Holiday Destination Research Articles

High-Altitude Hypoxia Is Common in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease

BACKGROUND In Sickle Cell Disease (SCD), hypoxia favors deoxy-HbS formation, sickle hemoglobin (Hb) polymerization, and red blood cell (RBC) sickling. The hypobaric hypoxia of high altitude (such as plane flights and high-altitude vacation destinations) may uncover occult hypoxia in people with SCD, trigger vaso-occlusive episodes, and/or exacerbate cardiopulmonary complications. There are few published data on high-altitude hypoxia in people with SCD. High altitude simulation testing (HAST) recapitulates the hypoxia of high altitude and can be used to assess the need for prophylactic supplemental oxygen prior to trips. At our institution, due to anecdotal reports of symptom exacerbation following air travel, we complete pretravel HAST for people with sickle cell disease, and then prescribe portable oxygen therapy. OBJECTIVE This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to assess the prevalence of high-altitude hypoxia in those adults with SCD who underwent pretravel evaluation from 2019 to 2023. Additionally, we examined the clinical characteristics of those people found to have high-altitude hypoxia. METHODS After getting IRB approval, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with SCD who had undergone HAST as part of pretravel evaluation in 2019 through 2023. HAST was performed with the use of a Hans Rudolph two-way non-rebreathing valve system, and oxygen saturation was monitored with a forehead oximeter. Compressed Air (10 liters per minute) and Nitrogen (8 liters per minute) were blended to an oxygen level of 15%, simulating an altitude of 8,000 feet for 20 minutes. High-altitude hypoxia is defined as persistent SpO 2 ≤88% at 15%FiO 2, requiring supplemental oxygen. Demographics, SCD-related medical history, clinical labs and imaging were collected near the time of testing. We assessed the prevalence of high-altitude hypoxia in our patient population over the time period. We described the characteristics of those tested. Using parametric and non-parametric statistical tests, we evaluated associations between time to hypoxia (in minutes). RESULTS 22 adult patients underwent HAST, and 13 (59%) were positive for high-altitude hypoxia (Figure 1). The time to hypoxia ranged from 1-17 minutes with a mean of 5.3 minutes with a minimum SpO 2, in those that tested positive, ranging from 86-89%. However, hypoxic patients were immediately treated with supplemental oxygen during testing, so a true nadir cannot be determined. Compared to those who tested negative, the participants that tested positive had lower BMI and lower mean Hb and hematocrit levels. Their mean absolute reticulocyte counts (ARC) and mean total bilirubin were higher than those who tested negative, and their mean white blood counts (WBC) trended higher. We did not observe significant difference in HAST results by SCD genotype, hydroxyurea use and opioid use. Other patient characteristics are described (Figure 2). We found the strongest inverse correlations between time to hypoxia and WBC (r= -0.73, p= 0.004) and ARC (r= -0.69, p=0.010). CONCLUSIONS Adults with sickle cell disease are at risk for occult hypoxia during travel due to hypobaric hypoxia associated with altitude. In our experience, screening patients with SCD prior to travel, we found HAST-positive hypoxia in 59%, for whom we prescribed supplemental oxygen during travel. Our observations suggested that people with more ‘active’ SCD (lower Hgb and higher ARC) were more likely to have high-altitude hypoxia and tended to declare their hypoxia earlier in the testing period. Our study is limited by sample size, retrospective design, and a lack of patient reported outcomes about altitude associated symptoms or complications. Additionally, there may be a selection bias towards healthier people with SCD, i.e., those who are well enough to travel. However, given the pathophysiology of SCD, our results suggest that providers should be proactive in inquiring about travel plans and assessing the risk for hypoxia. Furthermore, the development of a brief screening tool in this setting may be warranted.

Assessment of water quality in a lake with limited tourist pressure due to the COVID-19 lockdown

