Honeybee Products Research Articles

Contribution of Microbiota to Bioactivity Exerted by Bee Bread.

Bee-collected pollen (BCP) and bee bread (BB) are honey bee products known for their beneficial biological properties. The main goal of this study was to investigate BB microbiota and its contribution to bioactivity exerted by BB. The microbiota of BB samples collected at different maturation stages was investigated via culture-independent (Next Generation Sequencing, NGS) and culture-dependent methods. Microbial communities dynamically fluctuate during BB maturation, ending in a stable microbial community structure in mature BB. Bee bread bacterial isolates were tested for phenotypes and genes implicated in the production and secretion of enzymes as well as antibacterial activity. Out of 309 bacterial isolates, 41 secreted hemicellulases, 13 cellulases, 39 amylases, 132 proteinases, 85 Coomassie brilliant blue G or R dye-degrading enzymes and 72 Malachite Green dye-degrading enzymes. Furthermore, out of 309 bacterial isolates, 42 exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, 34 against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 47 against Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium and 43 against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Artificially fermented samples exerted higher antibacterial activity compared to fresh BCP, strongly indicating that BB microbiota contribute to BB antibacterial activity. Our findings suggest that BB microbiota is an underexplored source of novel antimicrobial agents and enzymes that could lead to new applications in medicine and the food industry.

Environmental pollution effect on honey bees and their derived products: a comprehensive analysis

AbstractSeveral factors, including environmental degradation, air pollution, intense urbanization, excessive agriculture, and climate change, endanger the well-being of animals and plants. One of the major issues with an increasingly negative impact is agricultural contamination with pesticides and antibiotics. Seed coatings with neonicotinoid insecticides used as a protective layer against pests are shown to exceed the permissible limits in most cases. Neonicotinoid compounds bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, therefore affecting the honey bees’ brain. Heavy metals in higher concentrations are lethal for honey bees, and the residue in bee products might pose a threat to human health. Highly effective acaricides used to treat Varroa destructor infestations in honey bee colonies have negative effects on honey bee reproduction, olfaction, and honey production. Furthermore, amitraz and fluvalinate are mostly found in the highest amounts and lead to decreased honey production and reduced colony reproduction, along with decreased learning ability and memory. However, scientific studies have shown that honey bees act as a reliable bio-indicator of environmental pollution. In response to the growing demand for bee products, the effects of adulteration and improper storage conditions have gotten worse and represent a new risk factor. In light of the shifting global economy, it is important to analyze consumer expectations and adjust manufacturing accordingly. By ensuring the manufacture of high-quality, traceable products devoid of drug residues, consumers will be better protected from subsequent health problems. This review’s objectives are based on the necessity of identifying the risks associated with honey bees and bee products. Graphical abstract

Bee pollen as a food and feed supplement and a therapeutic remedy: recent trends in nanotechnology.

Pollen grains are the male reproductive part of the flowering plants. It is collected by forager honey bees and mixed with their salivary secretions, enzymes, and nectar, which form fermented pollen or "bee bread" which is stored in cells of wax honeycombs. Bee pollen (BP) is a valuable apitherapeutic product and is considered a nutritional healthy food appreciated by natural medicine from ancient times. Recently, BP has been considered a beneficial food supplement and a value-added product that contains approximately 250 different bioactive components. It contains numerous beneficial elements such as Mg, Ca, Mn, K, and phenolic compounds. BP possesses strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, analgesic, immunostimulant, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, and hepatoprotective properties. It is used for different purposes for the welfare of mankind. Additionally, there is a growing interest in honey bee products harvesting and utilizing for many purposes as a natural remedy and nutritive function. In this review, the impacts of BP on different organisms in different ways by highlighting its apitherapeutic efficacy are described.

