Homogeneous Extraction Research Articles

Surface Planarization-Epitaxial Growth Enables Uniform 2D/3D Heterojunctions for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules.

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) halide perovskite heterojunctions are widely used to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. However, interfacial defects between the 2D and 3D perovskites and the poor coverage of the 2D capping layer still hinder long-term stability and homogeneous charge extraction. Herein, a surface planarization strategy on 3D perovskite is developed that enables an epitaxial growth of uniform 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction via a vapor-assisted process. The homogeneous charge extraction and suppression of interfacial nonradiative recombination is achieved by forming a uniform 2D/3D interface. As a result, a stabilized power output efficiency of 25.97% is achieved by using a 3D perovskite composition with a bandgap of 1.55eV. To demonstrate the universality of the strategy applied for different perovskites, the champion device based on a 1.57eV bandgap 3D perovskite results in an efficiency of 25.31% with a record fill factor of 87.6%. Additionally, perovskite solar modules achieve a designated area (24.04 cm2) certified efficiency of 20.75% with a high fill factor of 80.0%. Importantly, the encapsulated uniform 2D/3D modules retain 96.9% of the initial efficiency after 1246h operational tracking under 65 °C (ISOS-L-3 protocol) and 91.1% after 862h under the ISOS-O-1 protocol.

Development of thermomorphic ionic liquids derived from organophosphorus acids for homogeneous extraction processes

Development of thermomorphic ionic liquids derived from organophosphorus acids for homogeneous extraction processes

Designing green and recyclable switchable supramolecular deep eutectic solvents for efficient extraction of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix and mechanism exploration

A green and recyclable switchable supramolecular deep eutectic solvent (SS-DES) was designed and prepared for effective extraction of flavonoids from Scutellariae Radix. The novel SS-DES has both excellent extraction performance of DES and the host guest inclusion of cyclodextrin, thereby showing superior extraction efficiency and selectivity. The characteristic of polarity switching can endow the SS-DES with achieving homogeneous extraction and rapid two-phase separation, shorting per-treatment time largely. Parameters affecting the extraction performance were investigated by the response surface methodology. The results indicated that the SS-DES showed better extraction yield of total flavonoids (157.95 mg/g) compared with pure DES (135 mg/g) and traditional organic solvent (60 % ethanol, 104.87 mg/g). Moreover, the switching mechanism of SS-DES was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR, and the extraction mechanism was studied by density functional theory and molecular docking analysis. After evaluating the ecological impact of the method, the cytotoxicity of SS-DES was investigated and the result displayed that its toxicity was very low or even negligible with the EC50>2000 mg/L. After being adsorbed by macroporous AB-8 resin, the regenerated SS-DES was recycled 5 times and the extraction efficiency still remained above 90 %, indicating the desirable reusability. Therefore, the proposed method was efficient and sustainable, and revealed favorable application prospect for the extraction of bio-active compounds from plant materials.

Hierarchical Li electrochemistry using alloy-type anode for high-energy-density Li metal batteries

Exploiting thin Li metal anode is essential for high-energy-density battery, but is severely plagued by the poor processability of Li, as well as the uncontrollable Li plating/stripping behaviors and Li/electrolyte interface. Herein, a thickness/capacity-adjustable thin alloy-type Li/LiZn@Cu anode is fabricated for high-energy-density Li metal batteries. The as-formed lithophilic LiZn alloy in Li/LiZn@Cu anode can effectively regulate Li plating/stripping and stabilize the Li/electrolyte interface to deliver the hierarchical Li electrochemistry. Upon charging, the Li/LiZn@Cu anode firstly acts as Li source for homogeneous Li extraction. At the end of charging, the de-alloy of LiZn nanostructures further supplements the Li extraction, actually playing the Li compensation role in battery cycling. While upon discharging, the LiZn alloy forms just at the beginning, thereby regulating the following Li homogeneous deposition. The reversibility of such an interesting process is undoubtedly verified from the electrochemistry and in-situ XRD characterization. This work sheds light on the facile fabrication of practical Li metal anodes and useful Li compensation materials for high-energy-density Li metal batteries.