This study provides a unique opportunity to realistically assess the impact of tourism pressure on the water quality of lakes. A quantitative analysis of the physicochemical and microbiological parameters of water during and after the COVID-19 lockdown period was made. The study covered Sztynorckie Lake located in the Great Masurian Lakes System (GMLS) (northeastern Poland), which is a holiday destination for hundreds of thousands of holidaymakers, and serves as a pillar of the local economy. Significant improvement in the microbiological water quality was observed only during the drastic reduction of human activity due to the pandemic-enforced lockdown. This was confirmed by the results of PCA (X-axis explains 88 % of the variability of the analyzed samples; statistical significance of p<0.05). The rapid increase in the number of coliforms and Escherichia coli (613.1 MPN/100 mL) in the first weekend after the lockdown (June 2020) indicates a point discharge of sewage (including fecal pollution). Illegal discharge of sewage and wastewater is a highly reprehensible offense, and radical legal steps should be taken to prevent it and to protect the water quality. No significant relationship was found between the lockdown and the lake water's physicochemical conditions. In the spring, increased primary production was evidenced by the high concentration of chlorophyll a (52.5 to 70.5 μg/L), suspended particulate matter (20.4 to 21.0 mg/L) and total organic carbon (20.7 to 22.7 mg/L). This is a warning that a nutrient-rich lacustrine ecosystem cannot be restored quickly.

Assessment of Batteries’ Contribution for Optimal Self-Sufficiency in Large Building Complexes

The EU has set ambitious targets to combat climate change. Incorporating renewable energy technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is a critical aspect of achieving the European Union’s (EU) 2030 climate goals. Similarly to all member countries of the EU, Greece shares the same climate goals. In order to achieve these goals, ensuring a consistent supply and the effective use of clean energy is pursued, as it has a significant impact on the sustainable development and growth of the country. As the Greek tourism sector is one of the most energy-consuming of the national economy and a major contributor to the country’s GDP, opportunities are presented for innovation and investment in sustainable practices. Such investments must focus on buildings and facilities, where the energy consumption is concentrated. One of the most popular holiday destinations in Greece is the island of Crete. Visitation patterns are seasonal, which means during the summer months, Crete is exceptionally popular and more demanding energy-wise. One of the highest energy-demanding types of tourism-based businesses is the hospitality industry. Energy demands in hotels are driven by factors such as heating, cooling, lighting, and hot water. Thus, such activities require thermal and electrical energy to function. Electrical energy is one of the most essential forms of energy for hotels, as it powers a wide range of critical systems and services throughout the establishment. Therefore, the hotels are highly susceptible to fluctuations in energy prices which can significantly impact the operational costs of hotels. This paper presents an analysis of the annual consumption for the year of 2022 of five hotels located in Crete. An algorithm is also implemented which strives to minimize the capital expenditure (CAPEX), while ensuring a sufficient percentage of self-sufficiency.

Construction of digital cultural tourism integration holiday system based on differential equation model

Abstract This paper first discusses the new mode of digital technology to boost the culture and tourism integration vacation industry and analyzes the specific application of digital technology in the culture and tourism integration vacation. Secondly, the index evaluation system is constructed with the goal of vacation destination competitiveness, and the gray time-lag prediction model is constructed by introducing the time-lag differential equation model combined with the gray correlation degree and the GM(1,1) model. Finally, an empirical analysis of competitiveness prediction was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of the gray time-lag prediction model. The results show that the tourism resource product has the highest comprehensive relevance, with a score of 0.9254, respectively. The use of the gray time lag prediction model can realize the prediction of the competitiveness score of the vacation destination and provide effective data support for the construction of a digital culture and tourism integration vacation system. This shows that the time-lag differential equation combined with the gray prediction model can be used to analyze the competitiveness score of the vacation destination, promote the deep integration of culture and tourism industry, and create a vacation system that better meets the expectations of tourists.

Polish tourist facilities' engagement in the communication of the low-emission activities and sustainable development

AbstractIn 2021, Booking.com, one of the largest web portals for tourist facilities online reservations, started the Sustainable Travel Program. The main purpose behind it was to promote environmental consciousness among tourists as well as engage the tourist facilities owners to implement sustainable practices in their companies, and, as a consequence of such practices, reward them with a Sustainable Travel Badge. The objective of this research is to examine the engagement of Polish tourist facilities in low-emission and sustainable development activities. To meet the defined purpose, the research was conducted on the data about the facilities in Poland, included in the Booking.com Sustainable Travel Program. The study examines what types of facilities possess the sustainable badge more than others; in which voivodeships (provinces) of Poland there are more objects with the badge, and which Sustainable Travel Practices (out of 30) are realized more frequently. Such information may be useful when choosing a tourist destination, especially for tourists sensitive to environmental issues. The sustainable development practices introduced by Booking.com are mostly possible to be realized by large hotel enterprises. However, it is sometimes difficult to verify whether a certain practice is indeed implemented by a facility, or what exactly its implementation looks like in reality. The number of tourist objects engaged in the Booking.com Sustainable Travel Program has a low correlation with the level of wealth of the voivodeship where an object is located. It is justified by the fact that the wealthiest voivodeships in Poland are not necessarily the most attractive for tourists. The collected data can be a recommendation for both owners of tourist facilities and tourists regarding Polish regions and holiday destinations that meet the criteria of being sustainable, in accordance with the Booking.com guidelines.

