History Of Sport Research Articles

Indigenous Sports History and Culture in Asia

The book is overwhelmingly discussing martial arts culture and its popularity within the global context. It reviews Japan’s martial arts and how it expanded globally. It further reviews the evolution of Korean martial arts and how sports between North Korea and South Korea are used as diplomacy. Furthermore, a comparative study between China’s and Japan’s traditional sports narrates the modern transformation of the art. Regret about the book is an omission on the expansion of Asian martial arts in developing countries, for example, Sub-Saharan Africa and South America, because it would have given insight into the positive evolvement and challenges of martial arts in developing countries. Although the chapter about Israel’s combat discipline by using Asian martial arts from 1891 gives an interesting twist to the book, we would rather have preferred insight into the implementation of martial arts in developing countries. Despite the book’s above-mentioned shortcomings, the language is accessible, and the book is structured and coherent.

Theoretical aspects of self-control training in younger teenagers in the process of practicing martial arts

The article examines the content of self-control training in younger teenagers in the process of practicing martial arts. It is emphasized that in the conditions of the development of Ukrainian society and the reformation of the educational environment, the problem of educating the self-control of student youth through the means of physical culture and sports is insufficiently developed and requires the careful attention of scientists. Psychological-pedagogical studies devoted to aspects of solving the problems of education of moral and volitional qualities of student youth in the process of physical education and martial arts are highlighted. It has been revealed what knowledge and skills we try to form in younger teenagers during the education of self-control in the process of practicing martial arts. The content of the four stages of the experimental research is described (the first stage is the deepening of knowledge in younger teenagers about self-control as a necessary moral and volitional quality during martial arts training and in the educational process as a whole; the second stage is the formation of the desire to engage in physical culture and martial arts, to be communicative, self-organized, observe discipline, be interested in the sports history of Ukraine, school traditions); the third stage is to form in younger teenagers the ability to make meaningful, volitional decisions; the desire to show self-control (act of will) during martial arts classes; be responsible for the assignments of teachers and trainers). It has been found that the moral and volitional qualities of self- control, endurance, self-confidence and others) are fundamental in the formation of the personality of a younger teenager, and their features of manifestation are: balance between external and internal factors to curb the excess of emotions and impulses; responsibility, a sense of duty, the ability to manage one's actions and deeds, internal organization, the ability to consciously subordinate one's actions to generally accepted rules and norms, and others. It is noted that the conducted research on self-control training in younger teenagers in the process of practicing martial arts does not cover all aspects of the problem. It is promising to study: pedagogical conditions for the education of self-control among students; peculiarities of education of self-control of younger teenagers by means of other types of sports and mass activities.

Mind the gap. The role of suppression, purges, and rejection in sports history and sports historiography. An Introduction

Mind the gap. The role of suppression, purges, and rejection in sports history and sports historiography. An Introduction

A-22 Beyond Sports and Concussions: The Link between Shifting and Higher-Order Executive Functioning in Young Women

Abstract Purpose Our aim was to investigate the role of lifestyle factors, physical activity, sport, and concussion history, as well as Miyake and colleague’s (2000) three lower-order factors of executive function (shifting, updating, and inhibition) on higher-order decision making and self-reported executive functioning in young women. Methods 180 Canadian female university students (ages 18–25) completed 9 computerized executive function tasks assessing shifting, updating, and inhibition, as well as decision making (Iowa Gambling Task). Participants also completed the Executive Function Index (subjective executive functioning) and reported their age, concussion history, weekly physical activity, and level of sports participation. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the effects of the predictor variables on the Executive Function Index scores and Iowa Gambling Task scores. Results Only shifting significantly predicted both subjective executive functioning scores (b=2.65, p<.05) and Iowa Gambling Task performance (b=269.02, p<.01). Weekly physical activity was significantly associated with subjective executive functioning (b=.10, p<.01), but not Iowa Gambling Task performance. Age, concussion history, sport participation, inhibition, and updating were not significant for either regression. Conclusions These findings suggest that shifting may be a critical component of both higher-order decision making and subjective executive functioning, while physical activity may be important for subjective executive functioning. The lack of predictive value for lifestyle factors such as concussion history and sports participation suggests that there are other factors influencing executive functioning performance in healthy young women. Future studies should explore other factors, such as hormonal variability, that may be impact subjective executive functioning and decision making in young women.

