History Of Trauma Research Articles

Trauma-Informed Speech-Language Pathology

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) often engage with individuals with histories of trauma. Rather than providing trauma treatment, SLPs are instead positioned to engage in universal precaution for trauma: assuming that trauma is more likely than not to be part of any individual’s story and intentionally responding in ways that do not create additional harm. SLPs are increasingly being encouraged to recognize the high prevalence of trauma, the ways trauma can impact communication and behavior, and to practice trauma-informed care (TIC) in their work. Yet, the application of TIC to SLP practice is still emerging in both research and practice. The purpose of this conceptual article is to begin to operationalize the four levels of TIC as related to SLP practice: (1) trauma awareness, (2) trauma-informed approach, (3) trauma-sensitive practices, and (4) interprofessional collaboration with trauma-specific treatment providers. Recommendations for trauma-informed SLP practice and continued application and discussion of TIC are provided.

Clinical and radiographic evaluation of two different apexification protocols in traumatized immature permanent incisors.

Dental trauma can cause damage to the pulp tissue in immature teeth. Revascularization therapy is a possible option in the treatment of non-vital, immature permanent teeth with a history of trauma. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical results of immature teeth with a history of trauma treated by regenerative endodontic procedures and mineral trioxide aggregate apexification techniques. Forty-one patients aged between 7 and 12 years with traumatized immature permanent maxillary incisors were included in the study. These patients were divided into two groups: those who had previously received endodontic treatment and those who had not. Twenty-four patients who applied directly to the university clinic and had not received endodontic treatment before were included in the regenerative endodontic protocol group (Group 1). Seventeen patients who had previously undergone endodontic intervention on their relevant teeth were included in the mineral trioxide aggregate apexification group (Group 2). The patients were followed for a period of 24 months. Clinical success rates were evaluated, and pre-treatment and control radiographs were analyzed to calculate the percentage increase in root dentin width and root length. After 24 months of follow-up, positive periapical healing was detected in the radiographic findings in the majority of cases. In Group 1, a limited increase in root length and root dentin width was observed, while a narrowing in the apical opening was evident. The radiographic evaluation of two of the cases, which could be accessed 11 years later, emphasized the importance of long-term follow-up in assessing the effectiveness of the chosen methods. The revascularization method is a treatment option that has positive results in terms of root development in teeth with necrotic pulp as a result of trauma.

Talking about trauma: A systematic review of young people's reactions to trauma-focused research.

Concerns persist about the potential negative impact of asking young people about their trauma experiences in a research context. Previous research on this ethical issue has focused on adult populations, and the limited evidence for young people has limitations. This systematic review synthesised empirical evidence of young people's reactions to trauma-focused research, and associated participant and study characteristics. Eligible studies included young people aged up to 18years in any setting who were systematically asked about their response to participating in trauma-focused research. Seventeen studies were identified, containing a total of 40,660 participants. Risk of bias was assessed using a bespoke quality assessment tool. Findings revealed higher benefits than costs, suggesting generally positive appraisals of trauma-focused research for young people. Those with a trauma history or symptoms were more vulnerable to costs. Age and gender did not appear to influence costs, but it was unclear how these factors impacted benefits. These findings suggest that young people can safely be asked about their trauma experiences and its impact, but that consideration of trauma history and symptoms is needed. Routinely asking should become part of ethical research design and would contribute to a richer evidence base.

Elastografia Acoustic radiation force Impulse (ARFI) para auxílio no diagnóstico de dois tumores malignos da bainha dos nervos periféricos caninos

ABSTRACT: This report described the use of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in the diagnosis of two cases of canine malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Both patients presented with lameness in the thoracic limb and no response to previous clinical treatment or trauma history. Physical examination revealed muscular atrophy in one of the thoracic limbs, in both dogs. B-mode axillary ultrasound showed the presence of a predominantly hypoechogenic, heterogeneous, irregular, nonencapsulated nodule with adjacent reactivity, measuring approximately 20.1 mm x 15.4 mm in the first case and 18.3 mm x 10.7 mm in the second. ARFI elastography was performed, showing areas of significant stiffness, with an average shear wave velocity of 4.12 m/s (case 1) and 4.35 m/s (case 2), suggesting malignancy. In both cases, the affected limb was amputated, and the tumors sent for histopathological analysis, which were; subsequently, diagnosed as malignant tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath. The ultrasonographic methods used were essential in the diagnosis and therapeutic conduct.

