Homogeneous Phase Research Articles

First-order QCD transition in a primordial magnetic field

Recalling the expectation of an extremely strong primordial magnetic field $H$, we recheck transitions among the phases of chiral symmetry restoration ($\chi SR$), chiral symmetry breaking ($\chi SB$), and pion superfluidity ($\pi SF$)in the QCD epoch of the early Universe. For homogeneous phases in a finite $H$, a sensible scheme is adopted to determine the phase boundaries of $\pi SF$, which is also superconductivity phase itself. In the first part, the QCD phase diagrams are studied in detail within the chiral effective Polyakov-Nambu--Jona-Lasinio model and the transitions involving $\pi SF$ are found to be of first order at relatively small $H$. As expected from the Meissner effect, the regime of $\pi SF$ shrinks with increasing $H$ and completely vanishes beyond a threshold value. In the second part, the bubble dynamics is illuminated for the stronger first-order transition, $\chi SR\rightarrow\pi SF$, in the more convenient Polyakov-quark-meson model. The coupled equations of motion of pion condensate and magnetic field are solved consistently to give the bubble structure. Then, based on bubble collisions, we explore gravitational wave (GW) emission by developing a simple toy model in advance; and the characteristic frequency of the relic GW is estimated to be of the order $0.1-1\,{\rm K}$ or $10^9-10^{10}\,{\rm Hz}$ in our galaxy.

Supercritical Hydrothermal Reactions for Material Synthesis

Abstract Since the early 1990s, Adschiri and his colleagues have performed research on the use of supercritical water in diverse applications, including heavy oil reforming, waste polymer decomposition and chemical raw materials recovery, cellulose hydrolysis and sugar recovery, lignin decomposition and chemical raw materials recovery, and nanoparticle synthesis. Regarding inorganic materials synthesis, they invented supercritical hydrothermal synthesis for the continuous flow synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles, which has already found worldwide industrial applications. They proposed a two-fluid mixing flow system where an aqueous metal salt solution is mixed with supercritical water to heat the solution to the supercritical state within a very short time, that is not attainable by conventional reactor systems. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoparticles synthesis was demonstrated in the supercritical state, realizing homogeneous phase formation of organic molecules at high loadings. By optimizing the reaction conditions, small facet-controlled nanoparticles with narrow particle size distribution can be obtained. Organic modification of nanoparticles is shown to be effective for fabricating highly concentrated nanohybrid polymers or nano inks. Furthermore, these synthesized facet-controlled nanoparticles show high catalytic activities. Indeed, it is demonstrated that steam reforming of heavy oils or biomass wastes (black liquor) can occur in water even at low temperatures.

Photocatalytic reduction of methylene blue induced by a commercial titanium precursor in homogeneous phase

This work evaluates the photocatalytic activity of titanium(IV) bis(ammonium lactate) dihydroxide (TiBALDH), an inexpensive commercial precursor and potential alternative to TiO2 nanostructures in heterogeneous photocatalysis, to reduce methylene blue in an aqueous medium. Results show that the titanium precursor without further preparation (other than dilution) shows a high activity for degrading the dye within a few seconds, even at 0.5 mM. The photocatalytic activity is dependent on the concentration, type of radiation, and pH, suggesting the presence of two main concentration-dependent photoreactive species, most likely oxoclusters. Additionally, the homogeneous system is not limited by adsorption processes, as is the case in heterogeneous systems with TiO2 nanoparticles, and it offers greater reusability while avoiding catalyst poisoning. This approach shows the potential for efficient advanced oxidation processes in homogeneous solutions by exploiting the chemical equilibrium of titanium lactate complexes in aqueous solution.

Peroxymonosulfate activation by Co3O4 coatings for imidacloprid degradation in a continuous flow-cell reactor under simulated solar irradiation

In this work, a Co3O4 coating prepared by precipitation and vacuum filtration was applied to photoactivate peroxymonosulfate (PMS), for the degradation of imidacloprid (IMD) under continuous-flow conditions. The effects of PMS concentration, flow rate, and type of irradiation were evaluated. Under optimal conditions (0.2 gPMS L−1, 0.1 mL min−1, and simulated solar irradiation), 99% IMD photodegradation was achieved after 2 h of operation. The outstanding performance of the Co3O4/PMS/solar irradiation process was attributed to the synergistic activation of PMS by Co2+ and Co3+ species in the Co3O4 catalyst and the UV component of solar irradiation, in either the homogeneous phase or following the adsorption of PMS onto Co3O4. Quenching experiments revealed that sulfate and superoxide radicals, as well as singlet oxygen, were the main active species responsible for IMD oxidation. Measurements using HPLC-high resolution mass spectrometry enabled the identification of eight intermediate products, allowing the proposal of a degradation pathway. The combination of solar light, Co3O4, and PMS is a simple and low-cost approach with the potential to treat effluents containing harmful pollutants.