Switchable deep eutectic solvent as green and efficient media for liquid-phase microextraction of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in water and food matrices

In this work, a switchable deep eutectic solvent (SDES) based on fatty acid and polyetheramine ion pair was prepared for liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) of phenoxyacetic acid herbicides in drinking water, beverage and honey matrices. The as-synthesized SDES equipped with an interesting characteristic of fast and reversible polarity switching, achieving homogeneous extraction and rapid bi-phase separation simultaneously. Several key parameters affecting the extraction performance were investigated comprehensively by Box-Behnken design. Under the optimal conditions, the method exhibited excellent linearity (15–4000 μg L−1), low detection limits (3–5 μg L−1), desirable precision (RSD < 8.1 %), and satisfactory recovery (72.6–98.7 %). More importantly, the introduction of SDES can simplify the pre-treatment procedure, shorten extraction time (4 min), and avoid the usage of traditional organic solvent during the whole extraction process. In addition, the switching mechanism of SDES was characterized by FT-IR and 1H NMR, and the forming mechanism of SDES was investigated using density-functional theory. The green of the method was estimated using the analytical ecological scale, the analytical green calculator, and the green analytical procedure index. The cytotoxicity of SDES was investigated and the result displayed that toxicity of the SDES was very low with the EC50 > 500 mg/L. Therefore, the proposed method was green and efficient and revealed considerable application prospects for the extraction of trace analytes from complex materials.

Improving antioxidant activities of water-soluble lignin-carbohydrate complex isolated from wheat stalk through prolonging ball-milling pretreatment and homogeneous extraction

Water-soluble lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC) rich in polysaccharides exhibits benign in vitro antioxidant activities and distinguishes high biocompatibility from lignin-rich LCC and lignin. However, the antioxidant activity of water-soluble LCCs remains to be improved and its structure-antioxidant relationship is still uncertain. Herein, structurally diversified water-soluble LCCs were isolated under different ball-milling pretreatment durations (4, 6, 8 h), extraction pathways (homogeneous and heterogeneous), and isolation routines (water extracts and residues after water extraction). Their structures were characterized by wet chemistry, chromatography and spectroscopies. Antioxidant activities were evaluated by ferric reducing antioxidant power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals scavenging rate (RDPPH). Results show that altering ball-milling duration and isolation procedures cause varied structures and antioxidant activities of the water-soluble LCCs. Specifically, prolonging ball-milling duration to 8 hours and homogeneous extraction can enhance their antioxidant activity through releasing more phenolic structures and promoting the extraction of high-molecular-weight LCCs via reducing mass-transfer resistance, respectively. As a result, the RDPPH of water-soluble LCCs reaches up to 97.35%, which is associated with the arabinan content with statistical significance (P < 0.05). This study provides new insights into the structure-antioxidation relationship of herbaceous LCC as potential antioxidants.

Effects of different extraction methods on physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities of fig (Ficus carica L.) leaves polysaccharides

The tea of fig (Ficus carica L.) has long been used as a medicine in China due to its excellent effects on hemorrhoids, damp heat diarrhea and other diseases. The present study was designed to evaluate the impacts of different extraction methods, including hot water extraction (HWE), microwave assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE), ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE), ultrasound-microwave assisted extraction (UMAE), alkali extraction (AE) and high-speed shearing homogeneous extraction (HSHE), on physicochemical characteristics and bioactivities of polysaccharide from fig leaves (FLPs). Results indicated that there were great differences between the structure and activity of FLPs prepared by seven methods. Among them, FLPs extracted by UAE (FLPs-UAE) showed the strongest antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities due to its higher Mw, total polysaccharide content (60.62 ± 3.06 %) and glucosamine (GlcN) content (7.68 %). In addition, FLPs extracted by HWE possessed more total polysaccharide content (62.03 ± 0.70 %), total phenolic compounds content (13.55 ± 0.02 %) and GlcN content (5.78 %) contributed to its strong antioxidant activity and the inhibition on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which was second to FLPs-UAE. These finding suggested that UAE and HWE, especially UAE, were good ways to extract FLPs with high antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities, which provide foundations for choosing the suitable extraction strategy to prepare FLPs with desired bioactivities and promoting the application of FLPs in function food industries.

