Hollow Fiber Liquid-phase Microextraction Research Articles

Recent advances in green solvents-based liquid-phase microextraction techniques for chromatographic analysis of active components in traditional Chinese medicine.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is a treasure of China and a crucial part of traditional medicine in the world, particularly in many oriental countries. TCM is the core and basis of traditional medicine in clinical practice for numerous diseases, and performs important function in nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. However, it is extremely difficult to extract each active ingredient from TCM to elucidate the mechanism of TCM clinical efficacy due to numerous compounds in TCM, especially trace compounds. Consequently, liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) techniques, one of the main extraction methods of active ingredients in TCM, have attracted a considerable attention from researchers. In recent years, many novel green solvents based-LPME methods have been reported, such as single-drop microextraction (SDME), hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME), dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME), and electro-membrane extraction (EME). Therefore, in this review, we present an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of various LPME techniques, novel green solvents, and their applications in the analysis of active ingredients within the complex TCM samples. We provide a detailed overview of the fundamental principles, modes, and the critical process parameters of the LPME techniques. In addition, we compare different types of green solvents (i.e., deep eutectic solvents, ionic liquids, magnetic ionic liquids, supramolecular solvents, switchable solvents, among others), and the advantages and disadvantages of these solvents are critically evaluated, highlighting their suitability for various applications. Finally, we elucidate the merits and demerits of different LPME methods, discuss their practical applications, and explore their future research directions. This review aims to provide a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners in the field of TCM, promoting research development and application of the advanced and environmentally friendly sample pretreatment techniques.

Smartphone-Based Sensing in Combination with Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction for the Trace Level Determination of Total Phenol in Environmental Samples

A novel analytical method was developed based on the combination of hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) with smartphone-based sensing. Analytes were extracted from the sample headspace using HF-LPME. After the addition of reagents to the extracted phase, it was transferred into a lab-made detection cell and color sensing was performed using a smartphone. This innovative combination has the benefits of microextraction and smartphone-based sensing. The total phenol as an index of environmental contamination was selected as a test analyte. The method showed linearity 20 -300 μg L−1 with a detection limit of 8 μg L−1. Recoveries were greater than 85%. .

ZIELONE METODY PRZYGOTOWANIA PRÓBEK DO CELU ANALIZY CHROMATOGRAFIĄ CIECZOWĄ

In the context of green chemistry, modern sample preparation methods in liquid chromatography play a key role in minimizing environmental impact, reducing solvent consumption and reducing analysis time and costs. Analytical procedures related to sample preparation are an important step, both in terms of time consumption and the possibility of errors or contamination. One of the important trends in green methods is the use of direct chromatographic techniques, which eliminate the need to use solvents and other materials. Despite their benefits, there is a challenge in analyzing complex samples. In order to minimize these challenges, the focus was on miniaturization and automation of sample preparation processes. Techniques such as solid-phase extraction are gaining popularity, enabling efficient separation of analytes. Progress in the field of solid-phase microextraction and other modern techniques, such as extraction using a mobile sorption element or hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction, enable precise analysis while minimizing the consumption of solvents. The field of sample preparation is also being revolutionized by alternative solvents such as ionic liquids, supercritical fluids and deep eutectic solvents. Another important aspect is techniques that accelerate the extraction process, such as extraction assisted by microwave radiation and ultrasounds. Green sample preparation methods in liquid chromatography are moving towards a sustainable and efficient approach, using innovative techniques, minimizing solvent consumption and increasing automation. These advances are crucial to achieving green chemistry goals, reducing the ecological footprint and speeding up analytical processes.

Ionic liquids-based adsorbents for extraction and separation: A review emphasizing recent advances in sample preparation

Ionic liquids-based adsorbents for extraction and separation: A review emphasizing recent advances in sample preparation

Natural deep eutectic solvents and natural solid biosorbents in microextraction techniques of organic compounds based on chromatographic techniques: A critical review

Natural deep eutectic solvents and natural solid biosorbents in microextraction techniques of organic compounds based on chromatographic techniques: A critical review

Spectrophotometric determination of o-phenylphenol in canned drinks using three-phase hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction

