Fraction Of Homogenates Research Articles

Two-phase pressure drop and void fraction in a cross-corrugated plate heat exchanger channel: Impact of flow direction and gas-liquid distribution

Two-phase pressure drop is studied in a transparent cross-corrugated channel for uniform and non-uniform gas–liquid distribution. Both uniform and non-uniform distribution are created by injecting air and water through different numbers of nozzles directly into the channel. The frictional pressure drop clearly indicates the impact of maldistribution.The single channel is pivot-mounted to allow horizontal, vertical upward and downward flow. Two-phase frictional pressure drop can be directly measured only for horizontal flow, neglecting acceleration pressure drop. In vertical flow, a void fraction model is necessary to deduct gravitational pressure drop from the measured pressure difference.The two-phase friction factors of all flow directions are compared to the correlation of single-phase flow. In this manner, homogeneous flow is distinguished from slip. Homogenous flow is confirmed for homogeneous void fractions up to 0.7 at uniform and up to 0.25 at non-uniform gas injection. The single-phase correlation is valid for homogeneous flow when inserting two-phase variables. The experimental two-phase multiplier is compared to correlations from literature.The pressure measurement data are used to determine the actual void fraction. The results are compared to published void fraction models. The homogeneous model fits best for uniform two-phase distribution. For maldistribution, the correlations of Margat et al. (1997) and of Rouhani and Axelsson (1970) predict the experimental void fractions reasonably well, except for very small flow rates.Analysis of experimental results is facilitated by previously published research on flow pattern visualization and modelling in the same test channel. The cross-corrugated geometry generates a swirling motion inducing centrifugal forces often much larger than buoyancy, which thus loses impact on flow pattern, pressure drop and void fraction. The ratio of buoyancy to centrifugal force is expressed by the corrugation Froude number. Slip independent of buoyancy is identified by introducing the hydrostatic correction factor to evaluate friction factors deviating with flow direction.

Sequential extraction of organosolv lignin from Chinese quince fruit: Structural features and antioxidant activities of the obtained fractions

Lignin from the Chinese quince (Chaenomeles sinensis) fruit offers a promising source of natural antioxidant for industrial applications. However, the utilization of Chinese quince fruit lignin is restricted by its inhomogeneous nature. Accordingly, Chinese quince fruit lignin was sequentially fractionated with organic solvents of increasing dissolving capacity to prepare homogeneous lignin fractions. The GPC (gel permeation chromatography) results showed that the molecular weights of lignin fractions increased from dichloromethane fraction to dioxane/water fraction. The five lignin fractions were also compared with respect to yield, carbohydrate content, thermal stability, inter-unit linkages, S/G ratios, and phenolic OH content. Among the five fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed a lower proportion of β-O-4′ linkages (48.4%), the highest thermal stability, the highest phenolic OH content (2.8 mmol/g), and the highest DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging index and reducing power. The high antioxidant performance of the ethyl acetate fraction implies that it can be used as a natural antioxidant. This study shows that sequential solvent fractionation of lignin can produce homogeneous fractions with enhanced antioxidant performance. In addition, it demonstrates that Chinese quince fruits are a potentially valuable natural resource.

Oxidative carbonilation of liver tissue proteins under the influence of pesticide based on glyphosate in a subchronic experiment

Introduction. Currently, the pathogenetic mechanisms of the action on the body of widely used glyphosate-based herbicides and the search for the markers of the health status that changes under the influence of these herbicides remain open for study and discussion. Carbonyl derivatives of proteins can be used as the markers of oxidative stress caused by the herbicidal composition of the isopropylamine salt of glyphosate. The purpose of this study was to assess the severity of oxidative carbonylation of liver tissue proteins under the influence of a glyphosate-based pesticide in a subchronic experiment. Material and methods. The material for the study was subcellular fractions of liver tissue homogenates obtained from 90 Wistar rats, which were administered solutions of glyphosate isopropylamine salt at doses of 280 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg per os for 3 months. The severity of oxidative carbonylation of proteins was determined by the method of R.L. Levine modified by E.E. Dubinina. Results. Statistically significant changes in the content of products of oxidative damage to proteins at various stages of the experiment in the study groups were obtained compared with the control group due to a significant increase in the products of oxidative damage to proteins in subcellular fractions of liver tissue. Conclusion. The changes in carbonyl stress indices and the decrease in the reserve-adaptive potential indicate the depletion of antioxidant protection in the liver cells. A statistically significant increase in secondary markers of carbonyl stress after 1 month from the start of seeding of animals compared with the control with a slight increase in this index after 3 months may indicate the launch of adaptation mechanisms, including the induction of proteolytic utilization of oxidized proteins or additional protein synthesis.

