Homogenization Technique Research Articles

Computational Study of Non-Porous Auxetic Plates with Diamond Shape Inclusions

Creating non-porous structures that offer auxetic behavior can have a variety of industrial applications, especially when the porosity impairs the functionality of the auxetic structures. This study presents the design and finite element analysis of architected bi-material auxetic plates consisting of repeating unit cells that comprise rigid rotary units and soft inclusions. The change in the design parameters of unit cells produces a variety of mechanical properties, such as different levels of Poisson’s ratio and stiffness for the architected plates that can result in specific static or dynamic responses. The natural frequencies and deflection under uniform lateral loading of the architected plates with clamped boundary conditions were investigated. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the homogenization technique based on the mechanical properties obtained from finite element analysis in predicting the dynamic and static response of the architected plate was also studied.

Equivalent Permeability Tensor of Heterogeneous Media: Upscaling Methods and Criteria (Review and Analyses)

When conducting numerical upscaling, either for a fractured or a porous medium, it is important to account for anisotropy because in general, the resulting upscaled conductivity is anisotropic. Measurements made at different scales also demonstrate the existence of anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity. At the “microscopic” scale, the anisotropy results from the preferential flatness of grains, presence of shale, or variation of grain size in successive laminations. At a larger scale, the anisotropy results from preferential orientation of highly conductive geological features (channels, fracture families) or alternations of high and low conductive features (stratification, bedding, crossbedding). Previous surveys of homogenization techniques demonstrate that a wide variety of approaches exists to define and calculate the equivalent conductivity tensor. Consequently, the resulting equivalent conductivities obtained by these different methods are not necessarily equal, and they do not have the same mathematical properties (some are symmetric, others are not, for example). We present an overview of different techniques allowing a quantitative evaluation of the anisotropic equivalent conductivity for heterogeneous porous media, via numerical simulations and, in some cases, analytical approaches. New approaches to equivalent permeability are proposed for heterogeneous media, as well as discontinuous (composite) media, and also some extensions to 2D fractured networks. One of the main focuses of the paper is to explore the relations between these various definitions and the resulting properties of the anisotropic equivalent conductivity, such as tensorial or non-tensorial behavior of the anisotropic conductivity; symmetry and positiveness of the conductivity tensor (or not); dual conductivity/resistivity tensors; continuity and robustness of equivalent conductivity with respect to domain geometry and boundary conditions. In this paper, we emphasize some of the implications of the different approaches for the resulting equivalent permeabilities.

Exploring the Effect of Dispersed Phase on the High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Nanosilica Dispersions

Shear Thickening Fluids (STFs) constitute a special class of materials which exhibit phase transition from low to high viscosity state when exposed to shearing forces, particularly, when the applied shear rate exceeds a critical value. The last decade has witnessed a mutual symbiotic relationship between STF and high-performance fabrics such as Kevlar®, Dyneema®, Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) etc., to produce new light weight and flexible protective materials systems with enhanced knife, stab and ballistic resistant properties than the existing ones. In this study, we explore the effect of particle shape and size on the high strain rate dynamic response of nanosilica dispersions. Shear thickening fluid (STF) was synthesized using fumed silica and spherical nanosilica particles, comprising the dispersed phase, whereas PPG400 (Polypropylene Glycol) was used as the dispersion medium. Ultrasonic homogenization technique was used for the synthesis of STF. The low strain rate rheological characterization was conducted on MCR302 rheometer at 25°C, whereas the high strain rate characterization was performed on inhouse designed and developed SHPB (Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar) apparatus. Fumed silica (FS) particles possess high specific surface area owing to their fractal structure. Therefore, their low molecular weight dispersions exhibit shear thickening behavior thus making them potential candidates for liquid body armour applications. On the other hand, spherical silica dispersions exhibit shear thickening behavior in high phase volume concentrations. Experimental studies showed that spherical silica based STF dispersions exhibited enhanced shear thickening in the low strain rate domain, as well as better mechanical response in terms of higher peak stress under high strain rate compressive loading conditions, during SHPB testing, in comparison to their fumed silica counterpart. Thus, it can be inferred that the mechanical response of nano-silica dispersions is influenced by the shape of the particles constituting the dispersed phase.