Aortic Diameters and Calcifications in Former World-Class Cyclists.

Concerns on whether athletes--particularly older ones--are at an increased risk of pathological aortic dilation exist, and the prevalence of aortic calcifications in these individuals is unknown. We aimed to compare the dimensions, distensibility, and prevalence of calcifications in the thoracic aorta between former male professional cyclists (cases) and sex/age-matched controls. We used a retrospective cohort design, where cases were former finishers of at least one Grand Tour (Tour de France, Giro d' Italia or Vuelta a España) and controls were untrained individuals with no previous sports history and free of cardiovascular risk. All participants underwent magnetic resonance and computer tomography assessments for the measurement of aortic dimensions and calcifications, respectively. Cases showed larger ( P < 0.05) dimensions than controls for aortic annulus, sinus, and arch, as well as for ascending and descending aorta. However, none of the participants presented with pathological aortic dilation (all diameters <40 mm). A slightly higher prevalence of calcifications in the ascending aorta was observed in cases (13% vs 0% in controls, P = 0.020). Subanalyses confirmed that cases who were still competing (masters category, n = 8) had larger aortic diameters ( P < 0.05) and a greater presence of calcifications in the ascending/descending aorta (38% vs 0% for both segments, P = 0.032) than those who had become inactive ( n = 15). No between-group differences were found for aortic distensibility. Former professional cyclists, particularly those who are still competing after retirement, show enlarged aortic diameters (albeit without exceeding upper limits of normality). Former professional cyclists also showed a slightly higher prevalence of calcifications in the ascending aorta than controls, although aortic distensibility was not compromised. The clinical relevance of these findings should be the subject of future studies.

Whitewashed and Blacked Out: Counter-Narratives as an Analytical Framework for Studies of Ice Hockey in Canada

Despite a longstanding relationship with hockey, Black Canadians are typically erased from dominant histories of Canada and sport. Erasure is detrimental to Black prosperity because it encourages social death, a process that socially marginalizes and dehumanizes Black Canadians. In response to Black erasure, we detail counter-narratives that challenge the historically whitewashed account of hockey’s origin in Canada. We celebrate the impact and contributions of Black Canadians, who transformed hockey while using it as a sport-for-development vehicle in the 19th and 20th century. Given the centrality of hockey to Canadian nationalism, we suggest that Black erasure within sport and society is an attempt at Black social death within Canada. By highlighting the sport development and sport-for-development work of Black Canadians, our objective is to confront Black erasure and exclusion. That way, Black presence becomes less surprising in the grand narrative of Canada, and Black social death becomes less certain.

Coach-created motivational climate ratings differentiate between dropout and continuation in Australian youth swimming

Objectives Applying Bronfenbrenner's Bio-Ecological Systems Theory and PPCT model recommendations, this study examined whether specific or multiple factors were associated with participation status in Australian youth swimming; a context known for high dropout rates. Methods Participants were continuing ( N = 99) and former ( N = 104) swimmers, aged 8–18 years, who competed at club-national level in New South Wales, Australia. Participants completed an online survey, examining socio-demographic, participation history, and coach-created motivational climate characteristics (using the EDMCQ-C). To identify influential factors, a combination of T-tests, Odds Ratios, and MANOVA analyses were used. To confirm the presence of coach-motivational climate types and their association with participant status, cluster analyses with follow-up Odds Ratios were used. Results Except athlete age and sex, other socio-demographic, participation history, and family sport history participation were not associated with dropout. Meanwhile, EDMCQ-C analyses identified three cluster types of coach-created climate (empowering, disempowering, and neutral), with disempowering and empowering types, respectively, associated with dropout and continuation. The neutral climate was associated with low-moderate EDMCQ-C sub-scale scoring and was neither associated with dropout nor continuation. Conclusion Findings identify the influence of coach-created motivational climates and not athlete-related factors on continued Australian youth swimming participation, highlighting coaching implications.