Performance of The Trigona,Sapiens Honey Agribusiness Developed By Communities Around The Laiwoi KPH Forest Area In Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi Province

The Trigona sp bee is a type of biodiversity that has high economic value and is a leading commodity for Non-Timber Forest Products (HhBk), which is developed by the community around the KPH Laiwoi forest area, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency. The community and government of Amonggedo Baru sub-district, Mataiwoi Village, Puasana Village, and Amonggedo District have formed farmer groups and Gapoktan to cultivate Trigona sp bees. as a sector of economic improvement for society. This community partnership activity was conducted in Mataiwoi Village and Amonggedo Baru Village, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency. The method used in this survey research is the Agribusiness Technology Transfer Approach. Data was collected through observation and interview methods. Based on the community profile above, the problem of research on the performance of the Trigona Honey Agribusiness developed by the community around the KPH Laiwoi Forest area, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency is presented in detail as follows: 1. The performance of the Trigona, sp Honey Agribusiness is determined by human factors, capital, processing tools and machines, honey management methods and technology, markets, and non-economic environmental factors carried out using a Technology Transfer approach to the Trigona—Sp Honey Bee Agribusiness subsystem. The community around the KPH Laiwoi Forest Area, Amonggedo District, Konawe Regency developed them. 2. Trigona, sp honey bee production management developed by the community is moving the colony from the primary habitat on a dead tree to an artificial habitat in artificial STUP boxes with a start-up of 20 boxes per group

Hive Products: Composition, Pharmacological Properties, and Therapeutic Applications.

Beekeeping provides products with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical characteristics. These products are characterized by abundance of bioactive compounds. For different reasons, honey, royal jelly, propolis, venom, and pollen are beneficial to humans and animals and could be used as therapeutics. The pharmacological action of these products is related to many of their constituents. The main bioactive components of honey include oligosaccharides, methylglyoxal, royal jelly proteins (MRJPs), and phenolics compounds. Royal jelly contains jelleins, royalisin peptides, MRJPs, and derivatives of hydroxy-decenoic acid, particularly 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA), which possess antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, neuromodulatory, metabolic syndrome-preventing, and anti-aging properties. Propolis has a plethora of activities that are referable to compounds such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester. Peptides found in bee venom include phospholipase A2, apamin, and melittin. In addition to being vitamin-rich, bee pollen also includes unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and phenolics compounds that express antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the constituents of hive products are particular and different. All of these constituents have been investigated for their properties in numerous research studies. This review aims to provide a thorough screening of the bioactive chemicals found in honeybee products and their beneficial biological effects. The manuscript may provide impetus to the branch of unconventional medicine that goes by the name of apitherapy.

Physicochemical properties, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of the honey samples from the Herzegovina region

Honey is a natural product that is an excellent source of energy containing mainly carbohydrates and water, as well as small amounts of organic acids, vitamins, minerals, flavonoids, and enzymes. Due to the presence of bioactive compounds, it has been shown that honey is beneficial for many diseases, e.g. gastrointestinal diseases, skin diseases, cancer, heart diseases, and neurological degeneration. The study of the physical and chemical properties of honey and the content of bioactive compounds has been increasingly applied in order to determine the quality of honey samples. The aim of this study is to investigate physicochemical properties as well as the total phenol content and antioxidant activity of seven multifloral honey samples from the Herzegovina region. Physicochemical parameters determined in the honey samples (moisture, acidity, electrical conductivity, reducing sugars, sucrose, and insoluble matter) were within the quality standard limits of the Regulation on methods for control of honey and other bee products. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and it ranged from 46.98 ± 6.36 to 152.94 ± 4.95 mg GAE/100 g of honey. To determine the antioxidant activity of the honey samples, two methods, FRAP and ABTS, were used. The total phenolic content of honey correlated positively with its antioxidant activity.

Significance of the apiary location for the content of copper and zinc in the bee pollen

Bee pollen is one of the most valuable direct products of honey bees. Bees as well as humans use pollen in their nutrition as a high-quality supplement. Therefore, information about the mineral content of pollen is valuable. The aim of this study was to determine the amounts of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in the bee pollen collected from the three locations (Kozarska Dubica, Petrovo, and Srbac). Quantification of copper and zinc was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after acid digestion (HNO3+HClO4) of pollen. The highest contents of both elements were found in the bee pollen from Kozarska Dubica (8.41 mg Cu/kg, 29.52 mg Zn/kg). The lowest Cu content was found in the samples from Petrovo (6.19 mg/kg), while the lowest Zn content was determined in the pollen from Srbac (22.06 mg/kg). Additionally, there were statistically significant differences in the content of both elements between pollen originating from different locations. As the location of the apiary was mainly determined by its proximity to potential sources of metal contamination, botanical origin of pollen and technology of pollen collection, it is important to investigate their impact in more detail on the elemental content of pollen in the future.