Polymeric composites of cubic-octahedron and gyroid lattice for biomimetic dental implants

The study describes a homogenisation technique of developing a Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and calcium hydroxyapatite (cHAp) composite with periodic pattern lattice structures. The continuum depiction of the discrete structures was evaluated to retain the PEEK cellulose composite properties of the lattice cell applied to dental implants. Design approaches were considered, using different software modelling to optimise the orthotropic lattice PEEK material by establishing an optimal variable cell lattice density distribution in the geometric model of a dental implant. A homogenising model was studied based on the lattice optimisation that resulted from the previous stage and considered different volume fractions, pore size, and variable density for different lattice cells for dental implants. Their adequate elastic fatigues were obtained by the unit cell's fast design-based model homogenisation method, and bioactivity cell tests took place in a culture medium. It was evident from the results obtained that the homogenisation increased the stiffness of the bracket by using the same cubic lattice cell, and the fundamental frequency obtained with lattice optimisation to higher results after implants. This result can easily be applied by using these lattice structures and PEEK composite in dental implants for medical industries and institutions as a lightweight and better biocompatible materials compared to metals.

Free vibration analysis of three-phase CNT/polymer/fiber laminated tow-steered quadrilateral plates considering agglomeration effects

This paper introduces a numerical model for predicting the properties of the tow-steered three-phase CNT/polymer/fiber composition. The free vibration of laminated quadrilateral plates is addressed. The behavior of the matrix reinforced with the carbon-nanotube (CNT) additive is calculated based on the Eshelby–Mori–Tanaka micromechanics approach. The approach considers the probable agglomerated CNT phases in the mixture. Every lamina of the laminate is assumed to be constructed by the curvilinear fiber arrangement dipped in the nanocomposite matrix. The fiber placement paths follow smooth orientation angle changing routes. Several homogenization techniques are presented in detail to evaluate the overall properties of the tow-steered three-phase CNT/polymer/fiber laminate. The principle of virtual work based on the first-order shear deformation plate theory is implemented through the NURBS isogeometric analysis method. Some representative results are obtained and compared with those available in the literature to demonstrate the quality of the proposed formulation. The effects of problem variables including the layup, mixture quality, boundary condition, and micromechanical model on the free vibration behavior are investigated by performing parametric studies.

An Improved Homogeneous Ensemble Technique for Early Accurate Detection of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

The objective of the present study is to improve the genetic algorithm (GA) supremacy in selecting the most suitable and relevant features within a highly dimensional dataset. This results in cost reduction and improving classification performance. During text classification, employing terms such as features using vector space representation can result in a high dimensionality of future space. This condition presents some issues, including high computation cost in data analysis and deteriorating classification accuracy performance. Several computational feature selection techniques can be applied in eliminating the least significant features within a dataset, including a genetic algorithm. The present study improved the performance of the classifier in classifying Pima Indian diabetes data. Despite the popularity of GA in the feature selection area, it does not provide the most optimal features due to one of its underlying issues: premature convergence due to insufficient population diversity in the future generations. GA was improved in its crossover operator using two steps: define a variable slice point on the size of the gene to be interchanged for every offspring generation and apply feature frequency scores in deciding the interchanging of genes. The above obtained results to the proposed technique will be better results than the results for standard GA. Our proposed algorithm attained an accuracy of 97.5%, precision of 98, recall of 97% and F1-score of 97%.

Hybrid microwave sintering of a lunar soil simulant: Effects of processing parameters on microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties

Hybrid microwave sintering is considered a promising method to produce densified components using in-situ resources for lunar construction. This study aimed to examine the effects of primary microwave sintering parameters on the densification, microstructure evolution, and mechanical properties of a lunar soil simulant and analyzed the processing-microstructure-properties relationship. The experimental design was based on the Taguchi method, where temperature, dwell time, and heating rate were regarded as the primary design factors. Density measurements presented the porosity of microwave-sintered specimens ranging from 8.5 % to 11.5 %. Chemical and microstructural characterization was integrated and showed three identical mineral phases appeared at different sintering conditions. Nanoindentation was used to determine nanomechanical properties of microstructural components and subsequent effective stiffness via homogenization technique. Uniaxial compressive strength of sintered specimens was also measured. The sintering design parameters in the range attempted significantly affected microstructural characteristics, while no major changes in the chemical–mechanical properties of phases occurred. Taguchi analysis implied that microstructural evolution is predominantly affected by the sintering temperature, whereas the other two factors (i.e., dwell time and heating rate) were not significant. The fundamental understanding from this study can improve the design of hybrid microwave sintering to densify lunar soils for future lunar construction.