Deaths related to drowning in Antalya, an important tourism center in the Mediterranean region: A 10-year retrospective study.

Objectives: Drowning is one of the most common causes of accidental deaths in all age groups. This study aims to compare the sociodemographic data, scene of incident findings, clinical characteristics, and autopsy findings of Turkish and foreign victims of drowning in Antalya, one of the most popular global holiday destinations. Study Design: This study is the most extensive case series of drowning in Turkey. Methods: A retrospective examination was made of 7775 autopsies, of which 692 (8.9%) were identified as drowning cases. Results: Almost half of the cases were elderly males of foreign nationality, with a chronic disease and high alcohol consumption, who were found wearing swimming clothes and had died accidentally, mostly in the sea or swimming pools. The majority of Turkish victims were male children and adolescents, found wearing normal daily clothes, who died from a fall or while performing high-risk activities, such as jumping from height. Most of these cases died at the scene of the incident due to an accident or suicide. Conclusions: Such incidences of deaths in Antalya could be reduced with the implementation of precautions, with adjustments made according to the increased risks and, particularly, the mobility of the older age group. Significantly, chronic disease is an important risk factor in cases of drowning.

Does gastronomy determine visitors’ holiday destination choice? Empirical evidence based on a mixed-methods research approach

Does gastronomy determine visitors’ holiday destination choice? Empirical evidence based on a mixed-methods research approach

Factors Influencing Major Life-Changing Decisions in Patients with Psoriasis: A Cross-sectional Study.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with significant impairment in quality of life. Although quality of life in patients with psoriasis has been widely studied, there is little evidence regarding the impact of psoriasis on major life-changing decisions (MLCD). The aims of this study are to describe the impact of psoriasis on MLCD and to explore the potential clinical factors associated with MLCD. This cross-sectional study included 113 patients with psoriasis, regardless of disease severity, duration, or current treatment. The impact of the disease on different MLCD, including those related to professional career, decision of having children, choice of clothing, and leisure activities, was explored using Likert scales. Mean age was 51 years old and female to male ratio was 1.08 (54/50). The mean Psoriasis Area Severity Index was 3.75, and 30% (35/113) of the patients had psoriatic arthropathy. The most affected MLCD were career choice (median (interquartile range) score 3 (2-4)), social relationships (2 (1-3)), choice of clothing (2 (1-3)), job performance, absenteeism, and choice of holiday destination (1 (0-2)). Female sex, early age of onset and psoriatic arthropathy were associated with a greater impact of the disease on MLCD (p < 0.05). The results showed that a range of MLCD are affected in patients with psoriasis, such as career choice, job performance, absenteeism, or choice of clothing. Female sex, psoriatic arthritis and early age of onset are factors associated with a greater impact on MLCD. In order to limit the long-term negative effects of psoriasis on patients, special attention should be paid to detection of psoriatic arthritis, and to patients with early disease onset.

Exploring the Factors Involved in Tourists’ Decision-Making and Determinants of Length of Stay

This study aimed at identifying the factors influencing tourists’ decisions in choosing their vacation destinations as well as factors influencing their behavior. An online survey was applied to 861 Romanian tourists. The principal component analysis was run to reduce the dimensionality of the 23 items and used to determine the factors that influence tourists’ decision in choosing their destination, leading to a four-component solution. The results indicated that aspects related to destination image, destination unique characteristics and the accommodation facilities are more important for women than for the men. Regarding the travel organization factor, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Families and older tourists with high incomes are positively linked to the length of stay. These insights on the factors influencing tourists’ decision-making process are of the utmost importance for managers and overall tourism service providers in the design of marketing and management strategies in accordance to tourists’ expectations and needs.