Navigating the Discussion of Mental Illness With Korean Americans.

Korean Americans have one of the highest rates of depression of the Asian subgroups in the United States, and they have culture-related factors that affect their mental health. It is important for health care providers to understand the cultural considerations of Korean Americans to better address their mental health. This review article delves into the pertinent cultural practices of Korean Americans for navigating discussions of mental health. We note the cultural views, language barriers, historical traumas, and immigration challenges of Korean Americans, and we consider the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision's discussion of Koreans. We also include a table of Korean mental health terms with cultural significance and a list of online resources tailored for Korean Americans. In addition, we discuss the unique experiences of North Korean refugees that affect their mental health. Overall, this review informs health care providers about cultural considerations for navigating discussions of mental health with Korean Americans.

Memorials and collective memory: A text analysis of online reviews.

Memorials extend beyond their physical constructs, embodying political narratives and influencing collective memory. This study examines how traditional memorials and counter-memorials shape geopolitical storytelling and public sentiment. Through text analysis of over 158,000 online reviews, we compare emotional responses elicited by these memorial types. Our findings reveal distinct differences in reactions, with traditional memorials evoking pride and heroism, while counter-memorials prompt reflection on loss and historical trauma. These results contribute to understanding how memorials influence political perceptions and collective memory, offering insights into the psychological mechanisms behind geopolitical engagement with historical events.

Management of a case of stromal herpetic keratitis

Aims/Purpose: To present a case study of stromal herpetic keratitis (SHK) and emphasize the importance of accurate differential diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic approaches in primary care settings.Methods: A detailed anamnesis and ocular examination were conducted, including fluorescein staining to identify dendritic corneal ulcers indicative of herpetic keratitis (HK). The patient was followed closely with a combination of antiviral and corticosteroid therapy.Results: A 20‐year‐old woman presented with 72 hours of left eye redness, pain, tearing, and vision loss. No traumatic history was reported, but a recent herpetic lesion on the upper lip was noted. Clinical examination revealed significant conjunctival hyperemia and a characteristic dendritic lesion on the cornea. Detailed examination with a slit lamp showed a central dendritic ulcer stained with fluorescein and peripheral infected cells stained with rose Bengal, alongside a focal stromal inflammation. These findings confirmed the diagnosis of SHK. Follow‐up revealed resolution of the stromal inflammation and closure of the dendritic epithelial defect.Conclusions: The case underscores the critical need for accurate diagnosis of HK subtypes, as SHK requires specific treatment with topical corticosteroids in addition to antiviral therapy. Clinical guidelines indicate that the benefits of corticosteroid use in SHK outweigh the risks, though close monitoring is essential to mitigate adverse effects such as increased intraocular pressure and cataract formation. This case highlights the importance of prompt specialist referral when primary care practitioners encounter complex ocular presentations, ensuring timely and appropriate management to prevent irreversible vision loss.References Guidelines for Ocular Herpes Management. SECOIR Monography: Update on Corneal Infections. Chapters 7 and 11.

Do Variations in Frontal Recess Anatomy Predispose to Mucocele Formation?

Introduction Mucoceles are benign expansile cystic lesions commonly seen in the frontoethmoidal region. Objective To see if the distribution of frontal air cells predisposes to mucocele formation. Methods Retrospective review of all cases of paranasal sinus mucocele from 2011 to 2021. Data on demographics, history of surgery or trauma, clinical features, radiological findings, and outcome were collected and analyzed. Results Of the 28 cases, 19 (67.9%) were male and 9 (32.1%), female, with a mean age of 40.75 years. Mucocele was unilateral in 26 (92.9%) patients. Twenty patients (71.43%) presented with primary mucocele. The distribution of mucocele was frontal and frontoethmoidal in 8 (28.6%) patients each, maxillary in 6 (21.4%), and ethmoid and sphenoid sinus in 3 (10.7%) patients each. Sixteen (57.1%) patients had frontal sinus involvement. At presentation, 13 (46.4%) patients had nasal symptoms, 17 (60.7%) had orbital symptoms, while 16 (57.1%) had headache. Pain (12; 70.59%) was the predominant orbital symptom, followed by proptosis and diplopia (8; 47.06%). The most common sites of bony erosions were along the frontal sinus floor (14; 50%), followed by lamina papyracea (13; 46.43%), and frontal sinus anterior wall (10; 35.71%). The agger nasi and suprabullar cells were the most common frontal cells encountered in mucoceles involving the frontal sinus, with no significant difference in frontal cell distribution between involved and uninvolved sides. The frontal cell distribution was similar in mucoceles with and without frontal sinus involvement too. Conclusion Though frontal and frontoethmoidal mucoceles were the most encountered, the type and distribution of frontal cells did not predispose to mucocele formation.