The Olympic Winter Games: Stages of Development and Leading Countries in the Overall Medal Standings

The Olympic Winter Games have gone through a difficult path of development and did not immediately gain popularity and the features and scales inherent in them now. These major international sports forums are characterized by the same problems and contradictions as the Olympic Games. Many of these problems are expressed to a much lesser extent, which is due to the lower popularity of winter sports. The team medal standings have recently become an indicator of significant interest in the analysis of the main aspects of performance of national teams at major sports tournaments, which reveals the effectiveness of the development of high-performance sports in a particular country. The purpose of the study was to determine the features of the historical development of the Olympic Winter Games as well as the position of countries in the team medal standings. For this purpose, the following research methods were used: analysis of the results of competitions, generalization, and interpretation of special and scientific and methodological literature on the history and development of modern Olympic sports, Olympic movement, and the Olympic Winter Games.

Putting Russia's Ban in Historical Perspective: A Curated Interview

Putting Russia's Ban in Historical Perspective: A Curated Interview

The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom by Eddie R. Cole

Reviewed by: The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom by Eddie R. Cole Randal Maurice Jelks The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom. By Eddie R. Cole. (Princeton, N.J., and Oxford, U.K.: Princeton University Press, 2020. Pp. xiv, 358. Paper, $19.95, ISBN 978-0-691-20676-9; cloth, $32.00, ISBN 978-0-691-20674-5.) Benjamin E. Mays, the sainted president of Morehouse College and mentor to Martin Luther King Jr., once observed, “‘To be president of a college and white is no bed of roses . . . . To be president of a college and Black is almost a bed of thorns’” (p. 63). Eddie R. Cole deserves all the accolades he has received for confirming Mays’s statement. Cole’s research into the Black freedom struggle broadens our historical understanding by exploring the involvement of college presidents across the country from the 1940s to the 1978 Bakke v. California ruling. Cole’s contributions to the history of U.S. higher education and the Black freedom struggle in the twentieth century will be discussed for some time. This book is a reminder that the Black freedom [End Page 385] movement challenged U.S. apartheid at all institutional levels. It also reminds us that predominantly white institutions of higher education were institutional guardians of apartheid in the postemancipation era. These reminders should hardly come as a surprise since historians such as Craig Steven Wilder have detailed the bloody economic investments in the buying and selling of enslaved people by both public and private institutions during the antebellum era. What Cole thoroughly documents is that the twentieth- century challenge to the ruling order was led by presidents of historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) alongside the mobilization of student activists. Black college presidents did the behind-the-scenes negotiations that supported students, who used a variety of mobilizing tactics to demand social justice. Cole’s book expands the historiography on Black student activism found in Stefan M. Bradley’s Harlem vs. Columbia University: Black Power in the Late 1960s (Urbana, 2009) and Upending the Ivory Tower: Civil Rights, Black Power and the Ivy League (New York, 2018) as well as in Jelani M. Favors’s Shelter in a Time of Storm: How Black Colleges Fostered a Generation of Leadership and Activism (Chapel Hill, 2019) and Donna Jean Murch’s Living for the City: Migration, Education, and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California (Chapel Hill, 2010). Cole mines HBCU archives and the papers of both southern and northern university presidents. He describes how confining these jobs were, and he details the political pressures and bureaucratic limitations each president faced as they tried to open their campuses to racial integration or keep them closed after Brown v. Board of Education (1954). Cole illuminates that the presidents’ approaches varied from institution to institution, and that their priorities differed, in terms of keeping racial integration at bay or assuring that their urban locales remained class-bound white spaces. These presidents, including Black college presidents, also faced increased pressure from students as activists sought to expand democratic freedoms to benefit their communities. The Campus Color Line: College Presidents and the Struggle for Black Freedom is outstanding. My chief criticism is it does not explore the history of athletics enough. Black sports history and the history of athletics at HBCUs must be added to this research. Here Cole might have explored Derrick E. White’s Blood, Sweat, and Tears: Jake Gaither, Florida A&M, and the History of Black College Football (Chapel Hill, 2019) to tie athletics to the politics of the Black freedom movement. The period Cole covers in The Campus Color Line coincided with the rise of legendary athletes—Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (Lew Alcindor), Jim Brown, Althea Gibson, Madeline Manning-Mims, Wilma Rudolph, Cazzie Russell, Bill Russell, and Wyomia Tyus. The most significant and ironic moment in the history of sports and racial integration came in 1970, when the University of Southern California (USC) destroyed the University of Alabama in a nationally televised football game led by freshman sensation Sam “Bam” Cunningham. The irony of that win was that USC...

