Abstract
There is still a need to improve the production sequences of micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses to obtain more economic and better quality products. The aim of this study was to improve the production efficiency and quality of micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses by examining the enzyme (xylanase endo-1,4-) employed in pretreatment sequences. Fairly homogeneous nano fibrillated cellulose with a width of 35 ± 12 nm was produced in this study. Sequences employed to produce micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses decreased the cellulose crystallinity of bleached kraft pulp and lower total crystalline index and lateral order index values were observed for micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses in FTIR examinations. Lower crystallinities were also defined by 13C-NMR (46.2 ppm), which was substantiated with C6 peaks in the amorphous domain. Sequences to produce micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses resulted in shorter fiber dimensions with less ordered cellulose structure leading lower thermal degradation that reveal main polymer chain source from cellulose units. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis results showed that the initial and maximum storage modulus of the nano fibrillated and micro fibrillated celluloses films were improved by 114% and 101%, respectively. The storage modulus of micro fibrillated and nano fibrillated celluloses films were 4.96 GPa and 2.66 GPa at temperature of 235°C, respectively.
Highlights
Cellulose is one of the most abundant, renewable and biodegradable natural polymers (Habibi et al 2010)
Biopolymers have been progressively processed in nanotech by methods of homogenization, micro fluidization, micro grinding, cryocrushing, acid hydrolysis (Siro and Plackett 2010) and enzyme treatments (Lavoine et al 2012)
The bark and cambium were carefully removed and the logs were reduced to chips suitable for the subsequent kraft pulping operations
Summary
Cellulose is one of the most abundant, renewable and biodegradable natural polymers (Habibi et al 2010). It consists of D-glucose subunits which are linked together by -1,4 glycosidic bonds. Biopolymers have been progressively processed in nanotech by methods of homogenization, micro fluidization, micro grinding, cryocrushing, acid hydrolysis (Siro and Plackett 2010) and enzyme treatments (Lavoine et al 2012). These processes improve the mechanical and thermal properties of the materials and make them suitable for several industrial applications; papermaking, additives, thickeners, stabilizers, fillers, pharmaceutics and etc. The main component resisting the separation process is lignin. The other cell wall component, essence of hemicelluloses in the structure positively affects the production
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