Development of homogeneous dispersive solid phase extraction using albumin as a green sorbent and its combination with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction: application in extraction of pesticides from fruit juices.

In the current study, salt- and pH-induced homogeneous dispersive solid phase extraction was developed using albumin as a sorbent for the extraction of some pesticides (diazinon, diniconazole, haloxyfop-R-methyl, and hexaconazole) from fruit juice of orange, pomegranate, and barberry. The extracted analytes were more concentrated by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction to obtain high enrichment factors and low detection limits prior to their determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In the extraction process, human serum albumin solution was added to the sample solution at the μL-level and a homogeneous solution was obtained. Then, albumin was precipitated into the solution by adding an inorganic salt and decreasing the solution pH. By doing so, the analytes were adsorbed by albumin effectively due to their high adsorption capacity and large surface area. Following this, the pesticides were eluted from the albumin sorbent using an elution solvent and used in a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction step. Under the optimum extraction conditions, low limits of detection and quantification were achieved in the ranges of 0.02-0.04 and 0.07-0.13 ng mL-1, respectively. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.13-250 ng mL-1. Relative standard deviation as a criterion for precision and the method repeatability were in the ranges of 2.9-4.2% for intra- (n = 5, C = 5 or 50 ng mL-1) and 3.2-5.2% for inter-day (n = 5, 50 ng mL-1) precisions. The enrichment factors and extraction recoveries were in the ranges of 390-460 and 78-92%, respectively. Finally, the offered procedure was applied for the analysis of pesticide residues in some fruit juice samples.

Numerical simulation of the dolomite in-situ desulfurization in molten iron

With the growing need for high-quality steel, the requirement for efficient deep desulfurization technologies is growing, and lots of research have be conducted. The desulfurization in hot iron with Mg produced in situ by the aluminothermic reduction of decomposed dolomite was simulated. The magnesium generated at the molten matte-slag interface is dissolved in the molten iron and desulfurizing while spread downwards The process has been studied by experiment and computational fluid dynamics simulation. Some analysis and assumptions were made for the simulation conditions and the simulated data are in good agreement with the experimental results. The rate of desulfurization depended mainly on the reaction rate and is almost independent of the rate of diffusion of Al, S and Mg according to the results. Under the present experimental conditions, the desulfurization rate increased with the increase in temperature and the amount of reactants. However, the effect is not obvious when the temperature is higher than 1623K. The adjustment in diffusion coefficient has minimal influence on the desulfurization efficiency. The desulfurization reaction is mainly in the homogeneous phase, and the proportion of magnesium bubble desulfurization could be ignored when the temperature is between 1523 K–1723 K.

Evaluation of the catalytic activity of Zn-MOF-74 for the alcoholysis of cyclohexene oxide.

In the present work, nanocrystalline Zn-MOF-74 is shown to be a heterogeneous catalyst for the acid-catalyzed ring-opening alcoholysis of cyclohexene oxide. The results corroborated that accessible open metal sites within the material are critical conditions (Zn(ii) Lewis acid sites) for this reaction. Zn-MOF-74 was tested at three different temperatures (30, 40, and 50 °C) for the alcoholysis reaction. Furthermore, the cyclohexene oxide conversion was 94% in less than two days. A comparison of the catalytic activity with different crystal sizes of Zn-MOF-74 and the homogenous phase, zinc acetate, was conducted. Zn-MOF-74 exhibited excellent catalytic cyclability for three cycles without losing its activity. The material showed chemical stability by retaining its crystalline structure after the reaction and cyclability process.