Case 337.

A 38-year-old previously healthy male patient presented with left-sided facial pain over the prior 5 weeks. He first noticed the pain while washing and applying pressure to his face. The pain was described as shock-like, sharp and shooting, and radiating along the left cheek and temple. It began as 1-2-second episodes occurring two to three times per day, sometimes spontaneously, progressing in severity and frequency over time. Mild progressive left facial weakness also developed a few weeks after initial symptoms. Physical examination demonstrated reproducible pain in the distribution of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve (V2), with normal motor and sensory function. A recent routine dental examination demonstrated healthy teeth and gums, and there was no history of dental procedures or trauma. The rest of the physical and neurologic examinations revealed no abnormalities. The patient was afebrile with normal vital signs. Findings of routine laboratory testing, including complete blood count, metabolic panel with electrolytes, kidney and liver function, and inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein, were all within normal limits. Following the neurologic and otolaryngologic evaluations, imaging was recommended. The patient was also started on treatment with carbamazepine for trigeminal neuralgia, with modest improvement of symptoms. He initially underwent MRI of the temporal bones at an outside hospital. After subsequent referral to our hospital, follow-up concomitant MRI and CT (Figs 1-4) were performed approximately 3 months after the initial imaging.

Cognitive factors as mediators of the relationship between childhood trauma and depression symptoms: the mediating roles of cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination, and social problem-solving

ABSTRACT Background: Childhood trauma has negative immediate and long-term impacts on depression. Questions remain, however, regarding the cognitive factors influencing this relationship. This study aimed to investigate the role of three cognitive factors – cognitive overgeneralisation, rumination and social problem-solving – as mediating factors in the relationship between childhood trauma and symptoms of depression. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Iran from March to July 2023. Participants (N = 227; Mean age 32.44 ± 8.95 years) with depression completed measures of childhood trauma, depression, self-overgeneralisation, cognitive errors, memory specificity, rumination and social problem-solving. The conceptual model was assessed using structural equation modelling. Results: Structural equation modelling indicated that childhood trauma had a positive direct effect on depression symptoms. Childhood trauma had a positive indirect effect on depression symptoms through both self-overgeneralisation and rumination and a negative indirect effect on depression through effective social problem-solving strategies. Conclusions: The findings suggest increased exposure to childhood trauma may be associated with elevated depression and self-overgeneralisation, rumination, and effective social problem-solving strategies may play an important role in this relationship. These findings hold potential implications for those working with patients with depression and a history of childhood trauma.

INDIGENOUS RESILIENCY AGAINST THE SOCIAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND MENTAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Abstract U.S. Indigenous people have been disproportionately impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, experiencing higher rates of infection and hospitalization, being vulnerable to mental health symptoms, including psychological stress and emotional health, and experiencing higher rates of loss and death. Structural inequities have contributed to these negative COVID-19 health outcomes; however, consistent with the Framework of Historical Oppression, Resilience, and Transcendence (FHORT), Indigenous people offset these disparities through positive coping, adaptation, and resiliency interwoven between individual, family and community ecological levels. This research assessed interconnections of structural inequality and associated disruptions in relation to Indigenous wholistic wellness, primarily around healthcare discrimination, medical mistrust, mental health, and loss and death. Thirty-one head-of-household women participated in community-based, critical ethnographic interviews to assess disparities associated with COVID-19. All participants were in caregiving roles and ranged in age from 29-56 years old. The following themes emerged: (a) negative medical and healthcare experiences; (b) connections between physical and mental health; (c) worry and depression; (d) loss of structure and self; (e) disrupted burial rituals; (f) death, grief, and extensive losses; and (g) resiliency. Results indicate disparities associated with the pandemic emerged in large part from systemic inequity; however, Native American women demonstrated resiliency by advocating for themselves, problem solving, self-coping, and upholding Indigenous values. With lower life expectancy of Indigenous peoples, this study informs both future generations and interventions, promoting traditional and cultural protective factors to offset the impact of historical trauma and oppression, including healing across all ecological domains including physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects.