Modeling Sound Absorption of Graded Foam Absorbers via Polynomial Surrogate Technique

Transports and sound absorption performance of foam-based absorbers are influenced by the morphologies of their pore connections. Understanding the microstructure–property relationships of sound absorbers can provide valuable insights and guidance for designing and manufacturing steps. We develop in this paper surrogate models based on the polynomial chaos expansion to predict the acoustic behavior of graded foam absorbers. Regarding the local morphology of foams, three representative factors including the porosity, the cell size, and the membrane closure ratio are considered through a periodic unit cell. Then, the reference maps of transport properties are computed via the hybrid numerical method based on the homogenization technique, surrogates are consequently generated in the designing space involving the morphology features. Finally, after evaluating their convergence characteristics and verification study, the surrogate models are adopted to study foam layers within different graded characteristics. Within a tolerance error, the surrogate models of transport properties offer advantages in terms of the computational efficiency and predictability. Both surrogate model-based investigation and optimization frameworks allow estimating the local morphology factors where the desired sound absorption properties of the graded foam absorbers can be achieved.

Impact of Established and Emerging Software Tools on the Metabolite Identification Landscape.

Scientists’ ability to detect drug-related metabolites at trace concentrations has improved over recent decades. High-resolution instruments enable collection of large amounts of raw experimental data. In fact, the quantity of data produced has become a challenge due to effort required to convert raw data into useful insights. Various cheminformatics tools have been developed to address these metabolite identification challenges. This article describes the current state of these tools. They can be split into two categories: Pre-experimental metabolite generation and post-experimental data analysis. The former can be subdivided into rule-based, machine learning-based, and docking-based approaches. Post-experimental tools help scientists automatically perform chromatographic deconvolution of LC/MS data and identify metabolites. They can use pre-experimental predictions to improve metabolite identification, but they are not limited to these predictions: unexpected metabolites can also be discovered through fractional mass filtering. In addition to a review of available software tools, we present a description of pre-experimental and post-experimental metabolite structure generation using MetaSense. These software tools improve upon manual techniques, increasing scientist productivity and enabling efficient handling of large datasets. However, the trend of increasingly large datasets and highly data-driven workflows requires a more sophisticated informatics transition in metabolite identification labs. Experimental work has traditionally been separated from the information technology tools that handle our data. We argue that these IT tools can help scientists draw connections via data visualizations and preserve and share results via searchable centralized databases. In addition, data marshalling and homogenization techniques enable future data mining and machine learning.

Caught Unprepared: Consequences of Getting Full Online During a Pandemic Autori:

Although the concept of remote working is not new, and it has been in use for a while, billions of people and workplaces were caught in surprise during the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to full-scale lockdowns people got stuck with their family members. And in a very short time they were expected to set up home-offices and continue working. Balancing family relations with daily work schedule was hard for many. Drawing on a sample of instructors, this study investigates how people felt and dealt with it. Homogeneous purposive sampling technique was employed. The authors contacted with people from their network and asked them to fill in the online questionnaires. The people contacted also help to reach others in their network and consequently a total of 435 people participated. Most of the sample is comprised of university instructors (44.4%); followed by secondary school (22.8%), primary school (18.6%), and high school teachers (14.3%). We developed a theoretical model based on boundary theory and study the relationships among eWork-Life interferences with technostress and psychological well-being. The results supported our hypotheses and we found that timely IT assistance might decrease the felt technostress. Implications and further study suggestions are made accordingly.

Nanocrytals-Mediated Oral Drug Delivery: Enhanced Bioavailability of Amiodarone.