Stability of Co-amorphous Solid Dispersions: Physical and Chemical Aspects

Drug amorphization is one of the major approaches in pharmaceutical sciences to improve the solubility and dissolution rate of poorly water-soluble drugs. Amorphous solid dispersions are widely discussed approach to convert the drug into an amorphous state but due to its high energy state, the system tends to recrystallize upon storage. Co-amorphous system is a single-phase low energy system that falls under the glass solution, a type of solid dispersion. Being low-energy state and single-phase, co-amorphous dispersions are more stable than amorphous solid dispersions. In co-amorphous dispersions, the homogeneous single phase is formed only with low molecular weight co-formers, so the amount of co-former required is relatively low and this reduces the bulk of the system. This aspect of co-amorphous dispersions makes it popular over the amorphous solid dispersions in the area of solid dispersion researchers. This review provides an overview of co-amorphous dispersions and their recent advances. Particularly, this review will discuss various factors (physical and chemical) that affect and provide the stability of the co-amorphous dispersions formulation.

Metal-Sulfide Liquation Of Ore-Forming Melt In The Fe–Fe(NiCu)S–C System And Its Role In The Genesis Of Magmatic Sulfide Deposits In The Norilsky Region (By Experimental And Geological Data)

The results of an experimental study of the melting of a graphite-saturated Fe–Fe(CuNi)S–C system at 0.5 GPa and 1150–1250°С with the addition of impurity elements Ag, Au, Re, Pt, Pd, and Rh are presented. The quenched sulfide melt forms the matrix of the sample, at 1150–1200°С it is represented by the FeNiS pyrrhotite phase (Mss) with inclusions of the FeCuS phase (Iss) anomalously enriched in Cu. At 1250°С, the sulfide melt is quenched in the form of a homogeneous pyrrhotite Ms phase of the Fe(CuNi)S composition. The change in the Ms composition of the quenched sulfide melt by the two-phase Mss + Iss association is considered as evidence of the existence of supra-liquidus Mss and Iss stratification of the sulfide Fe–Ni–Cu melt in the range of 1150–1250°С. As a result of fractionation of elements between immiscible Fe-sulfide (Ms) and Fe-metal (Mc) melts, Fe, Ni, Pt, Re, Au are predominantly concentrated in the metal melt, while Cu, Ag are concentrated in the sulfide melt. The role of the supra-liquidus Mss–Iss liquation in the genesis of sulfide mineralization of the deposits of the Talnakh ore cluster, including pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite "drops" in picritic gabbro-dolerites, as well as pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite types of ores of zonal sulfide deposits, is discussed. The role of Ms and Mc separation of the Fe-sulfide melt during carbon contamination in the Cu–Pd specialization of magmatic sulfide deposits of the Norilsk region is considered.

Formation of LiNbO3 Nanocrystals Using the Solvothermal Method

The optimization of the parameters of the solvothermal synthesis of lithium niobate (LiNbO3, LN) nanocrystals from Nb2O5 and LiOH was performed. The effects of polyol media, reaction time and Li excess of the starting reagents were investigated. According to the X-ray diffraction phase analysis, Li3NbO4 and Nb2O5 were also detected besides the LN phase in many samples depending on the ratio of the starting components and the reaction time. The best yield and the most homogeneous LN phase was prepared by using diethylene glycol medium with a Li/Nb ratio of 1.5 and a 72 h reaction time. The size and the shape of the LN particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The particle size distribution was narrow and under 100 nm for all cases.

Phase Modulated Frequency Shifted Digital Holographic Vibrometry with Enhanced Robustness

We report experimental results of a frequency shifted digital holography setup for spatially resolved vibrometry. A spatially homogeneous artificial phase modulation is used as a reference to correct for speckle noise. Furthermore, when superimposed upon the object vibration with slightly different frequency, the resulting beat can be evaluated. The beat frequency is invariant under relative motion between the object and interferometer, providing robustness in presence of parasitic low-frequency vibrations. In addition, the ’working point’ is raised out of the noise floor, providing the opportunity to enhance the sensitivity at small vibration displacements. The method is demonstrated by measurements on a vibrating clarinet reed.