The Effect of the Aeration Condition on the Liquid–Solid Material Mixing in a Stirred Tank with a Single-Layer Impeller

In order to increase industrial production quality and efficiency, it is essential to understand how the aeration and no-aeration condition affects liquid and solid material mixing in the stirred tank. Due to complicated shear flows, the related mass-transfer mechanism confronts numerous difficulties. This paper put forward an improved computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (CFD–DEM) modeling approach to explore the effect mechanism of aeration conditions on liquid–solid material mixing. Firstly, a mass-transfer dynamic model is set up with a volume of fluid and piecewise linear interface construction (VOF–PLIC) coupling strategy to explore flow modes and vorticity evolution trends under aeration control. Then, a self-developed interphase coupling interface is utilized to modify the coupling force and porosity of the porous media model in the DEM module, and random dispersion properties of the particle phase under non-aeration and aeration are obtained. Results show that the aeration and flow-blocking components transform fluid tangential speeds into axial and radial speeds, which can improve the material mixing quality and efficiency. The mixed flow field can reach a greater turbulent process under the impeller rotation, making the particles have an intensive disorder and complex flow patterns. The enhanced motion efficiency of the vortex clusters encourages their nesting courses and improves cross-scale mixed transport. It can serve as some reference for the three-phase flow mixing mechanism, vorticity distribution law, and particle motion solution and has a general significance for battery homogeneous mixing, biopharmaceutical processes, and chemical process extraction.

Efficient method for in situ agitation of liquids directly inside NMR spectrometer

The objective of the method is to allow agitation and fast homogenization of liquid systems in NMR tubes, directly inside the NMR spectrometer. The setup makes it possible to record spectra of samples that are macroscopically not stable, as dispersions of large particles. It makes also possible to fasten the homogeneization of liquid during a reaction or a phase transition. In the present paper, the method has been evaluated using homogeneous liquid extraction (HLLE). This configuration can also be used to introduce gases in different systems to perform various types of experiments. The set up consists in a Teflon tube inserted in the NMR tube bringing gas that yields agitation by bubbling. The gas flow is tuned using an electronically operated valve connected to gas line and to the NMR console. The method details how to reach proper homogenization without any perturbation, as liquid leaks.•An easy method for agitation of liquids inside NMR spectrometers.•The set up can be used for the insertion of gases in the NMR tube inside the spectrometer.•The method allows the study of the mixing of biphasic systems by NMR techniques.

An effervescence-assisted switchable deep eutectic solvent based liquid-phase microextraction of triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverage

A new effervescence-assisted switchable deep eutectic solvent-based liquid phase microextraction (EA-SDES-LPME) combined with HPLC-UV was developed for determination of common triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverages, including myclobutanil, flusilazole, hexaconazole and bitertanol. The alternative extraction solvent was prepared with hexafluoroisopropanol and dipropylamine with the merits of time-saving, easy to collect and cost-effectiveness. The SDES can be reversibly switched between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states by pH adjustment. The homogeneous extraction was achieved under the hydrophilic form of SDES, and the bi-phase separation was obtained easily by adjusting pH value to restore the original hydrophobicity. Moreover, the characterization of SDES was investigated by FTIR and 1H NMR. The main variables affecting extraction efficiency were optimized in detail. Under the optimal conditions, the proposed method shows desirable precision (RSDs less than 18.5%) and acceptable recovery (72.6–95.4%). The lower limits of detection and limits of quantitation were found to be in the range of 1–2 μg L-1 and 5–10 μg L-1, respectively. The formation mechanism of SDES and the extraction mechanism for target analytes were investigated by density functional theory. The proposed methodology was simplicity, sensitive, time-saving and successfully applied to determine triazole fungicides in drinking water and beverages, making it an alternative technique for the analysis of trace analytes with satisfactory sensitivity.

Development of homogeneous dispersive solid phase extraction using albumin as a green sorbent and its combination with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: application in extraction of pesticides from fruit juices.

In the current study, salt- and pH-induced homogeneous dispersive solid phase extraction was developed using albumin as a sorbent for the extraction of some pesticides (diazinon, diniconazole, haloxyfop-R-methyl, and hexaconazole) from fruit juice of orange, pomegranate, and barberry. The extracted analytes were more concentrated by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to obtain high enrichment factors and low detection limits prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the extraction process, human serum albumin solution was added to the sample solution at the μL-level and a homogeneous solution was obtained. Then, albumin was precipitated into the solution by adding an inorganic salt and decreasing the solution pH. By doing so, the analytes were adsorbed by albumin effectively due to their high adsorption capacity and large surface area. Following this, the pesticides were eluted from the albumin sorbent using an elution solvent and used in a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction step. Under the optimum extraction conditions, low limits of detection and quantification were achieved in the ranges of 0.02-0.04 and 0.07-0.13 ng mL-1, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.13-250 ng mL-1. Relative standard deviation as a criterion for precision and the method repeatability were in the ranges of 2.9-4.2% for intra- (n = 5, C = 5 or 50 ng mL-1) and 3.2-5.2% for inter-day (n = 5, 50 ng mL-1) precisions. The enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 390-460 and 78-92%, respectively. Finally, the offered procedure was applied for the analysis of pesticide residues in some fruit juice samples.