Diversity of bee forage plants in Karing Village Dairi Regency North Sumatra Indonesia

Honey bees are one of the Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) that are cultivated by members of KTH Bunga Mekar. Honey bee food sources affect the number of colonies and honey bee productivity. Bees feed supply in the form of nectar and pollen as a source of carbohydrates and protein. This study aims to identify the diversity of honey bee forage plants. Vegetation analysis of honey bee forage plants was carried out by determining 10 observation plots using the purposive sampling method. The results of the research on seedlings obtained 8 species with a total of 23 individuals, saplings obtained 7 species with a total of 26 individuals, 7 species with a total of 34 individuals, and trees obtained 11 types of vegetation with a total of 41 individuals. Agricultural crops obtained as many as 14 types of plants with a total of 220 points of land with a radius of 1.5 km. For plant species outside the observation plot, 26 types of vegetation were found as a source of bee forage plants.

Influence of honey bee (Apis mellifera) breeding on wing venation in Serbia and neighbouring countries.

In order to improve the productivity of honey bees (Apis mellifera), some of their traits are selected by breeding. On one hand, breeding is mainly based on the natural geographical variation of this species; on the other hand, mass production and distribution of artificially selected queens can significantly affect the natural geographic variation of honey bees. In this study, we have compared honey bee wings originating from breeding and non-breeding populations in Serbia. In the comparison, we have also used data from a large area of south-eastern Europe. The wings were measured using the 19 landmarks indicated on the wing images. The coordinates were analysed using the methodology of geometric morphometrics. We found that honey bees obtained from honey bee queen breeder differed in wing venation from surrounding populations, which are under natural selection. Therefore, we argue against including populations under artificial selection in the analysis of the natural geographical variation of honey bees. In our analysis of non-breeding samples, we found that in south-eastern Europe there is continuous variation in wing venation and no clear boundaries between A. m. carnica, A. m. cecropia, and A. m. macedonica.

Eggs sampling as an effective tool for identifying the incidence of viruses in honey bees involved in artificial queen rearing

The Carniolan honey bee (Apis mellifera carnica) plays an essential role in crop pollination, environment diversity, and the production of honey bee products. However, the health of individual honey bees and their colonies is under pressure due to multiple stressors, including viruses as a significant threat to bees. Monitoring various virus infections could be a crucial selection tool during queen rearing. In the present study, samples from all developmental stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, and queens) were screened for the incidence of seven viruses during queen rearing in Slovenia. The screening of a total of 108 samples from five queen breeders was performed by the RT-qPCR assays. The results showed that the highest incidence was observed for black queen cell virus (BQCV), Lake Sinai virus 3 (LSV3), deformed wing virus B (DWV-B), and sacbrood virus (SBV). The highest viral load was detected in queens (6.07 log10 copies/queen) and larvae (5.50 log10 copies/larva) for BQCV, followed by SBV in larvae (5.47 log10 copies/larva). When comparing all the honey bee developmental stages, the eggs exhibited general screening for virus incidence and load in queen mother colonies. The results suggest that analyzing eggs is a good indicator of resilience to virus infection during queen development.

Survey on Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities of Honey Production and its Marketing System in Hawa Gelan District Kellam Wollega Zone Western Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Hawa Gelan District, Kellem Wollega of Western Oromia national regional state, Ethiopia to assess trends, challenges and opportunities of honeybee production and marketing systems. Structured questionnaire was employed for the study. The cross-sectional study design were carried out by using desk research, interviews, surveys and visual observation as methods in seeking answer to research questions. Purposive (district), simple random (Peasant Associations) and Census (beekeepers) sampling techniques were employed to select 96 beekeepers from two Peasant Associations. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20. In the study area, three types of honeybee production practices were identified, namely: Traditional, Intermediate and Movable frame hive honeybee production practices. The result shows most 69.79 % of beekeepers in the study area have owned only traditional bee hives. As a result the average annual honey produced per households was very low which estimated 93 kg in 2015. The average amount of honey harvested /hive/year from traditional hive, transitional hive and modern hive were 4.32±0.042kg, 9.83±1.05kg and 14.2±2.52kg respectively. The mean yields obtained from the three hives were statistically significant at (p < 0.05). From the beekeepers (64.6%) and (59.3%) have declared that deceasing trend of honey production and colony number from time to time respectively. Honey marketing participants were consumers (35%), retailers and consumers (31%), retailers (24%) and collectors (7.5%). The most important constraints, as beekeepers responded in their order of sequence were pests and predators (41.30%), poisoning of agro-chemicals (23.60%), high cost of modern hives and accessories (11.20%), shortage of bee forages (9.40%), low quality of honey products (7.20%), Poor infrastructure development (5.30%) and other factors (2.0%) were identified respectively. Despite of these, there are also future opportunities like presence of huge number of bee colonies (32.5%), availability of diverse vegetation plants and ample sources of water (21.70%), increasing demand of local honey (17.65%), presence of good government policy (9.0%) and others factors (19.15%). Further study is required to characterize honey bees of the area, quality of honey, major pests, predators and disease of economic importance. However, improving honey bee production techniques is important.

