Homogeneous Nano Research Articles

Laser re-melting of modified multimodal Cr3C2–NiCr coatings by HVOF: Effect on the microstructure and anticorrosion properties

Abstract Modified multimodal (MMP) Cr3C2–NiCr coatings were fabricated by high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying deposited on a CuCrZr alloy substrate. However, due to the lack of its inevitable porosity, an additional laser re-melting (LRM) approach is highly required to improve the coating performance. Therefore, the LRM technique is employed in this study to improve the microstructure properties of an MMP Cr3C2–NiCr coating by HVOF. Solid-state phase transformation from Cr3C2 to Cr7C3 occurred during the LRM process. After the LRM process, the coating exhibits the presence of Cr3C2 nanoparticles that serve as reinforcement. These nanoparticles demonstrate minimal lattice misfit and exhibit high stability throughout the LRM process. The surface of the coating undergoes modification, resulting in the formation of homogeneous nano (20–130 nm), micron (150 nm to 0.3 μm), and submicron (2–3 μm) Cr3C2 structures, along with high-density microstructures, after the LRM process. Nano-Cr3C2 particle reinforced with high total work function and incredibly increased corrosion rate significantly improves coating corrosion resistance. Overall, porosity decreased from 3.9% of the HVOF coating to 0.3% of the LRM. As a result, the current density of anticorrosion decreased from 33.7 to 4.35 µA·cm−2, and the Vickers microhardness average values ranged from 1,050 to 1,300 HV0.3, indicating improved microstructure development and related properties.

Preparation and Characterization of Silver Nanoparticles by Chemical Method for Modification with Polyvinyl Chloride Electro Spun Nanofibers

In this study, a chemical procedure was used to produce nano-silver particles (reduction method). At different molar concentrations, reactive substances including sodium citrate and silver nitrate were employed. A smaller average size is produced by mixing (sodium citrate: silver nitrate) at an optimal molar concentration of (1:20). To determine the Zeta Potential and (PDI) of the generated silver nanoparticles, the (DLS) Zetazaser instrument was employed. To examine the structural and component of produced silver nanoparticles, X-ray diffraction and EDX techniques are applied. The outcomes showed that this approach generated stable, homogenous nano silver particles with an average size of 58 nm and a PDI factor of 0.055. The electrospinning process was used to create different nano-fiber diameters of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) nanofibers reinforced with silver nanoparticles from solution under strict working conditions, including solution parameters (viscosity, temperature). Gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms were used to test the antibacterial activity of tissue generated with silver nanoparticles. According to the findings, both species of bacteria were effectively suppressed to a degree of 99.99 percent by the tissue that was created.

Growing and making nano- and microcrystals.

Thanks to recent technological advances in X-ray and micro-electron diffraction and solid-state NMR, structural information can be obtained by using much smaller crystals. Thus, microcrystals have become a valuable commodity rather than a mere stepping stone toward obtaining macroscopic crystals. Microcrystals are particularly useful for structure determination using serial data collection approaches at synchrotrons and X-ray free-electron lasers. The latter's enormous peak brilliance and short X-ray pulse duration mean that structural information can be obtained before the effects of radiation damage are seen; these properties also facilitate time-resolved crystallography. To establish defined reaction initiation conditions, microcrystals with a desired and narrow size distribution are critical. Here, we describe milling and seeding techniques as well as filtration approaches for the reproducible and size-adjustable preparation of homogeneous nano- and microcrystals. Nanocrystals and crystal seeds can be obtained by milling using zirconium beads and the BeadBug homogenizer; fragmentation of large crystals yields micro- or nanocrystals by flowing crystals through stainless steel filters by using an HPLC pump. The approaches can be scaled to generate micro- to milliliter quantities of microcrystals, starting from macroscopic crystals. The procedure typically takes 3-5 d, including the time required to grow the microcrystals.

Improving the Thermal Insulating Properties of (Epoxy - Walnut Shells) Nano Composites

In this paper, composites of epoxy resin reinforced with walnut husk powder with a granular size (80 nm) were prepared, where the resin was mixed with percentages (1- 4) % by weight. Liquid mixing method and ultrasonic dispersion technique were used for the purpose of obtaining homogeneous nano composites. Thermal insulation tests were carried out using the TCI-MATHIS thermal analysis technique. The practical results showed a significant improvement in the thermal insulation values from (4 to 10) m.K/W. Any penny more than (50%) improved.