Retracted: Homogeneous Decision Community Extraction Based on End-User Mental Behavior on Social Media.

[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1155/2022/3490860.].

Homogenous dispersive solid phase extraction combined with ionic liquid based-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of gentamicin and streptomycin from milk prior to HPLC-MS/MS analysis

Homogenous dispersive solid phase extraction combined with ionic liquid based-dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of gentamicin and streptomycin from milk prior to HPLC-MS/MS analysis

Homogeneous Decision Community Extraction Based on End-User Mental Behavior on Social Media.

Aiming at the inadequacy of the group decision-making method with the current attribute value as interval language information, an interval binary semantic decision-making method is proposed, which considers the decision maker's psychological behavior. The scope of this research is that this paper is based on localized amplification method. The localized amplification method used in this research may amplify physiological movement after removing unwanted noise, allowing the movement trend to be seen with the naked eye, improving the CNN network's mental identification accuracy. These two algorithms analyze the input picture from various perspectives, allowing the CNN network to extract more information and enhance identification accuracy. A new distance formula with interval binary semantics closer to decision-makers thinking habits is defined; time degree is introduced. An optimization model is established to solve the time series weights by considering the comprehensive consistency of expert evaluation. Based on prospect theory, a prospect deviation value is constructed and minimized weight optimization model, using the interactive multiple attribute decision community making (TODIM) method based on the new distance measure to calculate the total overall dominance of the schemes to rank the schemes. Taking the selection and evaluation of supply chain collaboration partners as an example, the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed method are verified.

Simultaneous determination of four biogenic amines in whey samples using a new solid phase extraction method prior to their analysis by HPLC-MS/MS

A new extraction procedure named homogenous solid phase extraction was developed for the simultaneous extraction of four biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, spermine, and dopamine) from whey samples. The method was done by dissolving a water-miscible organic polymer in the sample solution and a homogenous phase was formed. Then, the sorbent was re-precipitated in the solution as tiny particles by adding NaCl. By doing so the analytes are adsorbed onto the sorbent. Then, the polymer was separated from the sample solution and the adsorbed analytes onto the surface of the particles were desorbed by acetonitrile and determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The effective parameters were optimized by central composite design and the following conditions were obtained: sample solution pH, 8; polyvinylpyrrolidone amount, 105 mg; sodium chloride concentration, 10% (w/v); and acetonitrile volume, 125 µL. After optimization, the method was validated and broad linear ranges of the calibration curves, low limits of detection and quantification, satisfactory extraction recoveries, and an acceptable precision were obtained. Finally, the introduced method was effectively applied for determination of the studied biogenic amines in whey samples and histamine and tyramine were determined in them.

Rock mass structure surface extraction method using multiview images based on integration of multimodal semantic features and a full convolution neural network model

Many large-scale energy, transportation, water conservancy, and hydropower engineering projects take place in a rock mass environment. It is still difficult to accurately extract and describe rock mass structural information, which is crucial to analyzing rock mass deformation and stability. As a major rock mass surface exposure type, the structural surface has an irregular and rough shape, for which it is not appropriate to use traditional image processing methods. An intelligent extraction method is proposed for rock structural surfaces based on the integration of multimodal semantic features and a full convolutional neural network. The main contents of the proposed method are as follows: (1) generation of a dense point cloud model of the rock mass surface using multiview images and 3D geological semantic feature expression; (2) establishment of the mapping relationship among multimodal semantic features; (3) homogeneous unit extraction through integration of a full convolution neural network model; and (4) homogeneous unit merging and clustering. The method’s feasibility is proven through experiments, and its completeness and accuracy are verified by comparing results with traditional field measurements. Overall, the method provides a concept for intelligent extraction of rock mass structure information and has important theoretical value and practical significance.

Transitional Learning: Exploring the Transition States of Degradation for Blind Super-resolution.