Regulation of GluA1 phosphorylation by d-amphetamine and methylphenidate in the cerebellum.

Prescription stimulants, such as d-amphetamine or methylphenidate are used to treat suffering from attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). They potently release dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) and cause phosphorylation of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 in the striatum. Whether other brain regions are also affected remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that d-amphetamine and methylphenidate increase phosphorylation at Ser845 (pS845-GluA1) in the membrane fraction of mouse cerebellum homogenate. We identify Bergmann glial cells as the source of pS845-GluA1 and demonstrate a requirement for intact NE release. Consequently, d-amphetamine-induced pS845-GluA1 was prevented by β1-adenoreceptor antagonist, whereas the blockade of DA D1 receptor had no effect. Together, these results indicate that NE regulates GluA1 phosphorylation in Bergmann glial cells in response to prescription stimulants.

Fractionation, physicochemical and structural characterization of polysaccharides from barley water-soluble fiber

Glucans of multiple architecture and bioactivities are widely distributed in cereals. In our previous study, the barley water-soluble fiber (BSF) has been proved to possess hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effects. A further attempt in the present study is to comprehensively demonstrate the structures and solution properties of main constituents in BSF. Two mainly homogeneous fractions (BSF-20 and BSF-80r) were purified from BSF, and their physicochemical and structural characterization were investigated. Methylation and 1D/2D NMR experiments indicated that BSF-20 was a linear β-glucan, composed of β-D-Glcp residues via (1 → 4)-linkages, and occasionally single (1 → 3)-linkage. The high performance size-exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering, X-ray diffraction, rheological measurements and scanning electron microscopy were further conducted to analyze its solution property and morphology. BSF-20 adopted a linear flexible chain in aqueous solution, and exhibited high viscosity and strong gelling properties. Intertwined fibrous filaments were visualized by SEM observation. Besides, BSF-80r was a limit dextrin, which was an artefact caused by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch during the isolation of barley soluble fiber. Therefore, the highly viscous β-glucan is the main biomacromolecule occurring in BSF. This work lays the groundwork for the potential application of barley soluble fiber in beverages and other liquid products as new thickeners and stabilizers.

Incorporation of U, Pb and Rare Earth Elements in Calcite through Crystallisation from Amorphous Calcium Carbonate: Simple Preparation of Reference Materials for Microanalysis

Uncertainty for elemental and isotopic measurements in calcite by LA‐ICP‐MS is largely controlled by the homogeneity of the reference materials (RMs) used for calibration and validation. In order to produce calcite RMs with homogeneous elemental and isotopic compositions, we incorporated elements including U, Pb and rare earth elements into calcite through heat‐ and pressure‐induced crystallisation from amorphous calcium carbonate that was precipitated from element‐doped reagent solution. X‐ray absorption spectra showed that U was present as U(VI) in the synthesised calcite, probably with a different local structure from that of aqueous uranyl ions. The uptake rate of U by our calcite was higher in comparison with synthetic calcite of previous studies. Variations of element mass fractions in the calcite were better than 12% 2RSD, mostly within 7%. The 207Pb/206Pb ratio in the calcite showed < 1% variations, while the 238U/206Pb ratio showed 3–24% variations depending on element mass fractions. Using the synthetic calcite as primary RMs, we could date a natural calcite RM, WC‐1, with analytical uncertainty as low as < 3%. The method presented can be useful to produce calcite with controlled and homogeneous element mass fractions and is a promising alternative to natural calcite RMs for U‐Pb geochronology.