Racism, Black Identity and Historical Trauma - an Analysis of Marvel’s Comic Book Series “The Panther v. The Klan”

Black Panther is a character created by the Marvel Comics publishing house in 1966, widely recognized as the first black superhero of mainstream American pop culture. This thesis examines the revolutionary significance of Black Panther to American society through an analysis of his first stories, with a particular focus on the storyline of “The Panther v. The Klan” (1976). The object of the research of this paper is to demonstrate the deeper message and relevant socio-political issues of the 1970s, also reflected in the present day, in selected comic strips from Don McGregor’s “Jungle Action” series. The purpose of this paper is to examine the significance of Black Panther for American pop culture in the context of racism, black identity, and historical trauma. To achieve it, the following paper subjects primary sources, in this case, four comic book issues, as well as other available cultural texts, to critical analysis consistent with the methodology in qualitative terms. The study demonstrated the timelessness of the subject matter analyzed and confirmed the role of the Black Panther as a political symbol.

Barriers to a trauma-informed approach to suicide: experiences of practicing clinicians

ABSTRACT Many clients with suicidal thoughts and behaviors will also have a history of trauma. Little is known about the ways that mental health clinicians implement a trauma informed approach (TIA) with this population or the challenges they encounter in this work. This qualitative study of clinicians (N = 30) explored the use of TIAs to address suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Thematic analysis identified barriers to the use of a TIA with individuals with suicidal thoughts and behaviors: insufficient knowledge and skills (n = 30), systemic barriers (n = 28), and a lack of integration of the fields of trauma and suicide (n = 26). Implications for clinicians, educators, and organizations are discussed.

Syphilitic Lymphadenitis and Clavicle Pathological Fracture Mimicking Malignant Tumor on 18F-FDG PET/CT.

A 66-year-old woman presented with 9 days of left clavicle pain, with no history of recent trauma. CT images showed a left clavicle fracture with a surrounding soft tissue mass. An 18F-FDG PET/CT scan revealed increased FDG uptake in the tonsils, multiple lymph nodes, and the pathologically fractured clavicle, initially suggesting malignancy. However, serologic tests and pathology confirmed syphilitic lymphadenitis and osteomyelitis. Given the inguinal and cervical lymphadenopathy with FDG uptake, potential bone destruction, or pathological fractures mimicking malignancy, syphilis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Serologic testing and Treponema pallidum screening are essential.

PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS FOR KNEE JOINT OSTEOARTHRITIS (RESULTS OF A SOCIOLOGICAL STUDY)

Aim. To investigate the risk factors of knee joint osteoarthritis and to propose improvements in preventive technologies for this pathology. Materials and methods. Questionnaires of 105 patients (46 men, 59 women) of a private specialized orthopaedic clinic with knee joint osteoarthritis were selected as research materials. Methods: sociological, medical and statistical; graphic. Results. It was found that the average body mass index in the sample exceeded the norm and was 27.1±4.8 kg/cm3, in particular, in men it was 28.2±4.2 kg/cm3, in women it was 26.2±5.1 kg/cm3; 34 (32.4%) respondents performed labour functions mostly while standing; 61 (58.1%) respondents had a history of trauma to the affected knee. The food behaviour of respondents was irrational, as they preferred several undesirable food products in their diet at once: 48 (45.7%) respondents preferred fatty meat products, 46 (43.8%) – sweets, 33 (31.4 %) – fatty dairy products, 32 (30.5%) – fried products, 31 (29.5%) – smoked products, 23 (21.9%) – butter, 22 (21.0%) – hot spices, 15 (14.3%) respondents consumed excessive salt. All patients had concomitant diseases, in particular, 27 (25.7%) individuals had diseases of the circulatory system, 14 (13.3%) – diseases of the endocrine system, 20 (19.0%) – other diseases of the musculoskeletal system, in addition to knee joint osteoarthritis (OA), 38 (36.2%) patients had diseases of the digestive organs, 6 (5.7%) patients had other diseases. Active primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of knee joint OA is proposed, taking into account the complex of risk factors at the individual level and the presence of concomitant diseases in the patients, with the involvement of public health specialists, medical workers of primary and secondary medical care. Conclusions. The results of the conducted research confirmed the data of the world scientific literature on the risk factors of OA of the knee joint. It is proposed to carry out active primary, secondary, tertiary prevention, taking into account the complex of managed individual risk factors and concomitant diseases of the patient at all levels of medical care and in the community with the involvement of a public health specialists, medical workers of primary and secondary medical care.