Being extremely dependent on iterative estimation of the degradation prior or optimization of the model from scratch, the existing blind super-resolution (SR) methods are generally time-consuming and less effective, as the estimation of degradation proceeds from a blind initialization and lacks interpretable representation of degradations. To address it, this article proposes a transitional learning method for blind SR using an end-to-end network without any additional iterations in inference, and explores an effective representation for unknown degradation. To begin with, we analyze and demonstrate the transitionality of degradations as interpretable prior information to indirectly infer the unknown degradation model, including the widely used additive and convolutive degradations. We then propose a novel Transitional Learning method for blind Super-Resolution (TLSR), by adaptively inferring a transitional transformation function to solve the unknown degradations without any iterative operations in inference. Specifically, the end-to-end TLSR network consists of a degree of transitionality (DoT) estimation network, a homogeneous feature extraction network, and a transitional learning module. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations on blind SR tasks demonstrate that the proposed TLSR achieves superior performances and costs fewer complexities against the state-of-the-art blind SR methods. The code is available at github.com/YuanfeiHuang/TLSR.

Salt-induced homogenous solid phase extraction of hydroxylated metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urine samples using a deep eutectic solvent as an elution solvent prior to HPLC-FLD analysis

A novel solid phase extraction approach named homogenous dispersive solid phase extraction was introduced for the simultaneous extraction/preconcentration of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons hydroxylated metabolites from urine samples. The method was done by dissolving a water-miscible organic polymer in urine and a homogenous phase was obtained. Then, by adding NaCl the sorbent was re-precipitated in the solution bulk as tiny particles and the analytes are adsorbed onto the sorbent. Hence, the sorbent was separated and the analytes on the surface of particles were separated by choline chloride: butyric acid deep eutectic solvent and determined by HPLC-FLD. The effective parameters were optimized by central composite design and the following conditions were obtained: sample solution pH, 4; polyvinylpyrrolidone amount, 63 mg; sodium chloride concentration, 20% w/v; and choline chloride:butyric acid deep eutectic solvent volume, 87 µL. After optimization, the method was validated and broad linear ranges and low limits of detection (14–28 ng/L) and quantification (49–96 ng/L) were obtained. Acceptable enrichment factors (85–109), extraction recoveries (74–96%), and adequate percision (RSDs ≤ 6.2%) were obtained. Finally, the introduced method was effectively applied for measurement of the studied chemical compounds in urine samples obtained from tobacco smokers.

A Novel Method of Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction via Flotation Assistance Coupled to Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Trace Imidacloprid in Water Samples

This paper describes a novel method for the sensitive determination of imidacloprid using homogeneous liquid−liquid microextraction via flotation assistance (HLLME-FA) in water samples. After the extraction procedure, low density organic solvent was separated by air flotation. Various parameters affecting the extraction efficiencies such as the types of extraction and homogeneous solvents, the volumes of extraction and homogeneous solvents, extraction time and ionic strength were studied. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limit of imidacloprid was 0.02 µg/L. The experimental results indicated that there was good linearity (r2 = 0.9995) over the range of 0.25–500 µg/L. The relative standard deviation (n = 3) at the concentration level of 1.0 µg/L of imidacloprid in sea, well and river water samples was 11.1%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of imidacloprid in real water samples.

Homogeneous extraction for sustainable separation of emulsified oily wastewater by using CO2 switchable solution

Recontamination or the difficult recovery of additives are the serious obstacle to separate emulsified oily wastewater, which may cause many health and ecological problems. Herein, the sustainable separation of emulsified oily wastewater was proposed by homogeneous extraction based on CO2 switchable solution, where there was no pollution caused by additives. Here, CO2 switchable solution is the bicarbonate solution that was prepared with the switchable solvent and water upon CO2. In terms of treating emulsified oily wastewater, the CO2 switchable solution investigated exhibits the best effects on separating diesel oil or crude oil- emulsified wastewater, compared with flocculation and solvent extraction. Moreover, it was also applied in separating oily wastewater emulsified by hexadecyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) or emulsifier OP-10. After treated with CO2 switchable solution [DMCHAH][HCO3] (bicarbonate solution of N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine) upon N2/65 °C, the obvious oil-water phase separation was observed in oily wastewater. Then the oil was obtained and the [DMCHAH][HCO3] was recovered after bubbling CO2 into the oil phase. By detecting interface tension and microscopy images of oily wastewater, it is concluded that the separation of oily emulsified wastewater is caused by expansion behavior and the coalescence of emulsified oil droplets, which is induced by the reversible transformation from [DMCHAH][HCO3] with hydrophilicity to DMCHA (N,N-Dimethylcyclohexylamine) with hydrophobicity. The sustainable treatment may provide a greener and economical approach for separating oil wastewater.