Hierarchical involvement of molecular players in human neocortex in the course of preclinical and symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease

AbstractBackgroundProteomic profile changes have been reported in the brains from individuals having Alzheimer’s disease. However, it is not yet clear whether they represent a continuous process from mild to severe changes, or whether the proteins become involved step‐by‐step in a hierarchal manner. Additionally, in previous studies, cases with initial Aβ plaque and NFT pathology were considered as controls, and brain homogenates were not separated into distinct fractions. Therefore, there is a gap of knowledge regarding the initial steps of AD pathogenesis and the spatial resolution of the respective protein changes in terms of subcellular distribution.MethodWe analyzed soluble, dispersible (insoluble proteins and vesicles in mixtures with the intra‐/extracellular fluid), membrane‐associated (SDS‐soluble), and plaque‐associated (formic‐acid‐soluble) fractions of brain homogenates from 19 control cases without AD pathology, 17 pathologically preclinical AD (p‐preAD), and 17 symptomatic AD (symAD) cases by label‐free liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Proteomic changes and related pathways involved in p‐preAD and symAD were determined by integrated analyses combining quantitative proteomics, neuropathological measurements, regression analysis, and gene ontology overrepresentation tests.ResultThree hierarchical classes of proteins, namely early‐ and late‐responding proteins and gradually changing proteins were identified across control, p‐preAD and symAD samples. Additionally, five proteins exhibited reduced abundance in the soluble fraction accompanied by increase in the membrane‐associated fraction between symAD and the group of p‐preAD + control cases, suggesting pathological alterations in their functions. Gene ontology analysis showed that the synaptic vesicle cycle and other endocytosis‐related pathways were overrepresented by early‐responding and gradually changing proteins, whereas caspase‐mediated cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins were enriched in the late‐responding protein class.ConclusionWe identified an apparent hierarchy of key proteins in the human brain during AD pathogenesis, from which the early responding proteins point to pathways that are not yet a main focus in AD research. This hierarchy of proteome change in the neocortex clearly distinguished the preclinical phase from the symptomatic phase and identified the synaptic vesicle cycle as a likely primary affected function in AD initiation. Our results may open new roads for therapies by intervening on those key proteins and their respective pathways.

Experimental and numerical investigations on the hydrodynamics of gas-solid fluidized bed with an inclined agitator

The effect of inclined agitation on the fluidization quality of a gas-solid fluidized bed is experimentally and numerically investigated. The pressure characteristics are characterized by the standard deviation of pressure drop and power spectra. The particle velocity, solid volume fraction and granular temperature distributions are investigated by numerical modeling. It is found that inclined agitation enhances the gross circulation of solid particles and enlarges the affect region of the agitator, improving the gas-solid fluidization quality. The increase in the agitation speed leads to higher frequency of collisions and more activity of particles, resulting in decreases of bubble sizes and a more homogeneous solid volume fraction distribution. Wide-blade agitator can also improve the fluidization performance.

Fractionation of lignin using organic solvents: A combined experimental and theoretical study

Refining of industrial lignin to produce homogeneous fractions is essential for high-value applications. However, the understanding of key interactions between a variety of solvents with lignin polymer is still uncertain. In this work, single-step fractionation of industrial hardwood kraft lignin (HKL) using organic solvents of different polarities – ethanol, acetone, diethyl ether and hexane – was investigated by combining an experimental and theoretical approach. Experimental results revealed that higher polarity solvents (ethanol and acetone) exhibited higher solubility yield compared to moderate and low polarity solvents. The chemical differences between lignin fractions were proven by pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry and near infrared spectroscopy. Density functional theory (DFT) results indicated that ethanol presented higher interaction energy followed by acetone, diethyl ether and hexane, which was consistent with experimental findings. Hydrogen bond and non-covalent interaction results from DFT demonstrated that the predominant interaction was found for high polarity of ethanol over other solvents and γ-OH in the lignin model is the key site.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ЗАКОНОМЕРНОСТИ ДЕЛИМОСТИ КОКОНОВ ШЕЛКОПРЯДА ПО КАЛИБРУ И МАССЕ ПРИ ИХ ОТБОРЕ НА ПЛЕМЯ