Stolen Dreams: The 1955 Cannon Street All-Stars and Little League Baseball’s Civil War by Chris Lamb

Reviewed by: Stolen Dreams: The 1955 Cannon Street All-Stars and Little League Baseball’s Civil War by Chris Lamb Robert Greene II Stolen Dreams: The 1955 Cannon Street All-Stars and Little League Baseball’s Civil War. By Chris Lamb. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2022. Pp. xxii, 344. $34.95, ISBN 978-1-4962-1945-9.) The history of sport in American life has long been an important place to explore how race, sectionalism, and politics collide. While books such as Jules Tygiel’s Baseball’s Great Experiment: Jackie Robinson and His Legacy (New York, 1983) and Adrian Burgos Jr.’s Playing America’s Game: Baseball, Latinos, and the Color Line (Berkeley, 2007) showcase the interplay of sport, cultural, and political histories, Stolen Dreams: The 1955 Cannon Street All-Stars and Little League Baseball’s Civil War offers another excellent example of this approach. For Chris Lamb, the story of the Cannon Street All-Stars is a stand-in for the larger story of the civil rights struggle in South Carolina. Describing this story of young Black boys who were not allowed to compete in South Carolina’s Little League tournament due to Jim Crow segregation as “inextricably linked to postwar Charleston,” Lamb has written an important history of a Little League ball club and a narrative of Charleston’s long and vexed history of racism (p. 3). The civil rights movement’s history was partially shaped by Jackie Robinson’s 1947 desegregation of Major League Baseball. Whether one argues for a “long civil rights movement” thesis or posits that the civil rights movement as we know it began in the mid-1950s, it is clear that Robinson’s symbolism was a crucial marker for Black American activists and their white liberal allies. The story of the Cannon Street All-Stars, like the slow desegregation of the majors after Robinson’s arrival, illustrates the halting pace of desegregation across American society in the 1950s and 1960s. As Lamb points out, the Cannon Street All-Stars were denied the right to play against white teams in South Carolina just a year after the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision. In another historical irony, the team traveled to Williamsport, Pennsylvania, to accept an invitation to watch the Little League World Series—after being denied a chance to play for it—the same week that Emmett Till was murdered in Mississippi. One of the strengths of Lamb’s work is his ability to tie the earlier history of Charleston as a slave port and a flashpoint during Reconstruction to the plight of the Cannon Street All-Stars. For instance, Lamb highlights the Charleston Baseball Riot of 1869. Sparked by a confrontation on a baseball diamond between Black baseball fans and Charleston police, it became both a moment when the Reconstruction-era dreams of Black Americans were confronted with the reality of powerful support for white supremacy and an example of how much baseball was intertwined with American political struggles during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Lamb does an exemplary job of showing how the Cannon Street All-Stars served as a nexus of both change and continuity in South Carolina’s history of racism. For example, he reminds the reader that the white teams’ refusal to play the Cannon Street All-Stars led to the creation of Dixie Youth Baseball, a segregated youth league that “didn’t become integrated” until after its founder’s death, and that continues to play tournaments today (p. 197). He also points out that the Cannon Street All-Stars became an example of how the public [End Page 382] memory of the past is actively shaped by the public. Lamb tells the story of researcher Augustus Holt, whose investigation into why Dixie Youth players (including his son) wore Confederate flags on their uniforms in the early 1990s led to his becoming a prominent voice for greater recognition of the All-Stars in Charleston. Stolen Dreams works as a history told at the intersection of sports, civil rights, and southern memory, reminding readers of how often those fields are closely woven together. Robert Greene II Claflin University Copyright © 2023 Southern Historical Association