Imidacloprid effects on acetylcholinesterase and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Apis mellifera. Experimental and molecular modeling approaches

Although the neonicotinoid insecticides have good selectivity towards insects rather than vertebrates, they have severe effects on honeybee production and pollination activities. Therefore, the effects of imidacloprid (IMI), the most used neonicotinoid, on the two main bioreceptors, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha subunit (nAChRα1) of honeybees were examined to identify their roles in honeybee toxicity and possible binding sites which assist in selecting and designing neonicotinoids. In vivo, IMI showed a high inhibitory effect on AChE (IC50 5.63 mg/L); however, the effect was much lower in vitro experiment (IC50 719 mg/L). This result induced us to examine the IMI effect on AChE gene expression which revealed that the AChE-2 gene expression was severely affected by IMI explaining the observed high enzyme inhibition. In addition, although toxicity increased by increasing exposure to IMI (LC50 2.9 mg/L after 4h and 0.75 mg/L after 48h), AChE was not elevated (IC50 5.63 and 5.52 mg/L respectively). Besides, Despite resuming most enzyme activity (77% during 2 h and 84.14% after 4 h), a high mortality level was observed with LC50 2.9 mg/L. These results reinforced that the observed high toxicity is a multifactor process. Accordingly, Molecular modeling and docking of IMI into honeybee AChE and nAChRα1were also performed to examine their possible interactions and identify the important binding sites. Results models indicated that the first two binding sites in AChE were found in the esteratic subunit in the active site explaining the observed in vitro inhibition. In nAChRα1, four of the highest five free energy binding sites are located in the large TM3-TM4 loop and one in the extracellular loops. Consequently, the present work revealed that IMI toxicity is attributed to various factors including direct interaction with both AChE and nAChRα1 as well as downregulating AChE-2 gene expression.

A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with image detection framework

Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.

Total phenolic and flavonoid content of P. armata honey and propolis produced in Bomet, Kisii and Maralal, Kenya

AbstractBackgroundBee products are gaining interest in the field of research due to their biochemical and nutritive properties. Honey bee products have been researched extensively but little has been done in regards to stingless bees. There are many species of stingless bees including Plebeina armata, which are found in the Afrotropics. They are underground nesting and produce honey, propolis, wax, pollen and bee bread. These products are known to be rich in polyphenols that comprise of flavonoids and phenolic. In our study, we analysed colorimetrically the total flavonoid, phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of honey (n = 22) and propolis (n = 25) from Bomet, Kisii and Maralal in Kenya.ResultsHoney and propolis had total flavonoid content of 12.00–22.67 mg QE/100 g and 288.15–944.76 mg QE/100 g while total phenolic content was 87.01–239.93 mg GAE/100 g and 524.14–1225.01 mg GAE/100 g, respectively. In considerations to the regions, Maralal had the highest phenolic and flavanoid content followed by Bomet and Kisii was the least. The same trend was observed in the radical scavenging activity. Except for the total flavonoid content in honey, the difference was significant (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe polyphenol content of both honey and propolis of P. armata are equally affected by geographical location as a result of different vegetation. They are good source of antioxidants, which can be utilized in diet due to their radical scavenging properties.