The aim of this study was to improve the saturation solubility, dissolution profile and oral bioavailability of amiodarone hydrochloride (AMH), a highly lipophilic drug. Stabilizer (Pluronic F-127)-coated AMH nanocrystals (AMH-NCs) were developed by a combination of antisolvent precipitation and homogenization techniques. The optimized formulation comprised pluronic F-127 and AMH at the concentration of 4% and 2% w/v, respectively. The particle size (PS), zeta potential (ZP) and polydispersity index (PDI) of the optimized formulation was found to be 221 ± 1.2 nm, 35.3 mV and 0.333, respectively. The optimized formulation exhibited a rough surface morphology with particles in colloidal dimensions and a significant reduction in crystallinity of the drug. AMH-NCs showed a marked increase in the saturation solubility as well as rapid dissolution rate when compared with the AMH and marketed product. The stability study displayed that the formulation was stable for 3 months, with no significant change in the PS, ZP and PDI. The in vivo pharmacokinetic study demonstrated the ability of AMH-NCs to significantly (p < 0.05) improve the oral bioavailability (2.1-fold) of AMH in comparison with AMH solution, indicating that the production of AMH-NCs using a combination of antisolvent precipitation and homogenization techniques could enhance the bioavailability of the drug.

Development and Modeling of Decision Tree for Survival Data with Multiple Events Using Deviance and Cox-Snell Residuals within Node Homogeneity Technique

It is very common in medical studies for a patient to experience more than one event rather than one of interest. This led to exposing an individual to multiple risks and medical practitioners need to account for these risks concerning some prognostic factors. There are many methods of dealing with multiple events in survival data classically, however, these methods break down when considering the top-down effect of the prognostic factors concurrently and when the risks of events are correlated (competing risks). This study aimed to develop a decision tree using a within-node homogeneity procedure in survival analysis with multiple events to classify individual risks for the competing risks. Since the CART methodology involves recursive portioning of covariates into different subgroups, this study considers the use of Deviance and Modified Cox-Snell residuals as a measure of impurity in the Classification Regression Tree (CART) during the process of partitioning. The flexibility and predictive accuracy of our learning algorithm would then be compared with other existing methods through simulation and the freely available online real-life data. The results of the simulation revealed that: using Deviance and Cox-Snell residuals as a response within the node homogeneity classification tree performs better than using other residuals irrespective of performance indices. Results from empirical studies of the two real-life data that the proposed model with Cox-Snell residual (Deviance=16.6498) performs better than both the Martingale residual (deviance=160.3592) and Deviance residual (Deviance=556.8822). Conclusively, using Cox-Snell residual (Mean Square Error (MSE)=0.01783563) as a measure of impurity in CART revealed improved performance than using any other residual methods (MSE=0.1853148, 0.8043366). This implies that the proposed methods have the capability of accounting for individual effects based on the prognostic biomarkers.

Abstract 1393: A Novel platform providing automated, consistent and gentle cell isolation from tissues for downstream applications

Abstract Tumor biologists have long studied tumor tissue to understand cancer progression and to ultimately treat the disease. The gold standard would be to analyze tumor and immune cells from the same sample, providing purified cells that are interacting within the tumor. Many tissue homogenization techniques have been developed to release cells for downstream analysis, however, an automated and gentle process of purifying multiple cell types from the same processed tissue has remained elusive. The industry-standard workflows, such as centrifugation, have presented long-standing performance issues in terms of low cell recovery and inefficient removal of molecular debris, which often leads to sequencing results that are difficult to interpret. To ensure the quality of sequencing data from tissues, upstream processes need to improve to get the most from the precious patient tissue. Applied Cells has developed an integrated system based on multiple physics principles to achieve cell wash, concentration, and target cell isolation, with high recovery at an unprecedented flow rate. This platform combines tunable, acoustic cell purification and in-flow, column-free immuno-magnetic separation technologies, enabling automation of the entire cell sample preparation workflow for genomics and transcriptomics analysis. By harnessing the power and precision of acoustic cell manipulation, the MARS System can process a variety of samples including dissociated solid tissue in enzymatic buffer with high cell recovery and superior molecular debris removal compared to standard methods. For instance, when purifying leukocytes from a lung cancer biopsy tissue samples, MARS can remove 99.50% debris and 91% of dead cells in one single step, which is supreme than the conventional centrifuge cell wash while having &amp;gt;90% leukocyte recovery at 1mL/min flow rate. The in-flow microfluidics design drastically reduces residual DNA and RNA fragments that are difficult to remove using centrifuge wash methods. Furthermore, the system enables parallel cell purification and concentration for high throughput sample processing. Tumor or TIL cells can be further enriched by means of positive magnetic selection for genomic or cell biology applications. This novel platform allows improved tumor and TIL recovery in a gentle, consistent manner while having minimal interference with downstream applications, all from a single source starting material. Citation Format: Liping Yu. A Novel platform providing automated, consistent and gentle cell isolation from tissues for downstream applications [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1393.