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., Olimpismo

Medals, Rings, and Olympic Dreams: A Review Essay of Antonio Sotomayor and Cesar R. Torres, eds., <i>Olimpismo</i>

Sports Commentary on Ukrainian Television Broadcast

The purpose of the article is to study the history of sports broadcasting in Ukraine and the formation of the commentator profession; to find out the specifics of sports television and the methods of its influence on the Ukrainian audience; to identify the skills required in the work of sports reporters and commentators; to analyze modern technologies for improving voice and diction and to structure the components that influence the formation of high-quality audiovisual material. Research methodology. The following research methods were used in writing the article: analysis and synthesis (the work of sports TV channels in Ukraine was analyzed and systematized), comparative approach (parallels were drawn between the work of public and private broadcasters), generalization (conclusions have been drawn based on the literature); systematization (all information collected during the research was systematized). The scientific novelty of the results obtained is the study of the history of sports broadcasting in Ukraine, as well as the ratings of popular TV channels broadcasting football matches, the analysis of modern sports TV channels and their interaction with the viewer, and the evaluation of the work of well-known Ukrainian sports commentators. With the help of theoretical analysis of audiovisual material, the factors that develop the professional suitability of individual television specialists are described. Conclusions. Using the audiovisual content analysis, the article describes the constituent aspects of television journalist work and commentary. The main components to be a part of modern competitions on the air are considered. The history and state of Ukrainian sports broadcasting are studied. Methods of audience retention were analyzed. The factors affecting the quality of the content and the methods of influencing the audience have been clarified. Ways to improve TV stories and comments have been identified.

Profitability as a Knock-on Benefit to Collegiate-Athlete Brand Compensation

For the first time in the history of collegiate sports, college athletes can be compensated without the risk of losing their status as amateurs. The Fair Pay to Play act sparked a revolution of state laws allowing college athletes to be compensated for using their Name, Image, and Likeness (NIL). Agency representation, another allowance that has historically been restricted from college athletes, has been granted by these new laws. With the governance of intercollegiate play removed from the authority of the National Collegiate Athlete Association (NCAA) and placed in the hands of the individual states in which universities reside, the respective universities are now in a place to profit as knock-on benefactors. NIL brings corporate relationships closer to the University and, in some states, allows boosters to serve in the capacity of sponsors. Using the school's intellectual property – logo, brand, mascot, etc. – cannot financially benefit the collegiate athlete but can serve as another opportunity for universities to profit from the existence of the NIL legislature. This research explores the impact NIL laws have had on the financial performance of the Universities in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) West Division. The correlational study analyzes the profitability of universities before and after the NIL legislature passed to determine if there is a correlating pattern. The study leverages key performance indicators to describe the financial performance of seven universities across five states. Although the metrics suggest a correlation pattern before and after NIL was passed, it does not find significant variation between the profitability metrics or the components that measure profitability.

Analysis of Commonly Used Sport Supplements

The famous Olympic phrase "faster, higher, stronger" continues to inspire millions of athletes who strive to improve their athletic performance. There has also been a debate in sports history over whether to allow athletes to use sports supplements. This article aims to analyze several different commonly used sports supplements. At the same time, this study also provides a scientific method of supplementing sports supplements for athletes according to the different functions and disadvantages of these supplements. In the end, it can be concluded that, in combination with the various needs of athletes, different supplements can help athletes recover quickly to maximize their potential during sports.

‘Soccer safaris’: British football migrants and apartheid South Africa, c1955–1983

ABSTRACT Apartheid South Africa remains an important theme in sport history. The study of South African football has produced a handful of monographs and several research articles. In this body of literature, relatively few studies acknowledge the migratory flows of South African footballers to various levels of British football. Often omitted altogether in these studies is the acknowledgment of the hundreds of British players, coaches, and referees who visited South Africa after the introduction of apartheid in 1948. Many of these football migrants moved to the country for employment opportunities and played the game on a recreational and professional basis. Significant numbers also migrated because of the football opportunities offered in the segregated game. Some of these migrants were involved in the burgeoning black and non-racial game in the country too. From the mid-1950s through to the 1980s, hundreds of British football migrants made South Africa their home for varying lengths of time. In many cases, despite the broader socio-political context, this was too good of a financial opportunity to turn down. To appreciate the complexities of apartheid football, cognizance of the British contribution to upholding, challenging, and overcoming the status quo in South African football is necessary.