A three-phase hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction for o-phenylphenol (OPP) determination was developed. 1-octanol was employed as the organic phase, impregnated within the pores of the hollow fiber wall which was immersed in the sample solution, serving as a donor phase. OPP in the sample solution was extracted via octanol in the fiber pores into NaOH, which acted as the acceptor phase in the lumen of the fiber. The extracted OPP was then subjected to spectrophotometric detection at 712nm using the indophenol blue reaction. The developed method showed a linear calibration curve (0.002-0.040mgL-1) with high sensitivity (5.75Lmg-1), low limit of detection (0.31μgL-1), and high recovery (73.6-94.8%). Intra-day and inter-day precision at 2.1μgL-1 OPP were 7.4% (n=12) and 10.9% (n=4) relative standard deviations, respectively. The determined OPP in various canned drinks was found to be between 2.0 and 17.8μgL-1 using the developed method.

Combination of online hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction with smartphone-based sensing for in situ formaldehyde assay in fabric and wastewater samples.

A miniaturized analytical methodology was introduced based on the combination of a direct and online hollow fiber microextraction method with smartphone color detection. The method was used for the determination of formaldehyde (target analyte) in fabric and wastewater samples. In this regard, two reagents including ammonium acetate buffer and acetylacetone were added to the formaldehyde samples to create a colored compound. The colored compound was extracted from the sample by using the hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction method, the extracted phase was not taken out of the extraction box and was directly transferred into a specially designed detection cell, and a smartphone was applied forin-situ color sensing and data readout. This combination gathered the advantages of both state-of-the-art microextraction techniques and smartphone sensing. Formaldehyde, as a carcinogenic compound widely used in paint and clothing industries, was selected as a model test. Factors affecting extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized, including the type of organic solvents, reagent concentration, salt, pH, stirring speed, reaction temperature, and extraction time. The linear region of the method under optimal conditions was 40-1500µg L-1 for wastewater samples and 0.3-11.2mg kg-1 for fabrics. The limit of detection and limit of qualification were 13 and 40µg L-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations for concentrations of 100 and 1000µg L-1 were 6% and 4%, respectively. To evaluate the application of the method for real samples, types of fabric and two samples of oil refinery wastewater were selected. The relative recovery in real samples was 84-98%. The results of the analytical parameters of the method show that the developed method can be used as an efficient method to determine formaldehyde in real samples.

Magnetic dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction integrated with hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for preconcentration of trace amounts of chlorpyrifos pesticide in aqueous samples

Magnetic dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction integrated with hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for preconcentration of trace amounts of chlorpyrifos pesticide in aqueous samples

The usability of green deep eutectic solvents in hollow fiber Liquid-Phase microextraction for the simultaneous extraction of analytes of different Natures: A comprehensive study

In the current study, a wide range of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) with different properties (hydrophilic, hydrophobic, ionic, and nonionic) were prepared in the initial phase. Subsequently, an assessment was conducted to evaluate some characteristics of the produced DESs, including their stability at room temperature and their capacity to extract three distinct types of analytes (anionic, cationic, and non-ionic) simultaneously through hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) technique. To carry out the extraction procedure, the prepared DESs were inserted into the pores (as supported liquid membrane (SLM)) and lumen of hollow fiber membrane (HF) to apply two-phase and three-phase HF-LPME techniques. After a thorough evaluation, the three-phase HF-LPME technique (HF(3)-LPME) was chosen by using a mixture of menthol/TBAB-based hydrophobic DES (DES-35) as SLM and the mixture of malic acid/citric acid/water-based hydrophilic DES (DES-2) as an extraction solvent in the lumen of HF. All factors affecting the extraction recovery (including pH, extraction time, extraction temperature, stirring speed, and salt effect) were optimized utilizing the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) methodology. After applying the extraction procedure, all extracted samples were analyzed using the UV-Vis spectrometer and results were recorded at different wavelengths including 655nm for Methylene blue, 550nm for Amaranth, and 375nm for Quercetin. The calibration graphs showed linearity in the range of 20.0-1500µg/L, with a limit of detection of 6.2-15.1µg/L and correlation coefficients higher than 0.9913 for the studied analytes. Moreover, the intra-day RSD, inter-day RSD, preconcentration factor (PF), enrichment factors (EF), and extraction recoveries (ER%) were obtained in the range of 3.1-4.8, 3.8-6.7, 125, 102.9-111.4, and 82.3-89.1%, respectively. The use of the selected DES in the HF-LPME methodology resulted in an ecologically friendly strategy, as evidenced by the use of green metrics from the SPMS tool. The proposed strategy is also considered environmentally friendly due to its use of minimal solvents, waste reduction, and low energy consumption. The proposed technique effectively and simultaneously extractedmethylene blue, amaranth, and quercetin analytes in different real samples.