Improved mathematical model of apparent permeability: A focused study on free and multilayer adsorptive phase flow

Apparent permeability is the quantification of gas transport in confined pore, which includes the pressure gradient-driven continuous flow (slip flow), the concentration gradient-driven molecular diffusion (Fick's diffusion, Knudsen diffusion) and the chemical gradient-driven surface diffusion. Molecular diffusion of free/adsorbed gas plays an important role in gas transfer, especially in nanopores. Most existing apparent permeability models simply define free gas diffusion as Knudsen diffusion, and surface diffusion as the diffusion of monolayer adsorbed molecules. However, the pore scale-dependent Knudsen diffusion, the molecular diffusion of free gas also includes the pore scale-independent Fick's diffusion. In addition, the empirical formula of surface diffusion coefficient derived from plug core diffusion experiment should be used cautiously, because there are other diffusion regimes involved in the diffusion process in multi-scale pores. In this work, the diffusion mechanisms of adsorbed/free gas were classified. A supercritical multilayer adsorption (SC-DA) model was obtained by fitting the adsorption data of homogeneous nano activated carbon, and the adsorption effect was applied to pore aperture change and surface diffusion, which is suitable for single/multilayer adsorption. Applying the improved surface diffusion flow and free gas diffusion flow into gas transport, a unified mathematical transport model was presented, from which the apparent permeability model was derived. Later, the improved model was verified using the experimental data from the micro-flow permeability of the nanofilms with regular size. Furthermore, the influence of each flow mechanism in nanopores was calculated and compared. The results showed that the gas transport in nanopores is dominated by molecular diffusion, but the contribution of surface diffusion in gas transfer is exaggerated if its diffusion coefficient is not chosen properly.

3D printed concentrated alginate/GelMA hollow-fibers-packed scaffolds with nano apatite coatings for bone tissue engineering

Three-dimensional grafts/scaffolds with hierarchically biomimetic features from nano to macro scale and high porosity are required for bone tissue engineering. In this study, biomimetic organic/inorganic composite scaffolds with high porosity (78.7 ± 3.2%) and features from nano (nano apatite coatings) to macro (macro pores and hollow channels) scale were fabricated based on highly concentrated alginate/GelMA bioinks via co-axial 3D printing and in situ mineralization under mild conditions. Nano apatites were coated on both inner and outer surfaces of the hollow fiber scaffolds, homogeneously. Proteins were directly loaded in the bioinks achieving sustained release from the scaffolds over 28 days. The in vitro cell experiments showed that the scaffolds with good biocompatibility could support cells adhesion and proliferation. The nano apatite coatings presented remarkable osteogenic capability. The in vivo study indicated that the hollow fiber scaffolds with biomimetic nano apatite coatings showed the capability to enhance bone formation after 12 weeks of implantation. In conclusion, the prepared biomimetic organic/inorganic scaffolds with homogeneous nano apatite coatings and hollow channels structures might be potential candidates for bone tissue engineering.

Pulse Laser Deposition of HfO2 Nanoporous-Like Structure, Physical Properties for Device Fabrication

The pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technology was used to effectively create conductive nano and micro hafnium oxide with great purity and transparency for (HfO2) nanofilms. In many optoelectronics devices and their applications, the presence of a high dielectric substance like a nano HfO2, between the metal contacts and the substrates was critical. We used the Pulsed Laser Deposition method to fabricate an Al/HfO2/p-Si Schottky barrier diode where the nanostructured HfO2 films as an intermediate layer and varied substrate temperatures. The optical result reveals a high degree of transparency (93%). The optical bandgap of deposited HfO2 films was observed to vary between 4.9 and 5.3 eV, with a value of roughly 5.3 eV at the optimal preparation condition. The morphology of the surface shows a high homogeneous nano structure with the average values of the roughness about (0.3 nm). With regard to substrate temperature, the produced factor ideality for fabricated diode was determined to be lowering and the associated values of the barrier height rose based on I-V characterization. With regard to substrate temperature, the produced factor ideality for fabricated diode was determined to be lowering and the associated values of the barrier height rose based on I-V characterization. The diode manufactured at 600°C, in particular, had a higher ideality factor value (n = 3.2).