All industrial sericulture is based on the feeding of industrial hybrids. The grain (silkworm eggs) for them is prepared at the breeding enterprises. In the production of high-quality hybrid grain, it is very important to select the most homogeneous fraction from the mixture of breeding cocoons and divide this part by sex with high accuracy, so that the females of one breed are crossed with the males of another and vice versa. It is known that the cocoons of the average fraction (caliber and mass) in the breeding party are the most productive. The purpose of this work was to identify the most informative criteria for selecting the qualitative fraction of breeding cocoons; study the main patterns of variation of cocoons by diameter, quantitative ratios divided into fractions by the caliber of cocoons, and the separability of a mixture of cocoons into components by caliber and weight; based on the revealed regularities, develop some new devices designed for sorting cocoons by caliber and dividing them by mass (sex) in the process of preparing hybrid silkworm grain. By the method of mathematical statistics, the regularities of division of the mixture of breeding cocoons by caliber and weight are revealed. The normalized proportion of the average cocoons fraction of 58–70 % and its range of caliber – 2 mm was determined. The possibility of maximum separation of defective components with small and large fractions from the batch in two stages when sorting cocoons by caliber and mass on the developed devices was revealed. According to the results of production feedings, more cocoon yield was obtained (on average, by 10 kg per box (29 g) of grain). Moreover, there were more uniform and varietal cocoons (22 % and 13 % more than in the control variant, respectively). According to the results of unwinding, the total and continuously unwinding length of the cocoon thread in the experimental cocoons is, respectively, 20 and 27 % higher than in the control ones.

Galactofucan from Laminaria japonica is not degraded by the human digestive system but inhibits pancreatic lipase and modifies the intestinal microbiota

The effects of galactofucan from Laminaria japonica on the digestion and intestinal microbiota of human were investigated in the present study. Crude fraction of the sulfated polysaccharide from L. japonica (CF) and its molecular-weight homogeneous fraction (CGF-3) were prepared and characterized. In the simulated digestion model for the human saliva and gastrointestinal tract, no obvious changes in the molecular weight or the reducing sugar content of CGF-3 were observed, indicating CGF-3 is resistant to the human digestive system. Then CGF-3 did not affect the α-amylase activity while it dose-dependently inhibited the activity of pancreatic lipase partly depending on its sulfate groups. In the in vitro fermentation with the human fecal microbiota, CF did not change the total carbohydrate, reducing sugar and short chain fatty acids contents, which indicated CF was not utilized by the microbiota. However, the microbiota composition was modulated greatly by CF intervention. These findings shed a light on the better understanding of the impacts of dietary galactofucan on the digestion and intestinal microbiota.

Production and characterization of two fractions of pyrolysis liquid from agricultural and wood residues

Liquids obtained by fractional condensation of pyrolysis vapors from two types of lignocellulosic biomass, namely Jerusalem artichoke stalk (high cellulose and ash contents) and white birch bark (high lignin and extractive contents), were compared. Using two condensers connected in series, a dark oily fraction rich in phenolic compounds and sugar derivatives was obtained at 90 °C (respectively, 14% of total polyphenols and 11% of total carbohydrates for the oily fraction from the agricultural stalk) followed by aqueous fraction at 0 °C. Stalk yielded a homogeneous oily fraction whereas the bark oily liquid was heterogeneous, due possibly to lignin pyrolysis products. Both yielded clear orange aqueous fractions having a chemical composition close to wood vinegar, > 60% water, and high concentrations of acetic acid, with also a significant content of polyphenols, around 5%. This study showed that fractional condensation could be a vital tool in pyrolysis-based biorefinery producing an oily (application as an energy source or as a chemical feedstock) and an aqueous fraction (applications as biocide or biostimulation in agriculture) by pyrolysis of vastly different lignocellulosic biomasses.

Simulation of the aeroseparation process and parameters of hybride corn seed mixtures

Upon harvesting and post-harvest processing corn grain is a mixture that consists of individual seeds of various quality, size and weight. Therefore, grain is separated, that is, mixture is separated into homogeneous (to a certain extent) fractions. The number of fractions may vary depending on the mixture uniformity and separation methods.Objectives. To investigate patterns of aerodynamic separation in the mode of sorting corn seeds, depending on their quality. In addition, it was planned to choose an effective for this purpose device that would reproduce the process parameters.Materials and methods. The methodology included laboratory simulation of aerodynamic grain separation based on the sailing capacity of caryopses. Separation was carried out in vertical and horizontal air flows. Seed mixture was separated into fractions: essentially heavy, medium and light. Their output and 1000-grain weight were measured as the main technical and technological indicators of the grain separation process. The laboratory and field germinability of seeds of different fractions were also determined in accordance with the state standards for assessing the seed quality. The yield was assessed by methods developed by the SI «Institute of Grain Crops of NAAS».Results and discussion. Aerodynamic seed separation into fractions depended on the caryopsis shape and linear dimensions. For example, the largest light fraction was recorded for hybrid DN Demetra upon horizontal aeroseparation. Seeds of this hybrid are flat, i.e., being in a certain position, they can move further in the air flow. On the contrary, round-shaped seeds (hybrid DN Svityaz ) were separated almost equally between the light and heavy fractions, with the maximum share in the medium fraction. Thus, the features of aerodynamic separation were reflected in the sowing qualities and yield properties of grain.Conclusions. The patterns of aerodynamic separation of hybrid corn seeds have been established. Grain mixture is separated into two fractions upon vertical aerodynamic separation and into three fractions upon horizontal separation. The process is not stable, with a significant content of heterogeneous grain in each fraction.