Characterisation and microbial activity of neem oil nano-emulsions formulated by phase inversion temperature method

This study has been carried out to prepare neem oil-in-water nano-emulsions stabilized by Brij 30 surfactant using the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method at three different temperatures, i.e., 60, 75 and 80°C. Compositions of homogenous phase have been identified in the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. Among the total seventeen formulations, three formulations (NB1, NB2 and NB3) have been short-listed and characterized for emulsion size and viscosity. The selected formulations have shown emulsion size of 348-981 nm in diameter. The volume percentage ratio of Brij 30 to neem oil have shown significant effect on the droplet size of nano-emulsions. Formulations having lower concentration of Brij 30 have displayed a smaller emulsion droplet size (348 nm). The NB3 formulation (4% neem oil, 11% Brij 30 and 85% deionized water) has exhibited the highest stability after 60 days of storage. Antimicrobial study has shown that in contrast to raw neem and Ampicillin (synthetic drug), NB1 exhibited best result in terms of minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) reduction by 100% against E-coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and S. pyogenus.

Multi-scale molecular simulation of random peptide phase separation and its extended-to-compact structure transition driven by hydrophobic interactions.

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) often undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and form membraneless organelles or protein condensates. One of the core problems is how do electrostatic repulsion and hydrophobic interactions in peptides regulate the phase separation process? To answer this question, this study uses random peptides composed of positively charged arginine (Arg, R) and hydrophobic isoleucine (Ile, I) as the model systems, and conduct large-scale simulations using all atom and coarse-grained model multi-scale simulation methods. In this article, we investigate the phase separation of different sequences using a coarse-grained model. It is found that the stronger the electrostatic repulsion in the system, the more extended the single-chain structure, and the more likely the system forms a low-density homogeneous phase. In contrast, the stronger the hydrophobic effect of the system, the more compact the single-chain structure, the easier phase separation, and the higher the critical temperature of phase separation. Overall, by taking the random polypeptides composed of two types of amino acid residues as model systems, this study discusses the relationship between the protein sequence and phase behaviour, and provides theoretical insights into the interactions within or between proteins. It is expected to provide essential physical information for the sequence design of functional IDPs, as well as data to support the diagnosis and treatment of the LLPS-associated diseases.

In situ experimental observation and determination of speciation in phase-separated mixtures of aqueous uranyl sulfate and sulfuric acid under hydrothermal conditions by Raman spectroscopy

Liquid-liquid phase-separated aqueous solutions of [UO2SO4 + H2SO4] were investigated by quantitative Raman methods at temperatures from 300 to 425 °C and 25 MPa, using quartz-capillary optical cells. UO2SO4 concentrations ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 mol·kg-1, and the ratio of SO4/U was varied from 1 to 3.5 by the addition of sulfuric acid. Phase transition temperatures were determined by direct visual observation. The Raman spectra of the homogeneous phase solutions, at temperatures just below the lower critical solution temperature, were used as an external standard to quantify the concentrations of the species present in each of the phase-separated solutions. Deconvolution of the Raman spectra in both the dense and dilute aqueous phases showed that the uranyl ion is completely associated into the complexes UO2SO40(aq) and UO2(SO4)22−(aq). UO2SO40(aq) is the dominant species at 350 °C, and its relative concentration increases further upon heating. HSO4−(aq) was found to exist in appreciable concentrations in the dense phase only at t ≥ 400 °C. The concentration of HSO4−(aq) in the dilute phase is significant at 350 °C and increases above 375 °C. Raising the temperature to 400 °C resulted in no detectable concentration of uranium or sulfate species in the dilute phase. A solid phase formed inside the uranium-rich phase of solutions of UO2SO4 without added sulfuric acid, and is presumed to be UO3·H2O(s).

Effect of preliminary high-energy ball milling on the structural-phase state and microhardness of Ni3Al samples obtained by spark plasma sintering

The study of the influence of the duration of preliminary high-energy ball milling on the features of the structural-phase state and the level of microhardness of consolidated Ni3Al samples obtained by the method of spark plasma sintering has been carried out. It was found that the inhomogeneous state of the precursor from the 3Ni-Al powder mixture in the case of preliminary ball milling of a short duration (1 min) is a cause of the formation of an inhomogeneous structural-phase state of the consolidated Ni3Al sample. An increase in the duration of high-energy ball milling provides a homogeneous phase composition, promotes the refinement of the grain structure and an increase in the microhardness values of the obtained Ni3Al samples. The main factors determining the processes of structural-phase transformation during the formation of Ni3Al under the conditions of spark plasma sintering, depending on the preliminary high-energy ball milling, are revealed. It is shown that grain boundary strengthening is the one of the effective mechanisms for increasing the strength of the material under study.

