History Of Southeast Asia Research Articles

Beyond the Classics: Identifying Gaps and Setting Trajectory in Understanding Political Dynamics in Philippine Local Politics

Epistemological frames and theoretical underpinnings are developed precisely to give coherence and cognitive rendering to a rather chaotic appearance of the world and reality to man’s consciousness. These frames offer associations of nuances and concepts that in turn provide cogent systems of understanding, which contribute to man’s unending search for meanings combining as it were his experience of the world and his ability to mentally grasp such experience hence, the Ancient Greek word episteme. In the social sciences, theoretical frameworks are formulated to provide grounding venues for construing the complexities and specificities of social phenomena toward a better understanding of the social world. Concomitantly, these frameworks are assessed and evaluated based on their capacity to utter notions and tell stories of the slice of reality they wish to depict. 
 It is in this respect that this paper offers a critical examination of the most prevalent theoretical frames and epistemic perspectives, herein referred to as classics, deployed in understanding Philippine political local dynamics. In light of Philippine contemporary economic, social, cultural, and political developments, the article identifies some gaps and bumps in these ‘classics’ to offer a research trajectory that scholars in the field can rightly consider. Through a synthesis of existing political paradigms applied in local politics, the paper highlighted nuances that are ignored, realities that are not yet explored, and concepts rendered with over-simplistic meanings, suggesting imperatives for modifications, deconstructions, and even reconstructions.
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Chemical Composition, Pharmacological, and Toxicological Effects of Betel Nut.

Betel nut, the fruit of Areca catechu L, has a long medical history in Southeast Asia. It is native to Malaysia and is cultivated and processed extensively in subtropical regions, such as South China and India. Betel nut almost appears as a “snack” in various occasions in most parts of China. Clinically, betel nut can play a certain pharmacology role and was used in malaria, ascariasis, arthritis, enterozoic abdominalgia, stagnation of food, diarrhea, edema, and beriberi. The nervous excitement of betel nut chewing has made it gradually become popular. However, chewing betel nut can induce oral submucosal fibrosis (OSF) and oral cancer (OC). At the same time, long-term chewing of betel nut also causes inhaled asthma, sperm reducing, betel quid dependence (BQD), and uterine and esophageal cancers. The main components of processed betel nut are the goal of this review. This study will mainly start from the pharmacological activity and toxicology study of betel nut in recent years, aiming to seek its advantages and disadvantages. In the meantime, this study will analyze and emphasize that betel nut and arecoline are the high-risk factors for oral cancer, which should arouse attention and vigilance of the public.

Fluid Frontiers: Oceania and Asia in Historical Perspective

ABSTRACT This article, like the special issue it introduces, presents an attempt to think systematically about the durable and complex relationship between Pacific Island and East and Southeast Asian histories. Settled by people whose languages originally took shape in East and Southeast Asia, the Oceanic Pacific has deep links with Asia. Given that the changes that have unfolded in the Pacific World since the 16th century arise from linkages between the Americas, Asia and Europe which emerged through the creation of a global economic system, it is logical to treat Asia as one of the core contexts for Pacific history. The intensified connections between Pacific Island societies in the 18th and 19th centuries were strongly influenced by Asian economic, political and cultural systems. The decades between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries were a period of complex engagement of Pacific Island worlds with Chinese, Japanese, European, British, American and Southeast Asian influences. World War II, a conflict between the United States and Japan for domination of the Pacific, was a product of these earlier structures and a break with them. Today, Pacific peoples engage with powerful political, economic and cultural influences emanating from East Asia, most notably the People’s Republic of China.

Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, Volume 2: Metals

These three volumes, along with the forthcoming Volume 2D, the catalogue of metal and metal-related finds, present the results of a thorough, detailed study of the metals recovered during archaeological investigations in 1974 and 1975 at the village of Ban Chiang and three smaller sites in the northern part of northeast Thailand. At a time when little was known of Southeast Asian prehistory, the finding of very elaborately painted earthenware pottery vessels, probably prehistoric, at Ban Chiang stirred the interest not only of archaeologists, but also, unfortunately, from the standpoint of scientific investigation of the past, that of looters, dealers, and collectors of antiquarian art. In order to recover a sample of these vessels in their original depositional context, the Thailand Fine Arts Department and the University of Pennsylvania undertook one of the largest excavations of a prehistoric site carried out in Southeast Asia at the time. What subsequently caused added excitement in the media and the scientific community was the recovery of artefacts of iron that appeared to date to the second millennium BCE and of copper or bronze associated with dates in the fourth millennium BCE, perhaps as early as 3600 BCE, seeming to confirm similar early dates for bronze working from the nearby site of Non Nok Tha. Such early dates suggested the possibility of an independent development of metallurgy in Southeast Asia. Because of the importance of the excavation at Ban Chiang as a milestone in Thai and Southeast Asian archaeology, the site was later placed on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Exotic ceramics in Óc Eo culture through archaeological documents of Go Thap Relic Site (Dong Thap province, Vietnam)