Statistical optimization of two-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for preconcentration of strychnine in the clinical and postmortem biological fluids prior to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy detection

Statistical optimization of two-phase hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction for preconcentration of strychnine in the clinical and postmortem biological fluids prior to gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy detection

Development of a hollow fiber–liquid phase microextraction method using tissue culture oil for the extraction of free metoprolol from plasma samples

In this research, a method known as a hollow fiber-liquid-phase microextraction was employed to extract and concentrate free metoprolol from plasma samples. The extracted analyte was subsequently determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a diode-array detector. Several parameters, including hollow fiber length, sonication time, extraction temperature, and salt addition, were investigated and optimized to enhance extraction efficiency. After extracting the analyte under optimum conditions from plasma samples, the enrichment factor and extraction recovery were 50 and 86%, respectively. Moreover, the method exhibited detection and quantification limits of 0.41 and 1.30ngmL-1, respectively. The analysis of real samples demonstrated satisfactory relative recoveries in the range of 91-99%.

Preconcentration of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) in Clinical Samples by Various Hollow Fiber–Liquid Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME) Configurations With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Detection

Hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction is commonly used in analytical chemistry, providing high clean-up and pre-concentration factors. However, a major issue with this method is the long extraction time. The objective of this project is to reduce the extraction time by inducing different types of fluid motion in the sample solution. Three methods were employed: agitation using a magnetic stir bar in the horizontal position (conventional method), utilization of an air pump, and agitation using a magnetic stir bar in the vertical position for the pre-concentration and determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (naproxen, ibuprofen, and mefenamic acid) in biological samples via high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in extraction time and limit of detection when the air pump was employed compared to the conventional method of stirring with a magnetic stir bar in the horizontal position. Moreover, the mentioned parameters were even lower when stirring solutions were accomplished using a vertically-positioned magnetic stir bar, surpassing the method utilizing the air pump for agitation. Furthermore, the relative standard deviations were also lower when a vertically-positioned magnetic stir bar was used compared to the conventional method with a horizontally-positioned magnetic stir bar, while those of the air pump-assisted agitation method fell between the values of the aforementioned methods.

Hollow-fiber liquid phase microextraction for determination of fluoxetine in human serum by nano-liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry

Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is a personalized care tool based on the determination of a target drug concentration in human serum. An antidepressant drug of interest for such investigations is fluoxetine (FXT), due to a severe impact of genetic polymorphisms on its metabolism. A bioanalytical method employed for TDM purposes must exhibit satisfactory selectivity and detectability, which becomes more difficult due to highly complex biological matrices. In this study, a highly selective bioanalytical method for the determination of FXT in human serum is proposed, which provides excellent clean-up efficiency based on a low cost hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) sample preparation step and nano-liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (nano-LC-HRMS). HF-LPME was performed using a two-phase "U" configuration, with 6cm fiber, 20µL of 1-octanol acting as supported liquid membrane, and ammonium hydroxide (pH 10) as the donor phase with NaCl (10% m/v) and methanol (5% v/v) as additives, requiring only 250µL of the sample. The procedure was conducted for 30min under a 750rpm stirring rate. Gradient elution was carried out employing an acetonitrile-water as mobile phase, the composition of 30:70 to 100:00 (v/v) for 15min, using formic acid 0.1% (v/v) as an additive. MS1 was acquired in an Orbitrap mass analyzer, while MS2 was acquired in a linear trap quadrupole. Satisfactory linearity (Pearson's r=0.99709) was obtained for a concentration range of 0.02 to 2.5µgmL-1, which is compatible with the therapeutic and toxic range for FXT. The developed method presents adequate precision (1.61 to 7.45%) and accuracy (95 to 114%) and allows the dilution of high concentration samples in a 1:4 ratio (v/v), enabling its application for forensic serum samples. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting a method based on HF-LPME and nano-LC-HRMS with any analytical purpose, especially with a TDM focus.