Tunable Enzyme-Assisted Mineralization of Apatitic Calcium Phosphate by Homogeneous Catalysis

While it has long been mimicked by simple precipitation reactions under biologically relevant conditions, calcium phosphate biomineralization is a complex process, which is highly regulated by physicochemical factors and involves a variety of proteins and other biomolecules. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in particular, is a conductor of sorts, directly regulating the amount of orthophosphate ions available for mineralization. Herein, we explore enzyme-assisted mineralization in the homogeneous phase as a method for biomimetic mineralization and focus on how relevant ionic substitution types affect the obtained minerals. For this purpose, mineralization is performed over a range of enzyme substrate concentrations and fluoride concentrations at physiologically relevant conditions (pH 7.4, T = 37 °C). Refinement of X-ray diffraction data is used to study the crystallographic unit cell parameters for evidence of ionic substitution in the lattice, and infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) are used for complementary information regarding the chemical composition of the minerals. The results show the formation of substituted hydroxyapatite (HAP) after 48 h mineralization in all conditions. Interestingly, an expansion of the crystalline unit cell with an increasing concentration of the enzyme substrate is observed, with only slight changes in the particle morphology. On the contrary, by increasing the amount of fluoride, while keeping the enzyme substrate concentration unchanged, a contraction of the crystalline unit cell and the formation of elongated, well-crystallized rods are observed. Complementary IR and XPS data indicate that these trends are explained by the incorporation of substituted ions, namely CO32- and F-, in the HAP lattice at different positions.

Inhomogeneous Phase Significantly Reduces Oral Bioavailability of Felodipine/PVPVA Amorphous Solid Dispersion.

Inhomogeneity is a key factor that significantly influences the dissolution behavior of amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). However, the underlying mechanisms of the effects of inhomogeneous phase on the dissolution characteristics as well as the bioavailability of ASDs are still unclear. In this study, two types of felodipine/PVPVA based ASDs with 30 wt % drug loading but different homogeneity were prepared: homogeneous "30 wt % ASD" prepared by spray drying, as well as inhomogeneous "30 wt % PM" prepared by physically mixing the sprayed dried 70 wt % ASD with PVPVA. We aimed to investigate (1) drug-polymer interaction mechanism and "apparent" interaction strength within the two ASDs and (2) dissolution mechanism as well as in vivo performance of the two ASDs. DSC thermogram revealing a single Tg in 30 wt % ASD confirmed its homogeneous phase. 1H NMR, FT-IR, and DVS studies collectively proved that strong hydrogen bonding interactions formed between felodipine and PVPVA in ASDs. Moreover, homogeneous "30 wt % ASD" has more numbers of interacting drug-polymer pairs, and thus exhibits stronger "apparent" interaction strength comparing with that of inhomogeneous "30 wt % PM". Unexpectedly,in the in vitro dissolution studies, inhomogeneous "30 wt % PM" showed much faster dissolution and also generated drug concentration ∼4.4 times higher than that of homogeneous "30 wt % ASD". However, drug precipitate recrystallized much slower in homogeneous "30 wt % ASD", presumably because much more polymer coprecipitated with amorphous drug in this system, which helps inhibiting drug crystallization. Surprisingly, homogeneous "30 wt % ASD" showed a significantly higher bioavailability in the in vivo pharmacokinetic studies, with the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) and the area under the curve (AUC) values of about 2.7 and 2.3 times higher than those of inhomogeneous "30 wt % PM". The above findings indicated that the amorphous state of drug precipitate contributes significantly to increase bioavailability of ASDs, while traditional in vitro dissolution studies, for instance, if we only compare the dissolved drug in solution or the capability of an ASD to generate supersaturation, are inadequate to predict in vivo performance of ASDs. In conclusion, the phase behavior of ASDs directly impact the formation of drug-polymer interaction, which controls not only drug supersaturation in solution but also drug crystallization in precipitate, and ultimately affect the in vivo performance of ASDs.