Stability and activity controls of Cu nanoparticles for high-performance solid oxide fuel cells

Cu-based electrodes could advance solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) technology due to good electric conductivity and relatively high electrochemical activity among transition metals. However, one of the main challenges for designing anode materials is thermal stability in SOFC operation condition. Herein, a promising anode material decorated with Cu nanoparticles (NPs) was synthesized via in-situ exsolution from La0.43Sr0.37Cu0.12Ti0.88O3-δ (LSCuT) perovskite. Compared to infiltration process, Cu NPs prepared by in-situ exsolution displayed homogeneous nano size distribution on the substrate and excellent thermal stability at 600 °C in H2 atmosphere, for ∼50 h. In addition, we employed electrochemical reduction (ER) at 2.3 V for a few seconds to demonstrate that NPs can be rapidly grown, and the substrate reduced. A single cell with LSCuT anode (10 μm)||ScSZ electrolyte (90 μm) ||LSM-ScSZ cathode (20 μm) exhibits maximum power density of 1.38 Wcm−2 at 900 °C under wet H2. The present study provides possibility of a broad application of thermally stable Cu-based electrodes.

LONG CHAIN POLYMERIC CARBOHYDRATE DEPENDENT NANOCOMPOSITES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING

The use of nanomedicine has increased enormously, especially in the field of gene delivery and targeted drug delivery. The objective of current review to identify long-chain polymeric carbohydrate dependent nano-composites in tissue engineering such Gellan gum incorporated TiO2 nanotubes, Poly(vinyl) alcohol-gellan gum-based nanofiber, Cross-linked gellan/PVA nanofibers, Nanocellulose reinforced gellan-gum hydrogels, Dextran and sol-gel derived bioactive glass-ceramic nanoparticles, Aminated β-Cyclodextrin-Modified-Carboxylated Magnetic Cobalt/ Nanocellulose Composite, Chitosan-chitin nanocrystal composite scaffolds, Sodium alginate-xanthan gum-based nano-composite scaffolds, Nano-hydroxyapatite Pullulan/dextran polysaccharide composite, Chitosan/Carbon nanofibers Scaffolds, Nano-bio composite scaffold of chitosan–gelatin–alginate–hydroxyapatite, Alginate/gelatin scaffolds with homogeneous nano apatite coating,Nano-hydroxyapatite-alginate-gelatinmicrocapsule,Poly(ε-caprolactone)/keratin nano fibrousmats, Keratin nanoparticles-coating electrospun PVA nanofiber, Nano-hydroxyapatite/chitosan/chondroitin sulfate/hyaluronic acid and Chitosan/chondroitin sulfate/nano-bioglass. The current review has identified a list of medicinal herbs that have been incorporated into long chain polymeric carbohydrate-based nano-composites
 Peer Review History: 
 Received 15 July 2020; Revised 13 August; Accepted 28 August, Available online 15 September 2020
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 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Name: Shahinga Vanji
 Affiliation:
 E-mail: shahin.gavanji@khuisf.ac.ir
 
 Name: Dr. Asia Selman Abdullah
 Affiliation: University of Basrah, Iraq
 E-mail: asiaselman2016@gmail.com
 
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Nanocomposites from Clay, Cellulose Nanofibrils, and Epoxy with Improved Moisture Stability for Coatings and Semistructural Applications

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3D printing of concentrated alginate/gelatin scaffolds with homogeneous nano apatite coating for bone tissue engineering

Biomimetic nano apatite/polymer composite scaffolds with good mechanical properties and desirable bioactivity are promising for bone tissue engineering. Here, concentrated alginate/gelatin scaffolds with homogeneous nano apatite coating were developed utilizing 3D printing and in situ mineralization. The thickness of nano apatite coating was controlled by adjusting the amount of phosphate ions in the printing inks. The alginate/gelatin scaffolds with uniform nano apatite coating had 2-fold higher Young's modulus compared with the scaffolds without apatite coating. In addition, nano apatite coating significantly stimulated the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stem cells. Furthermore, nano apatite coating increased the protein adsorption on the surface of scaffolds. The fabricated biomimetic nano apatite/hydrogel composite scaffolds would be potential candidates for bone tissue engineering.

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