Structural analyses of the HG-type pectin from notopterygium incisum and its effects on galectins

In the manuscript, water-soluble polysaccharides WPNI was extracted from notopterygium incisum roots and separated into two homogeneous fractions WPNI-A-a and WPNI-A-b. WPNI-A-a was an arabinogalactan (AG). WPNI-A-b belonged to HG type pectin. The structure of WPNI-A-b was analyzed by FT-IR, NMR, enzymatic hydrolysis (Endo-PG) and UPLC-FLD-MSn. WPNI-A-b was dominated by HG domain, covalently linked with AG and RG-II domains. Oligogalacturonides produced by Endo-PG from HG domain were non-, mono-, di- or tri-methyl esterified with degree of polymerization (DP) from 1 to 6. The distribution of methyl-ester groups was in a block-wise manner. The interaction of WPNI-A-b and its enzymatic hydrolysis products with galectin-1, galectin-3, galectin-7 and galectin-8 showed that AG domain exhibited stronger binding avidity to galectins than RG-II and HG domain, while oligogalacturonides showed no binding activities to galectins. The results would be useful for the application of the pectin from notopterygium incisum.

Meanings and attitudes regarding education and household spending priorities of the new middle-class families in Brazil

This study investigates how meanings ascribed to education influence lower-income parents on investing (or not) in their children’s education, and how this in turn influences family expenditures and consumption priorities. Based on 62 ethnographic interviews with individuals who had ascended from poverty to the lower fractions of the Brazilian urban middle-class, we examine differences within a relatively homogeneous fraction in terms of social status and income. Three distinct groups emerged: (1) parents who live in the favelas (slums) and see school as an agent to keep children away from deviant behaviours, (2) parents who live in the favelas and invest in education as an enabler of upwards social mobility, and (3) parents from less affluent suburbs who pay for private education to keep their children from interacting with bad influences outside the territory. Even in socially segregated territories, meanings were shaped less by parents’ amount and composition of cultural and economic capitals, and more by their own experiences with the educational system and access to positive role models (or lack thereof). It appears that the meanings attached to education end up defining family expenditures, family budget and important consumption trade-offs. In addition, our findings reveal a subtle, fine-grained mechanism of distinction based on school choice among the class fraction’s members. We draw on Wilson’s social isolation theory to show how parents of similar economic and cultural capital, and who were socialized in a similar cultural milieu, ascribe different meanings to education, and the resulting differences in household consumption patterns. We thus offer insights on the different reproduction mechanisms at play within an economically disadvantaged social fraction that had moved from poverty to the lower urban middle-class in Brazil.

Regulatory role of sorting nexin 5 in protein stability and vesicular targeting of vesicular acetylcholine transporter to synaptic vesicle-like vesicles in PC12 cells

Accurate targeting of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) to synaptic vesicles (SVs) is indispensable for efficient cholinergic transmission. Previous studies have suggested that the dileucine motif within the C-terminus of the transporter is sufficient for its targeting to SVs. However, the cytosolic machinery underlying specific regulation of VAChT trafficking and targeting to SVs is still unclear. Here we used the C-terminus of VAChT as a bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen to identify sorting nexin 5 (SNX5) as its novel interacting protein. SNX5 was detected in the SVs enriched LP2 subcellular fraction of rat brain homogenate and showed strong colocalization with VAChT in both brain sections and PC12 cells. Binding assays suggested that the C-terminal domain of VAChT can interact with both BAR and PX domain of SNX5. Depletion of SNX5 enhanced the degradation of VAChT and the process was mediated through the lysosomal pathway. More importantly, we found that, in PC12 cells, the depletion of SNX5 expression significantly decreased the synaptic vesicle-like vesicles (SVLVs) localization of VAChT. Therefore, the results suggest that SNX5 is a novel regulator for both stability and SV targeting of VAChT.