Copper(I)-Catalyzed Late-Stage Introduction of Oxime Ethers into Peptides at the Carboxylic Acid Site

We have developed a method of introducing biological oxime ether fragments into peptides by CuI-catalyzed late-stage modification and functionalization of peptides, utilizing their acid moiety and varied 2H-azirines. As a result of its mild conditions, high atom economy, moderate yield, and excellent functional-group tolerance, the method can provide access to late-stage peptide modification and functionalization at their acid sites both in the homogeneous phase and on resins in SPPS, providing a new tool kit for peptide functionalization, diversification, and fluorescent labeling.

Effect of Fluoride Ions on the Surface Dissolution of Vanadium-Bearing Biotite

In shale vanadium ore, vanadium is mainly formed as a low-V(III) homogeneous phase to partially replace Si and exists in the lattice structure of aluminosilicate minerals such as biotite. During the acid leaching of shale vanadium ore, an activator is needed to effectively extract vanadium. Using biotite as a tetrahedral structure doped with Aluminum-Silicon tetrahedron structure, the interaction between leaching-agent ions (H+), activator ions (F−), and vanadium-containing biotite surface was discussed by DFT quantum chemical calculations. The dissolution behavior of activator fluoride ions on the surface of vanadium-bearing biotite during sulfuric acid leaching was revealed. According to the simulated leaching results, the oxygen on the biotite surface first absorbed hydrogen ions to undergo complete hydroxylation, and then combined with hydrogen ions to form water molecules. However, in the presence of activator (NaF), fluoride ions were adsorbed on the surface cations, which catalyzed the formation of water molecules and promoted the dissolution of surface cations. SEM–EDS analysis showed that the surface of vanadium-bearing minerals became very irregular, and the number of voids and cracks greatly increased. At the same time, XPS showed that the addition of activator fluoride ions destroyed the Al-O tetrahedron structure. Many Al and V atoms dissolved in the solution, which improved the leaching rate of vanadium.

A study on sensitivity improvement of indirect-type X-ray detectors using a ternary-blend organic active layer

The aims of this study is to improve the sensitivity of indirect X-ray detectors by investigating the properties and application of ternary-blended organic active layers. The ternary-blended active layers studied were composed of conjugated polymer PBDB-T-2F as the donor (D1), non-fullerene Y6 as the first acceptor (A1) and ITIC-4F as the second acceptor (A2). The structural similarity between the two acceptors allows the advantage formation of a homogeneous acceptor phase and results in good film morphology. Another advantage of our approach is the electrical and optical characteristics of the active layer can be modulated based on the mixing ratio of the two acceptors. To find the optimal ternary blending, the content of D1 was fixed while the A1:A2 content ratio was adjusted. The CsI (Tl) scintillator-coupled detector with an active layer of PBDB-T-2F:Y6:ITIC-4F = 1.0:0.6:0.4 achieved the highest sensitivity of 4.27 × 10 3 μC∙Gy air −1 ∙cm −2 giving respective improvements of 27.10% and 43.92% compared to binary-blend PBDB-T-2F:Y6 = 1:1 and PBDB-T-2F:ITIC-4F = 1:1. Next, the active layer's spin-coating conditions and the bias conditions were examined to further improve the sensitivity of the detector. Finally, the detector with a PBDB-T-2F:Y6:ITIC-4F = 1.0:0.6:0.4 active layer was shown to have the highest sensitivity of 5.42 × 10 3 μC∙Gy air −1 cm −2 at a bias of – 1.6 V with a 97 ± 2 nm thick active layer. The aims of this study are to improve the sensitivity of indirect X-ray detectors by investigating the properties of ternary-blended organic active layers. The structural similarity between the two acceptors allows the advantage formation of a homogeneous acceptor phase and results in good film morphology. Another advantage of our approach is the electrical and optical characteristics of the active layer can be modulated based on the mixing ratio of the two acceptors. The CsI (Tl) scintillator-coupled detector with ternary-blended active layer giving respective improvements of 27.10% and 43.92% compared to binary-blended active layer. • To improve the sensitivity of the X-ray detector, a ternary-blend strategy was applied to the organic active layer. • The X-ray detector using ternary-blended active layer shown 27.10% and 43.92% higher sensitivity compared to their respective binary combinations (PBDB-T-2F:Y6 and PBDB-T-2F:ITIC-4F). • The indirect-type X-ray detector using PBDB-T-2F:Y6:ITIC-4F = 1.0:0.6:0.4 ternary-blended active layer was achieved a high sensitivity of 5.42 × 10 3 μC∙Gy air −1 ∙cm −2 .