Prophylaxis of infectious diseases among Polish population travelling abroad

Introduction and purpose of the study: With the gradual increase in travel, new challenges are arising in the health sector, especially with regard to infectious diseases. Growing number of Poles choose countries on other continents as their holiday destination. The aim of this study was to examine the health behaviour of Poles in relation to their travel destinations within Europe, Asia and Africa. Of particular importance were pre-travel consultations, awareness of recommended and mandatory vaccinations and malaria prevention. Material and method: The study was based on an analysis of data from a specially constructed, online questionnaire. It was completed by 237 people. Pearson’s χ2 test, T-student and ANOVA were used to analyse the survey results. The processing of the data obtained, statistical calculations and graphs were performed using the R programme. Results and conclusions: Travellers to Asian or African countries were significantly more likely to seek information on the infectious diseases their travel destination was at risk of than travellers to European countries. In addition, recommended vaccinations were significantly more frequently administered prior to travelling to Africa or Asia than before travelling within Europe. No statistically significant differences were found between travellers to Asia or Africa in terms of seeking information on the infectious diseases, having a pre-travel consultation or being administered recommended vaccinations. With regards to malaria-prone regions, travellers to Africa were more than twice as likely to take antimalarial drugs than travellers to Asia. Mandatory vaccinations were significantly more common than recommended vaccinations, although despite the obligation some travellers still chose not to receive them.

It Looks Like “Theirs”: When and Why Human Presence in the Photo Lowers Viewers’ Liking and Preference for an Experience Venue

Abstract Consumers and marketers often post photos of experiential consumption online. While prior research has studied how human presence in social media images impacts viewers’ responses, the findings are mixed. The present research advances the current understanding by incorporating viewers’ need for self-identity into their response model. Six studies, including an analysis of field data (14,725 Instagram photos by a top travel influencer) and five controlled experiments, find that the presence (vs. absence) of another human in the photo of an identity-relevant experience (e.g., a vacation, a wedding) can lower viewers' liking and preference for the venue (i.e., the vacation destination, the wedding venue) in the photo. This effect is mediated by viewers' feelings of others' ownership of the venue and moderated by the relevance of the experience to the viewer’s self-identity as well as the distinctiveness of the human in the photo. This research is the first to investigate the impact of human presence in shared photos through the lens of psychological ownership and the identity-signaling function of ownership. The findings offer practical insights into when marketers should avoid human presence in advertisements and how to mitigate the negative impact of human presence in online photos.

Behavioral Economics: The Decoy Effect

Behavioral economics blends psychology and economics to determine how psychological triggers or nudges influence people's decision-making. The decoy effect has been a particular focus of study in the behavioral economics literature. The decoy effect is seen as an effective "Nudge" and is widely used by businesses. For example, magazine subscriptions, vacation destination choices, and sales of various productswhere there is a choice, there is an arena for nudges. The marketplace is flooded with nudges to influence consumer choice; in everyday consumption, many businesses use the decoy effect to maximize sales of specific products or options to increase revenue. Based on a review of the relevant literature and practical case applications of the decoy effect, this study summarizes articles with similar conclusions which can support each other while also mentioning different views regarding the limitations and disagreements of the decoy effect in behavioral economics. However, in general, the effects carried by decoys are apparent and have been confirmed by a large amount of literature.

Virtual reality’s impact on destination visit intentions and the moderating role of amateur photography

FinalidadEsta investigación analizó los efectos de las experiencias de realidad virtual (VREs) y las emociones en las intenciones de visita a destinos vacacionales aplicando el modelo estímulo-organismo-respuesta (S-O-R). También examinó el papel de la fotografía amateur como moderador en la relación entre las VREs, las emociones y las intenciones de visita.Diseño/metodología/enfoqueLos datos primarios se recogieron mediante una encuesta con cuestionario estructurado administrado en la India, y se utilizó la modelización de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM) para examinar las relaciones entre las variables. La encuesta principal fue precedida de un estudio piloto. Se aplicó la técnica PLS-SEM para medir el efecto moderador de la fotografía amateur.ResultadosCuando las personas poseen un alto nivel de emociones positivas en la etapa previa al viaje con participación en VRE, sus intenciones de visitar destinos son más fuertes. La fotografía amateur moderó las relaciones entre la interactividad del usuario, las experiencias memorables, las imágenes mentales y las intenciones de visita. No se encontró ningún efecto moderador significativo entre las experiencias emocionales y las intenciones de visita.Originalidad/valorEsta investigación tiene el valor de hacer varias contribuciones potenciales a las aplicaciones turísticas de la realidad virtual. Es el primer estudio que utiliza y pone a prueba el marco estímulo-organismo-respuesta (S-O-R) para analizar el comportamiento de los turistas desde la perspectiva de las emociones generadas por las aplicaciones de RV. El análisis se centra en el mercado turístico de la India, poco explorado en el contexto de la RV y desde la perspectiva de un país en desarrollo. La investigación hace hincapié en el uso de la RV como herramienta para comprender el comportamiento de los turistas, en lugar de centrarse únicamente en las intenciones de visita. Las conclusiones aportan valiosas ideas sobre la importancia de la RV en el turismo. Los conocimientos generados contribuirán a comprender el impacto de las experiencias de RV en las emociones y las intenciones de visita, así como el efecto moderador de la fotografía amateur. Se presentan implicaciones prácticas para los responsables de marketing de los destinos turísticos a la hora de desarrollar estrategias de marketing eficaces que potencien las emociones de los turistas y motiven las intenciones de visita.