Parallel epidemics, or nearly so: Certainties and uncertainties about SARS-CoV-2 in Italy

Parallel epidemics, or nearly so: Certainties and uncertainties about SARS-CoV-2 in Italy

Formation of Ice Microparticles in the Ovarian Fluid and Homogenates of Unfertilized Russian Sturgeon Eggs during Cooling to –196°C

Cryopreservation of fish and amphibian eggs is still an unsolved problem. The formation of ice crystals inside and outside cells acts as a main detrimental factor during a deep freezing of fish eggs, as well as crystal growth (recrystallization and repeated crystallization). Designing efficient cryoprotective media is necessary in order to avoid egg injury from freezing. Additional components that are present in a cryoprotective medium and reduce the thermomechanical stress and cracks of frozen tissues might increase oocyte survival after freezing–thawing. Natural components of eggs and the ovarian fluid are promising as such additives. The formation of ice microparticles was studied in thin layers (0.2 mm) of the ovarian fluid and components of Russian sturgeon egg homogenates upon their cooling to a liquid nitrogen temperature (–196°C). The processes of freezing, ice cracking, and microparticle formation were observed as the temperature was decreased gradually. The shape and size of ice microparticles were found to depend on the composition of the freezing solution. Certain fractions of egg homogenate were assumed to be suitable as components of a cryoprotective medium.

Dielectrophoresis of proteins: experimental data and evolving theory.

The ability to selectively move and trap proteins is core to their effective use as building blocks and for their characterization. Analytical and preparative strategies for proteins have been pursued and modeled for nearly a hundred years, with great advances and success. Core to all of these studies is the separation, isolation, purification, and concentration of pure homogeneous fractions of a specific protein in solution. Processes to accomplish this useful solution include biphasic equilibrium (chromatographies, extractions), mechanical, bulk property, chemical equilibria, and molecular recognition. Ultimately, the goal of all of these is to physically remove all non-like protein molecules-to the finest detail: all atoms in the full three-dimensional structure being identical down the chemical bond and bulk structure chirality. One strategy which has not been effectively pursued is exploiting the higher order subtle electrical properties of the protein-solvent system. The advent of microfluidic systems has enabled the use of very high electric fields and well-defined gradients such that extremely high resolution separations of protein mixtures are possible. These advances and recognition of these capabilities have caused a re-evaluation of the underlying theoretical models and they were found to be inadequate. New theoretical descriptions are being considered which align more closely to the total forces present and the subtlety of differences between similar proteins. These are focused on the interfacial area between the protein and hydrating solvent molecules, as opposed to the macroscale assumptions of homogeneous solutions and particles. This critical review examines all data which has been published that place proteins in electric field gradients which induce collection of those proteins, demonstrating a force greater than dispersive effects or countering forces. Evolving theoretical constructs are presented and discussed, and a general estimate of future capabilities using the higher order effects and the high fields and precise gradients of microfluidic systems is discussed. Graphical abstract.

Microwave-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from the marshmallow roots: Optimization, purification, structure, and bioactivity

The process optimization and biological characterization of marshmallow root polysaccharides (MRPs) obtained from the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were studied. The highest MAE-yield (14.47%) was optimized at 457.32 W and 75 °C for 26 min. The extracted crude polysaccharides were purified using ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatographies and eluted a single symmetrical narrow peak, showing a homogenous fraction (MRP-P1) with a molecular weight of 4.87 × 104 Da. The surface morphology of polysaccharides and functional groups of MRP-P1 were determined by employing scanning electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The major monosaccharide composition of MRPs were the three monomers of rhamnose, galactose, and glucose. The antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities were increased in a concentration-dependent manner (1.0-10.0 mg/mL). MRP-P1 exhibited a strong in vitro antiproliferative activity against lung (A549), liver (HepG2), and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. The anticancer activity of polysaccharides extracted under optimal MAE conditions was highly associated with their antioxidant and antibacterial functions.