Common mistakes in capillaroscopy

Nail fold capillaroscopy (NFC) is a non-invasive examination and the "gold standard" in rheumatology practice to evaluate the microcirculation and distinguish primary from secondary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). Alternatives to videocapillaroscopy are USB microscopy, dermatoscopy and ophthalmoscopy. Before the capillaroscopy examination, a detailed general history (including concomitant diseases) and occupational history (including a history of recent trauma to the fingers or onychophagia), a history regarding the patient's hobbies, practicing sports and physical activity, history of taking medications (beta-blockers, vasodilators, anticoagulants, antihypertensives), as well as the use of other vasoactive substances (tobacco, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, amphetamines) should be taken. A detailed history regarding discoloration of the fingers is necessary to confirm the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon (RP). Capillaroscopic examination should be carried out under certain conditions (not during an attack of RP, after acclimatization, in a certain position of the patient, without consumption of coffee and smoking before the examination, without manicure procedures in the last 15-30 days, examination of all 8 fingers, excluding those with recent trauma and/or infection). Correctly following all these steps will avoid technical errors that can change the interpretation of the result. It is necessary for the examiner to have a good knowledge of the normal capillaroscopic pattern, the variations of the norm in adults, the differences that might be found between children and adults, as well as the different pathological findings and specific patterns ("scleroderma" and "scleroderma-like" type) in diseases occurring with secondary RP. While in rheumatology practice there are defined criteria for "scleroderma" and "scleroderma-like" capillaroscopic finding, the changes in some paraneoplastic, socially significant (AH and DM), occupational (VD) and infectious diseases (Covid-19) occurring with microangiopathy, which can lead to misinterpretation of the finding. The “scleroderma-like” pattern also differs in different rheumatic diseases and the findings can also be misleading. The results of the study must be carefully interpreted with a view to the correct assessment of the patients' condition.

Pulp Calcification and External Reabsortion Resulting from Dental Trauma in Childhood, Associated with the Applicability of Guided Endodontic Treatment – Endoguide: Case Report

Introduction: Pulp canal calcification is characterized by the deposition of calcified tissue along the canal walls. As a result, the root canal can become completely obliterated, making endodontic treatment and its chemical- mechanical preparation difficult and contributing to accidents and complications. The objective of this case report is to understand that digital dentistry has added value in several dental situations. Endoguide provides safety, precision, efficiency, minimizes operative time, and reduces the chances of root canal deviation and damage to surrounding tissues. Methodology: The literature review was carried out through a bibliographic survey on guided endodontic treatment in obliterated canals. The clinical case reported here was treated at the dentistry clinic of the Euro-American University Center (UNIEURO). Case report: A 23-year-old female patient with a history of trauma in the anterior region of the maxilla at least 10 years ago reported that there was no intervention at the time of the incident and detailed how the trauma occurred. The patient presented to the UNIEURO dental clinic complaining of darkening of the crown of tooth 21. Radiographically, significant external resorption was observed and the clinical examination showed marked vestibularization. When performing sensitivity tests on tooth 21, negative responses were obtained. The lower teeth were also the focus of observation for analysis of possible impairment during the trauma that occurred. It was observed that all were vital, except for tooth 21, thus confirming the diagnostic hypothesis of Pulp Calcification. The patient was referred to the radiology clinic with a request for an imaging exam: Computed Tomography on a Prexion device; known for allowing a more detailed view of the root canal system and the periapical region. Subsequently, intraoral scanning was performed at the Voxells clinic, where the Stereo lithography (STL) file was acquired and combined with images in the DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine) file. Subsequently, Trion was responsible for developing the 3D model and printing it to guide the endodontic access surgery in the appropriate position and angle. Conclusion: The guided endodontic technique is safe, effective and faster. It increases predictability, minimizes the risk of deviations and perforations, and promotes greater comfort for the patient and dentist. It is important for the professional to be familiar with this cutting- edge technology and its benefits in the dental world.