ATTRIBUTES OF TRAVEL DESTINATIONS THAT AFFECT TOURISTS’ DECISIONS: A CASE OF SEREMBAN STREET ART

Making general decisions on where to travel may be very exciting for tourists but it can be quite challenging when it comes to choosing the exact fascinating places to visit and discover. There have been several research studies published that examine vacation destinations and how travellers make decisions, but few publications have combined these studies to help professionals in the travel and tourism business make well-informed decisions. This research was intended to examine tourists’ decisions to attend the Seremban Street Art in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan. Attributes to travel destination consist of 5A’s namely accommodation, articulated stories, affordability, accessibility, and attribution. A total of 69 respondents were involved in this survey. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the respective sample by utilizing a convenience sampling technique. All data were extracted by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 23. The results of the study indicate that accessibility is the main attribute of tourists’ decisions to travel destinations whereby accommodation is the attribute that least influences tourists’ decisions on travel destinations. The study focused on the decision-making and destination aspects and summarized how visitors make their destination decisions. Moreover, it acts as a reference for business owners to understand the aspects that influence tourists' decisions and consequently help them make wise decisions to keep their businesses afloat.

A Real Time Tourism Recommender System using KNN and RBM Approach

Abstract: Tourism has become a significant contributor to both the industry and national economy. Over the years, the desire to travel and explore new places has led to a substantial increase in the number of tourists. This boom in tourism has resulted in many businesses, both global and local, as well as governments investing heavily in the industry. However, while governments invest in maintaining and promoting tourist attractions, there is often no emphasis on improving the overall experience of tourists.To address this issue, a real-time recommender system can be implemented. This system will provide tourists with recommendations based on their preferences, rather than just providing them with information. As the environment for recommender systems has become increasingly complex and dynamic, with diverse information available in real-time, it is necessary to develop an effective touring recommender system based on real-time characteristics. This system will provide tourists with real-time recommendations, thus enhancing their experience.To achieve this, a recommendation framework that provides comprehensive information for tourists is needed. This framework will guide tourists from the initial stage of exploring which country to visit, to providing a complete comprehensive guide for them once they arrive at their vacation destination. The goal of this solution is to give tourists the best possible experience, eliminating the need to depend on the help of others.Several features will be implemented in this application, such as comprehensive information on places to stay, dine, and visit, using the current location and budget, popularity, and other characteristics. The system will also create a timetable for tourists based on their duration of stay and provide real-time assistance. Overall, the system will provide a personalized and optimized touring experience for the tourist.With the implementation of this recommender system, tourists will be able to make more informed decisions about where to go, what to do, and where to stay. By using real-time data and personalized recommendations, tourists can enjoy a more engaging and satisfying vacation experience. This system will also benefit the tourism industry as a whole, by increasing customer satisfaction and promoting repeat visits

A Luxury Tourist Destination in Housing for Tourist Purposes: A Study of the New Airbnb Luxe Platform in the Case of Marbella

Marbella has a wide range of luxury property rentals, which are the subject of study within the framework of the collaborative economy, where the Airbnb platform stands out as the most used channel. This research focuses on the analysis of the total number of luxury villas offered in Marbella by Airbnb Luxe and Luxury Retreats. The methodology was carried out in four phases: the first phase involved a review of the literature on tourism and luxury and a study of Marbella as a luxury destination. The second phase focused on the analysis of the types of accommodation that Marbella offers. The third phase focused on the collection of data from the analyzed platform: Airbnb Luxe and Luxury Retreats. Finally, qualitative research consisting of in-depth interviews with owners and real estate agents focused on the luxury sector in Marbella was carried out. The results obtained yield relevant conclusions: Marbella is one of the main luxury holiday destinations in Spain, and the most demanded type of luxe accommodation in Marbella is large luxury villas. The term ‘luxury’ can be subjective, referring to such things as the visible and non-visible aspects that determine the category of a luxury property, hence the need to carry out a study on the luxury segment to establish a precise definition.