Marketing research of honey consumer preferences in the markets of Kostanay region

Bee honey is a valuable, multicomponent unique product produced by bees from the nectar of honey plants. In the human diet, honey is an alternative to sugar and sugar-containing foods as a healthier food product.
 Within the framework of this article, a marketing study and analysis of preferences among consumers of honey and other bee products among residents of Kostanay and the region were conducted.
 Today, about 50% of honey is produced in China, Argentina, the USA, Ukraine, Turkey, and Russia. Honey exporting countries are characterized by flexible economic and organizational interaction. The main role is played by the mechanisms of legal protection and the developed infrastructure of the industry, which ensures full-fledged work, sales of products, and the receipt of foreign exchange earnings to the country's budget.
 The materials of this article contain an analysis of the types of bee products consumed, quality criteria when choosing honey, other bee products, as well as factors determining the choice of consumers. Also, the priorities of the origin of honey (apiaries) have been determined among consumers.
 The study grouped the key characteristics of honey consumers in the areas of Kostanay region that affect their behavior, desires and preferences. By quantitative analysis of the results of the survey of the target audience, an average portrait of buyers of honey and other bee products has been compiled, which can be used by entrepreneurs at all stages of planning and promoting their products.
 A literary review of the state of knowledge of this issue was conducted, citing articles from domestic and foreign sources.
 The results obtained can be used by domestic producers in the development and optimization of a strategy for promoting bee products.

An Integration of Community Empowerment and Biodiversity Conservation Program through Social-Ecology Approach in Indonesia (Study Case: Kokolomboi Hamlet)

The endangered Peleng Tarsier primate species and the critically endangered Banggai Crow species live and breed in Kokolomboi Hamlet. However, for such a long time, natives hunt wild animals for food and for commercial interest. Land conversion and forest fires that become normal method for beekeeping and farming have resulted in a progressive loss of wooded area and degraded land. To address this, a community empowerment program with the integration of socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-ecological approach has been designed as a method to achieve sustainable exploitation and management of the forest area through honeybee production with apiculture as backbone. The objective of this community empowerment program is to make people of Kokolomboi Hamlet voluntarily conserve nature by developing conservation village while assuring their primary needs are met by the economic empowerment using environmentally friendly beekeeping method and eco-tourism activities. From year 2020 to 2023, this socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-ecological integration approach has empowered 30 members of Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis), 11 beekeeping groups with 245 members, 30 households participated in environmental preservation, 60 foreign tourists have visited Kokolomboi Biodiversity Park, and flora biodiversity index monitored is 4.51 while fauna biodiversity index monitored is 3.75. The method of integrating social, economy, and ecological aspect as an approach along with engaging relevant stakeholders show significant impacts on transforming community’s behavior in livelihood and biodiversity conservation.

In vitro and in vivo study of antibacterial and anti-encrustation coating on ureteric stents.

To investigate the ability of propolis-coated ureteric stents to solve complications, especially urinary tract infections (UTIs) and crusting, in patients with long-term indwelling ureteric stents through antimicrobial and anti-calculus activities. Polyurethane (PU) ureteric stents were immersed in the ethanol extract of propolis (EEP), a well-known antimicrobial honeybee product, and subjected to chemical, hydrophilic, and seismic tests. The antimicrobial activity of the EEP coating was then examined by in vitro investigation. Proteus mirabilis infection was induced in rats within uncoated and EEP-coated groups, and the infection, stone formation, and inflammation were monitored at various time points. The characterisation results showed that the hydrophilicity and stability of the EEP surface improved. In vitro tests revealed that the EEP coating was biocompatible, could eliminate >90% of bacteria biofilms attached to the stent and could maintain bacteriostatic properties for up to 3 months. The in vivo experiment revealed that the EEP-coating significantly reduced the amount of bacteria, stones, and salt deposits on the surface of the ureteric stents and decreased inflammation in the host tissue. Compared with clinically used PU stents, EEP-coated ureteric stents could better mitigate infections and prevent encrustation. Thus, this study demonstrated that propolis is a promising natural dressing material for ureteric stents.

Long-Term Supplementation of Royal Jelly (Raydel®) Improves Zebrafish Growth, Embryo Production and Survivability, Blood Lipid Profile and Functionality of Vital Organs: A 72-Weeks' Consumption Study.