A novel Lower Bound Limit Analysis model with hexahedron elements for the failure analysis of laboratory and thin infill masonry walls in two-way bending

A novel Lower Bound (LB) Limit Analysis (LA) Finite Element (FE) model for the study at failure of laboratory and thin infill masonry walls in two-way bending is presented. In the model, a masonry plate is discretized into infinitely resistant hexahedrons and quadrilateral interfaces where all plastic dissipation occurs. Three internal static variables act on interfaces, namely bending moment, out-of-plane Kirchhoff shear and torque. Equilibrium is imposed on hexahedrons, whereas admissibility is enforced exclusively on interfaces between adjoining elements. The admissibility of the internal actions on masonry interfaces is imposed with a strength domain obtained by means of an already existing LB homogenization technique where joints are reduced to interfaces. The resultant Linear Programming (LP) problem - which allows to estimate collapse loads and distribution of internal actions at collapse - is characterized by a number of variables and constraints relatively limited, which requires little computational burden to be solved through standard interior point LP software. Failure mechanisms are obtained solving the dual LP problem. The procedure is validated against two existing experimental datasets of walls in two-way bending, namely three series of panels with and without perforations tested at collapse at the University of Adelaide Australia and four series of solid and perforated panels tested at the University of Plymouth UK. Comparing the results in terms of collapse loads, active failure mechanisms and distribution of internal actions with both experimental evidence and previously presented numerical models, excellent results are found, an outcome showing the reliability of the procedure proposed.

Luminescence properties, and anti-counterfeiting application of one-dimensional electrospun Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb nanostructures

One-dimensional Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb nanostructures, including nanowires, nanotubes, and wire-in-tube architectures, were fabricated via a simple electrospinning technique using a single-nozzle system. The diameters of Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb nanowires are between 180 and 200 nm. The Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb nanotubes have an outer diameter of 180 nm and a wall thickness of 30–40 nm. In the Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb wire-in-tube architectures, the outer diameter of tubes, wall thickness of tubes, and diameter of wire are 180–190, 25–30, and 30–35 nm, respectively. The electrospinning process's environment humidity considerably influences the one-dimensional Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb nanostructure morphology. Further, the upconversion luminescence properties and temperature sensitivity of the one-dimensional Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb nanostructure were investigated compared with that of the Y2Ti2O7: Ho/Yb bulk prepared via solid-state reactions. Furthermore, to realize their dual-mode anticounterfeiting function, the Y2Ti2O7:Ho/Yb nanotubes were coated with a rare-earth nitrate (RE (NO3)3) using a homogeneous precipitation technique to obtain core-shell structure nanotubes of Y2Ti2O7:1 mol%Ho/20 mol%Yb @ Y2O3:10 mol%Eu.

Multi-scale analysis for transport of fine settling particles through an ice-covered channel in a laminar flow condition

The current research deals with the dispersion of fine settling particles in a fluid flowing through an ice-covered channel under the laminar flow condition. An analytical solution of the two-dimensional convection–diffusion equation, based on the multi-scale homogenization technique, is obtained. To validate the current study, analytical results for the dispersion coefficient are compared with the available earlier research work. Moreover, the proposed analytical solutions for mean concentration distributions of the tracers are compared with the numerical results obtained from the finite difference technique. From the industrial and environmental points of view, the vertical concentration distribution provides a very significant information. The downstream evolution of the concentration distribution also is shown for typical time periods at different values of the settling velocity. The approach to the vertical uniformity shows that it is too slow a process in comparison to that of longitudinal normality. It was found that settling velocities of particles disturb the vertical uniformity and the centroid of the solute cloud rises due to the increase in settling velocity. Results illustrate that in the downstream direction, the vertical concentration distribution increases near the bed surface and it decreases in the proximity of the ice-covered surface of the channel with the increase of settling velocity, but the mean concentration of the solute increases. The current study may play an important role to understand the mechanism of the sedimentation process in a closed channel system.