In with the Old

Abstract At the turn of the millennium, the United Nations (UN) sought a renewed and more broadly defined approach to development. As part of these efforts, the UN began to incorporate sport within official development policies and apparatuses, including the Millennium Development Goals and the United Nations Office on Sport for Development and Peace. Drawing upon primary research conducted at the United Nations archives, this article seeks to address a gap in the literature pertaining to the history of sport and development by exploring the UN's use of sport for development since its formation in the 1940s. In highlighting the use of sport in post–World War II reconstruction, decolonization, and peace-building, this article helps to illustrate a much longer history of sport for development within the UN and demonstrates how sport has long been connected to dominant development theories and practices.

Brenda Elsey and Joshua Nadel. Futbolera: A History of Women and Sports in Latin America.

The 2022 victory of the US women’s national soccer (also known as football or association football) team players to achieve equal pay as male players is the culmination of many years of organizing to construct a thriving women’s soccer culture. Similar achievements have not been replicated in Latin America. In Futbolera: A History of Women and Sports in Latin America, Brenda Elsey and Joshua Nadel explain why Latin American women have not enjoyed the success of their North American counterparts in consolidating national soccer cultures despite several attempts to do so. Futbolera fills a major gap in the historiography of Latin American sport by focusing on the trials and tribulations of women’s soccer in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Mexico from the late nineteenth century to the present day. This process is no easy task, as historians of sport often rely on periodicals, which tend to celebrate the achievements of male athletes much more than female ones. Despite this challenge, Elsey and Nadel thoroughly document Latin American women’s soccer’s many starts, which often then dissipate from the public record. When the flame rekindles, there are often expressions of shock and amazement at this new phenomenon, despite evidence to the contrary. Aside from soccer, the authors also analyze discourses and developments in women’s physical education, which played a key role in steering women away from playing rough sports like soccer and boxing in favor of sports like volleyball and basketball. Elsey and Nadel argue that a variety of actors, such as government bureaucrats, feminists, and entrepreneurs, have promoted and in some cases hindered the development of women’s soccer in the region. This uneven support continues in the present day.

Intersex: bodies exclued in sport

This review study analyzes the relationships that emerge from the practice, over the years, of sex/gender verification policies, female eligibility regulations with hyperandrogenism and the rights of intersex people. It discusses the relationship between intersexuality and sport, a place that should promote equal opportunities and respect for individualities, but when dealing with intersex people, violates fundamental individual rights. The study follows a line of investigation that has historically approached the regulatory policies of athletic bodies, discusses some cases of emblematic excluded and investigated bodies in the history of sport, ending with an ethical analysis of the fact that bodies with intersex variations that do not fit the binary standards present in the sporting scenario are scrutinized and banned from competitions.

Motor racing and sports tourism in the interwar period: the case of the Romanian Royal Automobile Club

Members of the Romanian elites encouraged various leisure and sporting activities from the late nineteenth century but most notably from the turn of the twentieth century onwards and during the post-WWI period. Some even become sportsmen and sportswomen recognized both nationally and internationally. Their participation in national and international sporting competitions (e.g. equestrian sports, motorsport, tennis, bobsleigh, sledging, skiing, ice-skating, ice-hockey, boxing, rugby and football) expanded to its highest level in the interwar period. Many intriguing and compelling aspects of the history of sport in south-east Europe in this period remain to be explored, and this article aims to show how the Romanian Royal Automobile Club (R.R.A.C.) promoted motor racing and sports tourism during a period of great changes for Romanian society. Moreover, the club fulfilled a significant public service role, unusual for a sports association, assisting the Romanian state in its process of nation building, elite integration and economic advancement.