Gen Z’s Attitude towards Green Image Destinations, Green Tourism and Behavioural Intention Regarding Green Holiday Destination Choice: A Study in Poland and India

Using PLS-SEM, this article proposes and verifies a model among Gen Z that captures the relationship between attitudes towards the environmental ecosystem and green tourism, personal and social norms regarding pro-environmental behaviour, perceived behavioural control, perceived green image of destinations (PGID), behavioural intentions regarding green holiday destinations (GHD), and willingness to pay (WTP) more for visiting them. The paper also verifies whether intercultural differences exist in the relationships between these variables. The most important results indicate that (1) for Gen Z, the perceived green image of destinations has the strongest impact on intention to travel to green holiday destinations; (2) the proposed variables explain the willingness to visit green holiday destinations to a much greater extent than the WTP a higher price for such trips. This study contributes to the literature concerning generational changes in tourism, pro-environmental (transition) planning, and the growing green economy and marketing.

Does Attractiveness and Value of Eco-Tourism Related with Income of Small Medium Micro Business in Tourism Object? Study in North Maluku

The points of this study are: (1) to decide the impact of engaging quality on pay; (2) To decide the impact of ecotourism esteem on pay; (3) To decide the impact of the appeal and worth of ecotourism on pay. The quantity of exploration tests is 70 respondents, This exploration was led at Jikomalamo Ocean side, Ternate City. The test instrument utilized is various direct relapse investigation (different relapse) involving the factual bundle for social researchers (SPSS) as a measurable test device. In view of the exploration results show that; the engaging quality variable emphatically affects the pay of MSME entertainers at the Jikomalamo Ocean side vacation spot, the Ecotourism Worth variable emphatically affects the pay of MSME entertainers at the Jikomalamo Ocean side vacation spot. At the same time, the engaging quality and ecotourism esteem factors emphatically affect pay by 24.3%, and that implies that the allure and worth of ecotourism will build the pay of MSME entertainers at the Jikomalamo Ocean side vacation destination.

Presence, variation, and potential ecological impact of microplastics in the largest shallow lake of Central Europe

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the global ecosystem has generated a rapidly growing concern worldwide. Although their presence in the marine environment has been well-studied, much less data are available on their abundance in freshwaters. MPs alone and in combination with different chemicals has been shown to cause acute and chronic effects on algae and aquatic invertebrate and vertebrate species at different biological levels. However, the combined ecotoxicological effects of MPs with different chemicals on aquatic organisms are still understudied in many species and the reported data are often controversial. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, the presence of MPs in Lake Balaton, which is the largest shallow lake of Central Europe and an important summer holiday destination. Moreover, we exposed neonates of the well-established ecotoxicological model organism Daphnia magna to different MPs (polystyrene [3 μm] or polyethylene [≤ 100 μm]) alone and in combination with three progestogen compounds (progesterone, drospirenone, levonorgestrel) at an environmentally relevant concentration (10 ng L−1) for 21 days. The presence of 7 polymer types of MPs in the size range of 50–100 μm was detected in Lake Balaton. Similarly to the global trends, polypropylene and polyethylene MPs were the most common types of polymer. The calculated polymer-independent average particle number was 5.5 particles m−3 (size range: 50 μm – 100 μm) which represents the values detected in other European lakes. Our ecotoxicological experiments confirmed that MPs and progestogens can affect D. magna at the behavioral (body size and reproduction) and biochemical (detoxification-related enzyme activity) levels. The joint effects were negligible. The presence of MPs may lead to reduced fitness in the aquatic biota in freshwaters such as Lake Balaton, however, the potential threat of MPs as vectors for progestogens may be limited.

Psychological capital as a moderator in the relationship between job insecurity, job stress, and hotel employees' turnover intention during the Russia-Ukraine war

It is crucial to examine the impact of professional uncertainty on tourism staff following the commencement of the Russia-Ukraine crisis in 2022. The major goal of this study is to see how job insecurity perception, job stress, and turnover intention interact, as well as the moderating role of PsyCap in these interactions. The study was conducted in Antalya, a popular vacation destination for Russian and Ukrainian visitors. The results of the research show that the perception of job insecurity positively affects both job stress and turnover intention. Furthermore, job stress has been shown to have a positive effect on turnover intention. Additionally, PsyCap's moderator effect was confirmed for both the association between job insecurity and job stress, and the relationship between job insecurity and turnover intention. It is thought that the study will contribute to the literature in terms of measuring employee perception while the 2022 Russia-Ukraine crisis continues.