Sequential enlarging Lu2O3:Eu phosphor mono-spheres into near micro-meter size range by controlled nucleation and growth for attaining optimum photoluminescence properties

Uniform phosphor mono-spheres have received continuously increasing attention owing to their excellent luminescence properties. Submicron/near micron-sized Lu2O3:Eu mono-spheres were successfully prepared by a facile and modified homogeneous precipitation technique from corresponding single-source precursor of Lu(OH)CO3:Eu⋅nH2O, without the assistance of any dispersants. The sizes of the precursor spheres can be tuned in the range of 56–790 nm via controlling the primary particle nucleation and particle growth in the homogeneous precipitation. After calcination at 1000 °C, the synthesized precursor spheres (165–790 nm) were converted to Lu2O3:Eu (110–630 nm) without changing their original spherical shape and excellent dispersion. The particle size-dependent photoluminescence properties of Lu2O3:Eu mono-spheres were investigated in detail. Enhanced photoluminescence intensity, shorter lifetime, higher external quantum efficiency and almost the same CIE chromaticity coordinates were observed for a particle size of 480 nm. Moreover, temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra indicated the obtained phosphor mono-spheres have good thermal stability.

Homogenized models of conduction-advection-radiation heat transfer in porous media

Upscaled models are derived from the periodic homogenization technique for conduction-convection-radiation problem in porous media for the case of an opaque solid and transparent fluid. Thermal radiation at the pore-scale level is first described through a differential view factor between elementary surfaces. Such heat transfer mode is coupled with the conduction-convection mechanisms by a radiative flux in the fluid phase and a jump of conductive fluxes at the solid/fluid interface. In the framework of the periodic homogenization procedure, a macroscopic model is built with upscaled effective coefficients. Both cases of closed and open pores are studied. In the second case the radiative transfer cannot be restricted to the central unit cell. The radiation at the macroscale only affects the effective conductivity. The validity of the approach is illustrated by some simple examples. The main objective of this work is to establish the macroscopic equation form of the conduction-convection-radiation problem and to understand how the radiation affects the macroscopic behavior.

Thermoelastic wave propagation damping in a hollow FG-GPLRC cylinder with the spinning motion

This analysis deals with generalized thermoelasticity via Lord–Shulman’s theory for hollow cylinders reinforced with graphene platelets (GPL). The viscosity effect is also considered for applied materials. The second-order correlation homogenization techniques are utilized to obtain the equivalent thermo-mechanical properties. The hollow cylinder with spinning motion is modeled based on the linear thermoelastic constitutive law. The GPLs are functionally distributed along the cylinder’s radius based upon a power-law function. The Kelvin–Voigt type of viscosity behavior which is a differential state of viscous materials, is employed. The energy equation is attained based on the coupled and generalized framework. After obtaining the motion and energy equations in dimensionless form, the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) and Newmark time marching methods are implemented to extract the temporal evolution and wave propagation of temperature, displacement, and stresses that occurred in the structure. After validating the responses with the available theoretical article, some numerical results are demonstrated to examine the effect of thermo-mechanical properties on the thermoelastic behavior of chosen nanocomposite cylinder.

Altered Brain Activity in Strabismic Amblyopic Children as Determined by Regional Homogeneity: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

ObjectiveEarlier research has determined that amblyopia or strabismus may cause remarkable brain anatomical and functional variations. Nonetheless, thus far, the spontaneous changes in brain activity in children with strabismus amblyopia (SA) remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between abnormal brain activity in children with SA and its behavioral manifestations.Patients and Methods?A total of 24 children with SA (10 male and 14 female children) as well as 24 healthy controls (HCs), including 10 male and 14 female children were closely matched in sex and age, and examined using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The regional homogeneity (ReHo) technique was applied to evaluate spontaneous cerebral activity variations in children with SA and HCs. Moreover, associations between altered ReHo values in distinct cerebral areas and the degree of strabismus were assessed using Pearson correlation analysis.ResultsRemarkably increased ReHo values were observed in the right lingual, right superior frontal medial, bilateral superior parietal, and right inferior parietal gyri of children with SA compared with HCs. In contrast, mean ReHo values in children with SA were lower in the right cerebellum, left superior frontal gyrus, and left putamen nucleus. Furthermore, esotropia showed a positive correlation with ReHo values of the left putamen.ConclusionThe anomalous spontaneous activity changes in several brain areas that are caused by SA may indicate neuropathologic mechanisms of visual deficits and oculomotor disorders in children with SA.