Efficient and recycled magnetic self-stirring hollow fiber-solid/liquid phase system: An extraction and removal technique for personal care pollutants

Efficient and recycled magnetic self-stirring hollow fiber-solid/liquid phase system: An extraction and removal technique for personal care pollutants

Supramolecular Solvent-Based Vortex-Assisted Hollow Fibre Liquid-Phase Microextraction Technique Combined With High Performance Liquid Chromatography for the Determination of Estrogens in Milk Samples

A fast, simple, environmental friendly and strong sample clean-up ability method for the determination of three estrogens (17β-estradiol (17β-E2), estrone (E1), and diethylstilbestrol (DES)) in milk samples has been developed by using supramolecular solvent-based vortex-assisted hollow fibre liquid-phase microextraction (SS-VA-HF-LPME) and high performance liquid chromatography. Method is based on estrogens was extracted from aqueous samples into a supramolecular solvent which were made up of n-octanol and ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM] BF4) impregnated in the wall pores and also filled inside the porous polypropylene hollow fiber membrane followed by vortex-mixing. The supramolecular solvent has better compatibility with the polarity of target analytes and the driving forces for the extraction include hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and π-cation interactions between the analytes and the vesicular aggregates, thereby leading to high recoveries. Vortex can provide mild and effective mixing of sample solution and increase the contact between analytes and boundary layers of the hollow fibre. Therefore the mass transfer rate was enhanced. The parameters that affect the recoveries were studied and optimized. HF of 4 cm length was used and the pH 4.0 was employed. The percentages of n-octanol and [BMIM]BF4 were 10% and 3%, respectively. The extraction equilibrium time was 4 min. The method provided good linearity (andgt;0.998), repeatability (RSD% = 1.24–4.36), low detection limit (0.10–0.22 ng mL−1), and high enrichment factor (330).

Determination of pesticide residue in marginal lagoons of natural parks in Brazil using an improved calibrate passive sampler

Passive sampling is a sensitive and efficient method for analyzing pesticides in water. This article describes a hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) device that was improved using polypropylene membranes grafted with nanocellulose for the passive sampling of pesticides in water. A comprehensive gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GCxGC/Q-TOFMS) system was used to separate, identify, and quantify pesticides. The sampling rates of 38 moderately hydrophobic to hydrophobic agricultural pesticides (2.18<log Kow<6.89) from different chemical classes, including the main triazine, organochlorine and organophosphate compounds, were calculated. A calibration process was applied to evaluate the role of flow velocity and select potential candidates for a possible performance reference compound (PRC). Sampling rates varied between 0.17mL d-1 and 23.15mL d-1. The accumulation curves identified linear periods ranging from 3 to 18days. The new passive sampler device was applied for 8days in rivers and marginal lagoons of natural parks of the São Francisco basin in Minas Gerais, Brazil and identified 10 target pesticides. Furthermore, 10 non-targeted pesticides were detected by the GCxGC/Q-TOFMS method.

Chemometrics optimization of an anionic carrier-mediated hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with HPLC-PAD for fluconazole extraction from plasma samples

Chemometrics optimization of an anionic carrier-mediated hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with HPLC-PAD for fluconazole extraction from plasma samples

Ultrasound-assisted three-phase hollow fiber microextraction-based method for untargeted metabolomics

Ultrasound-assisted three-phase hollow fiber microextraction-based method for untargeted metabolomics

Hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents based on L-menthol as supported liquid membrane for hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction of triazines from water and urine samples

Hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvents based on L-menthol as supported liquid membrane for hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction of triazines from water and urine samples

Deep eutectic solvents in sample preparation and determination methods of pesticides: Recent advances and future prospects

This review summarizes recent advances of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in sample preparation and determination methods of pesticides in food, environmental, and biological matrices since 2019. Emphasis is placed on new DES categories and emerging microextraction techniques. The former incorporate hydrophobic deep eutectic solvents, magnetic deep eutectic solvents, and responsive switchable deep eutectic solvents, while the latter mainly include dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, liquid-liquid microextraction based on in-situ formation/decomposition of DESs, single drop microextraction, hollow fiber-liquid phase microextraction, and solid-phase microextraction. The principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of these microextraction techniques are presented. Besides, the use of DESs in chromatographic separation, electrochemical biosensors, fluorescent sensors, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy are discussed. This review is expected to provide a valuable reference for extracting and detecting pesticides or other hazardous contaminants in the future.