Royal jelly is a honeybee product with substantial pharmacological and health promotional activities. Nevertheless, the health implications associated with the prolonged dietary supplementation of royal jelly have yet to be elucidated extensively. Herein, 72 weeks of dietary supplementation of royal jelly at 5% and 10% (w/w) were investigated to assess the impact on zebrafish survivability, body weight, liver, testis, ovary functionality, and blood lipid profile. The results revealed no adverse effect of 72 weeks of royal jelly supplementation on zebrafish survivability. Conversely, a noteworthy enhancement in the zebrafish body weight was observed in royal-jelly-supplemented zebrafish in a concentration-dependent manner [5% and 10% (w/w)]. Interestingly, female zebrafish were found to be more biased, with a significant 17% (p < 0.001) and 23% (p < 0.001) higher body weight enhancement after 72 weeks of consumption of 5% and 10% (w/w) royal jelly, compared to the male zebrafish. The histological outcome revealed no sign of hepatotoxicity; moreover, diminished reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis were observed in the hepatic tissue of the royal-jelly-supplemented group. Consistent with the histological outcomes, the liver function biomarkers, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), exhibited a significant decrease of 1.9-fold (p = 0.006) and 1.4-fold (p = 0.003) in zebrafish supplemented with royal jelly compared to those on a normal diet (ND) and zebrafish given supplements. Also, no sign of ovary and testis-related toxicity was observed in the royal-jelly-supplemented group during the 72-week period. Furthermore, the 10% (w/w) royal-jelly-consuming zebrafish exhibited a notable 2.1-fold increase (p = 0.018) in egg-laying ability compared to the ND-supplemented zebrafish. The 10% (w/w) royal jelly supplementation also effectively maintained the blood lipid profile by curtailing serum triglycerides (TG) and elevating high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Conclusively, royal jelly dietary supplementation for a prolonged time found royal jelly to be safe to consume, to efficiently improve hepatic function, reproduction, and sexual health, and to augment the serum HDL-C level.

Development Strategy of Klanceng Honey Livestock (Trigona Sp) in Lubuk Raja, Ogan Komering Ulu District

Honey bee cultivation is one of the livestock businesses that can play a role in meeting the economic needs of the community. This research was conducted in order to find out what strategies are appropriate in developing the Klanceng (Trigona sp) honey livestock business so that the marketing and development of the Klanceng (Trigona sp) honey livestock business can develop and be able to add economic value to the people of Lubuk Raja District, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. The results of this research are internal factors include strengths and weaknesses, namely that employees have undergone training, the availability of nectar production facilities is quite extensive, cultivation management has been implemented and they already have market share. The weaknesses of the Klanceng Honey Farming Business (Trigona SP) in Lubuk Raja District, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency are seasonal factors, funds, not being able to harvest every day, simple product packaging and lack of knowledge of marketing media. External factors include opportunities and threats. The strategiesis using the S-O strategy or power of opportunity strategy, namely utilizing government support in expanding the marketing area for honey products, utilizing nearby shops and honey collecting agents to market the harvest of Klanceng honey bee products (Trigona sp), then utilizing social media as a promotional tool honey products, as well as changing old packaging in the form of marjan bottles into more attractive glass bottles, developing technology for cultivating livestock Klanceng honey bees (Trigona sp) and finally renting land in an area that is in season.

Opportunities and challenges in using NIH’s Dietary Supplement Label Database for research on non-nutrient ingredients: Use case for ingredients in honeybee products

BackgroundNon-nutrient bioactive ingredients of foods such as bee products are often of interest in preclinical and clinical research to explore their possible beneficial effects. The National Institute of Health’s Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) contains over 165,000 labels of dietary supplements marketed in the United States of America (US), including declarations on labels for many ingredients such as those in honeybee products which have been used in foods and traditional medicines for centuries worldwide and are now also appearing in dietary supplements. MethodsThis article presents a use case for honeybee products that describes and tests the utility of the DSLD and other databases available in the US as research tools for identifying and quantifying the prevalence of such ingredients. It focuses on the limitations to the information on product composition in these databases and describes how to code the ingredients using the LanguaL™ and FoodEx2 classification and description systems and the strengths and limitations of information on honeybee product ingredients, including propolis, bee pollen, royal jelly, beeswax. Results and conclusionsCodes for the ingredients are provided for identifying their presence in LanguaL™ and FoodEx2 classification and description systems used in Europe and elsewhere. The prevalence of dietary supplement products containing these ingredients in DSLD and on the US market is low compared to some other products and ingredients. Unfortunately label declarations in DSLD do not provide quantitative information and so the data can be used only to screen for their presence, but cannot be used for quantitative exposure estimates by researchers and regulators.