondestructive method for the assessment and control of A. tsao-ko quality.

Remote sensing monitoring of planting area of Panax notoginseng: A case study of Kaiyuan City in Honghe Prefecture

Panax notoginseng is second only to ginseng Panax notoginseng in the Chinese traditional medicine industry. It has extremely high economic value and medicinal value. However, due to the unsustainable planting characteristics of P. notoginseng. The original planting area of P. notoginseng has been exhausted, so the planting area of P. notoginseng has gradually expanded to other areas, and the planting area of P. notoginseng is also changing. Based on Sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 OLI remote sensing image data from 2018 to 2021, the study used Google Earth engine and Random Forest classification to analyze the spatial distribution information of P. notoginseng planting areas in Kaiyuan City, Honghe Prefecture. The results show that, based on Sentinel-2 data, Landsat 8 OLI data, and other multisource data, comprehensively considering the image spectral characteristics and habitat characteristics of P. notoginseng, and applying the Random Forest classification method. The spatial distribution information of P. notoginseng planting areas can be quickly extracted. After calculation, the transfer matrix indicates that the accuracy of the results is high and can meet the requirements of research and application. According to the analysis of the results, the cultivated area of P. notoginseng showed no significant change in 2018 and 2019. It shows an increasing trend during this period. In 2020, the cultivated area of P. notoginseng decreased slightly. While in 2021, the cultivated area of P. notoginseng increased sharply, and the cultivated area of P. notoginseng was more than twice that of the previous year. However, the price of P. notoginseng has shown a trend of decline year by year. By monitoring the planting area of P. notoginseng and analyzing the relationship between the planting area and the price of P. notoginseng, we can predict the future market price of P. notoginseng and plan the rational planting of P. notoginseng.

Based on the Development Countermeasures of Yunnan Garden in the Southwest Frontier of Honghe Prefecture

Located in the Himalayan south extension of Yunnan garden has its specificity, because the element is very rich, tiancheng natural endowment objectively has "cast" the vivid "Chinese ink painting", "move for the scene, turned into", in the carved, in "painting" in "Yunnan garden", perfecting the connotation and extension creation process, is an economic phenomenon, also belongs to the cultural category, is the crystallization of Yunnan collective wisdom, is constructing "Yunnan garden" system. Since the 1990s, relying on its own resource endowment, making use of the market and combining with the growing needs of Yunnan people for a "better life", Yunnan has created a unique "Yunnan School Garden". The 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 15) was held in Kunming, China on October 11-24, 2021. The conference is in line with the concept of "clear waters and green mountains are mountains of gold and silver" under construction in China. Dian-style gardens practice biodiversity. On the basis of analyzing the resource endowment of Yunnan, this paper traces the growth process of "Yunnan Garden" and puts forward the countermeasures and measures for development.

First record of Theloderma khoii Ninh, Nguyen, Nguyen, Hoang, Siliyavong, Nguyen, Le, Le &amp;amp; Ziegler, 2022 from China, with confirmation of Rhacophorus orlovi Ziegler &amp;amp; Köhler, 2001 in China (Anura, Rhacophoridae)

We report the first country record of Theloderma khoii Ninh, Nguyen, Nguyen, Hoang, Siliyavong, Nguyen, Le, Le &amp; Ziegler, 2022 from China based on a specimen collected from Wenshan Prefecture, southeastern Yunnan, China. Morphologically, the specimen from Wenshan Prefecture agrees well with the type specimens of T. khoii from Vietnam except for having a smaller body size, and phylogenetically clustered with the type specimens of T. khoii from Vietnam. In addition, we confirm the distribution of Rhacophorus orlovi Ziegler &amp; Köhler, 2001 in China based on three specimens collected from Honghe Prefecture, southern Yunnan, China. Morphologically, the specimens from Honghe Prefecture agree well with the type specimens of R. orlovi from Vietnam except for having a slightly larger body size in adult females, and phylogenetically clustered with the specimens of R. orlovi from Vietnam (including the type locality of R. orlovi).

Spatial Distribution and Tourism Activation of Traditional Villages in Yunnan Province

Using ArcGIS to analyze the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Yunnan Province in combination with the actual local conditions of traditional villages, the purpose of this study is to determine the development model suitable for their characteristics. The results show several important features of traditional village distribution. (1) The traditional villages in Yunnan Province have spatial structural characteristics of unbalanced cohesive distribution, and they are mainly distributed in the higher-level cities and prefectures such as northwest Yunnan, west Yunnan and south Yunnan. Among them, the traditional villages of Baoshan City have the highest distribution density of 66.33 per 10000 km2. This is followed by Dali Prefecture and Honghe Prefecture, where the densities of traditional villages are 44.13 per 10000 km2 and 37.66 per 10000 km2, respectively. (2) The factors affecting the spatial distribution structure of traditional villages in Yunnan Province are natural geographical factors, humanistic historical factors and transportation factors. Among them, the natural geographical conditions with a large vertical gap in Yunnan Province gave birth to the human settlement environment of traditional villages. The history of a farming civilization that has been passed down from generation to generation has laid a brilliant and splendid humanistic foundation for traditional villages, and the high-altitude areas are relatively primitive. The transportation conditions have delayed the destruction of traditional villages by urbanization and industrialization. In summary, these factors have affected the spatial distribution pattern of traditional villages in Yunnan Province to some extent. (3) According to the law of the spatial distribution of traditional villages in Yunnan Province, it is necessary to explore the activation path of traditional village tourism with regional characteristics and ethnic characteristics, and also to carry out differentiated development according to the different endowment characteristics of local resources, that is to develop a series of activation modes including agricultural tourism, cultural tourism and ecological tourism.

The field survey and deformation characteristics of exit slope of Qingshuigou tunnel in the southwest of China

The stability of the slope under excavation in various engineering is a hot issue, and both engineering disturbances and other internal factors have contributed to the instability of the slope. The study focused on the deformation characteristics mechanism of exit slope of Qingshuigou tunnel in Jiasha Town, Gejiu City, Honghe Prefecture, Yunnan, China. Field survey and monitoring are performed to reveal deformation mechanism of the exit slope, which is associated with hydrogeologic conditions, natural weathering, and excavation activities. The exit slope at the interface of the overburdened layer and bedrock has the possibility of landslide through the joint force of rainfall and artificial construction. According to the deformation characteristics of the exit slope and monitoring analysis, the results indicate that the surface displacement at the back scarp of the exit slope is larger than that at the head scarp of the exit slope. The deep displacement at the back scarp is 2–4 times of that at the head scarp of the slope. Based on the geophysical analysis, the overburdened layer mostly has low resistivity. The deformation mechanism of the exit slope is revealed ultimately based on the combined influences of hydrogeologic conditions, natural weathering, and excavation activities. Based on the deformation characteristics and mechanism of the exit slope, comprehensive stabilization treatment measures are proposed to prevent the exit slope from further deformation.