Management of a Garré Sclerosing Osteomyelitis of Forearm: Report of a Resistant Case

Background: Garre’s sclerosing osteomyelitis (GSO) is a rare chronic inflammatory condition characterized by sclerosis and thickening of bone cortices with mandibular affection in children and young adults. It involves periosteal reactions without abscess formation in young adults. Treatment typically includes analgesics and antibiotics, with surgery for non-responders. In this study, we report a rare case of GSO of the upper extremity involving radius and ulna bones. Case Report: A young man with a history of forearm trauma treated by a bonesetter developed worsening pain and swelling over two years. At age 34, he underwent debridement for chronic osteomyelitis, followed by four additional surgeries. In 2004, a non- vascularized fibular graft was applied, achieving union, but persistent pain led to further interventions. By 2011, lab tests showed increased C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and the lesion had recurred, necessitating resection and a free vascularized fibular graft. In 2013, after irrigation and debridement, the Masquelet technique was utilized. Four years post-surgery, the patient reports no pain or symptoms. Conclusion: On the basis of this case, we suggest that in extreme cases of chronic GSO, when bone resection remains the chosen treatment option, and we have a significant bone defect, a Masquelet technique is a valid and possible method.

Reconstructing Memory and Identity in Beloved by Toni Morrison: Application of Trauma Theory

The main objective of this article is to explore, among other things, Morrison's work itself, with a deep examination of trauma theory and studies in memory, because it reveals just how complex the interrelationality is between historical injustices and personal suffering. The presence of slavery reverberates through the characters in Beloved (1987) by Toni Morrison, exposing the continuous impact of historical trauma on the making of individual and collective identities. This paper microscopically looks into great detail at the characters, narrative structure, and symbolic features of the novel to work out how the aftereffects of slavery impact the psychological and emotional brinks of Sethe, Paul D, and Denver. Those fragmented, often chilling memories realized in Beloved tell another broader process—one in which society comes to terms with a troubling legacy. This paper delves into how the novel represents collective memory within the underlined African American community and how storytelling functions through the double-speak of bearing witness to trauma and a pathway toward healing. Contextualizing Morrison's work within current discourse about racial injustice and trauma, this study draws light on the relevancy of Beloved, as a novel that in its time advanced social knowledge and reconciliation. The study thus paves a way for how literature on historic trauma could be engaged with to open further dialogue.

Fibromyalgia and Somatic Symptom Disorder: Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Fibromyalgia affects about 1.78% of the population worldwide and has been recognized and studied since the 16th century. Despite that, the etiopathogenesis of fibromyalgia is still unknown. Consequently, there is still an ongoing debate whether fibromyalgia should be considered within the category of somatization disorders, or as a central pain sensitization syndrome, or even as a peripheral nerve disease. We consider that this is a relevant issue, since it impacts the referral of these patients to the different healthcare professionals, the type of assessment that is provided and the therapeutic approaches that are proposed to them.Several aspects point to similarities between fibromyalgia and somatic symptom disorder: both diagnoses share high comorbidity with several psychiatric disorders, a history of childhood trauma, the presence of alexithymia and other personality traits, insecure attachment styles and comorbidity with the so-called chronic overlapping pain conditions. Therefore, we hypothesize that fibromyalgia can be conceptualized as a somatic symptom disorder. However, the debate continues, since there is still a lack of scientific evidence supporting either in favor or against this perspective. More studies are needed to unveil the etiopathogenesis behind these two diagnoses.