Oc Eo culture is the material civilization of Funan – an ancient state in Southeast Asian history, lasting from the 1st century to the 7th century A.D. and was centered on the lower Mekong Delta. The results of research on currencies, commodities, bronze statues, and seals, etc. of the kingdom such as gold coins in the time of Antonius Pius (138-161) and Marcus Aurelius (161-180) from Roma, bronze mirror dated from the later Han dynasty, bronze Buddha statue from the Northern Wei period, seals influenced by the culture of India, etc. show that Oc Eo is a culture with wide relations and exchanges with East Asia, South Asia to Western Asia and Rome in ancient times. However, there have not been many studies on exotic ceramics. Based on the new findings from the excavations at the Go Thap relic site (in Dong Thap, Vietnam) carried out by the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City from 2010 to present, and based on the results of comparative research, this article presents some relics including Chinese pottery from the Eastern Han dynasty to the Southern Song dynasty, Indian pottery and pottery influenced by the culture of India found in Go Thap relic site; thereby, contributing to the demonstration that the international exchange development of Phu Nam not only took place in the western region of Hau river having the seaport but also developed in Oc Eo culture inland – the central region of Dong Thap Muoi. Go Thap relic site is an urban area, a cultural religious political economic and foreign trade center which plays an important role in the development of Oc Eo culture – Funan kingdom

Film Review

Review| May 01 2021 Film Review: The Future Cries Beneath Our Soil [Mùa Cát Vọng] David Biggs David Biggs David Biggs is a professor of history at the University of California, Riverside, focusing on environmental and Southeast Asian history. He is the author of Quagmire: Nation-Building and Nature in the Mekong Delta (University of Washington Press, 2010) and Footprints of War: Militarized Landscapes in Vietnam (University of Washington Press, 2018).Phạm Thu Hằng has worked as a researcher at the Vietnam Institute of Culture and Art since 2004. She later joined HanoiDoclab, a breakthrough documentary and video art center in Hà Nội, where she made several short documentary films. She has since added her voice to the small but active and growing community of young independent documentary filmmakers in Vietnam. Phạm Thu Hằng recently obtained her master’s degree in documentary directing at a consortium of three universities in Europe under the Doc Nomads joint master’s degree program in Lisbon, Budapest, and Brussels. Her filmmaking concerns many themes but mainly draws attention to rediscovering Vietnamese culture and the connection between the internal world in Vietnam and the world outside, especially in the context of contemporary globalization. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Vietnamese Studies (2021) 16 (2): 84–90. https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2021.16.2.84 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation David Biggs; Film Review: The Future Cries Beneath Our Soil [Mùa Cát Vọng]. Journal of Vietnamese Studies 1 May 2021; 16 (2): 84–90. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/vs.2021.16.2.84 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentJournal of Vietnamese Studies Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2021 by The Regents of the University of California2021 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The later prehistory of Southeast Asia and southern China: the impact of exchange, farming and metallurgy

This paper integrates the later prehistory of mainland Southeast Asia with that of the extensive and varied lands north to the Yangtze River and beyond. Five millennia ago, rice cultivation had long been established in the Yangtze catchment, sustaining the early state centered at Liangzhu. This presents a sharp contrast to the complex hunter-gatherer communities then occupying favorable coastal and riverine habitats in Southeast Asia. Thereafter, numerous contacts are identifiable. These involved the movement south of rice and millet farmers, via the coast and strategic river courses that led to integration with long-established hunter-gatherers, as well as the introduction of a wide range of material skills. The exchange of desirable prestige items in jade and shell spanned considerable distances. The reach of the powerful early states of the Central Plains of the Yellow River and Sichuan involved prospecting for copper and tin ores, and progressive adoption of copper-base technologies into Southeast Asia. Having reviewed these broad patterns of interaction, I focus on describing and evaluating the fine details of the social changes that are illuminated by new Bayesian chronologies and extensive excavations in key sites.

Engendering the Buddhist State

This slim but intellectually expansive volume outlines a new understanding of the gendered relationship between the singular and the universal in Southeast Asian history, interrogating the ways early Cambodian history has been written and understood as an encounter between the global, cosmopolitan, theoretical, and phallic on the one hand, and local, vernacular, idiomatic, and yonic on the other. Drawing on diverse theoretical, historical, and historiographical sources, Thompson deconstructs these binary categories to present a more complex image of the engagement between the aesthetics and politics of sexual difference in the ‘Indianization’ of Southeast Asia. In doing so, she reappraises conceptual models that have informed studies of pre-modern Southeast Asia, notably Sheldon Pollack’s ‘Sanskrit cosmopolis’ – that vast politically universal and ethnically diverse ecumene that included much of South and Southeast Asia in which ‘Sanskrit became the premiere instrument of political expression ’1 – and George Cœdès’ ‘Indianized states’, the...

Crocetin Exerts Its Anti-inflammatory Property in LPS-Induced RAW264.7 Cells Potentially via Modulation on the Crosstalk between MEK1/JNK/NF-κB/iNOS Pathway and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway.

Crocetin is a main bioactive component with a carotenoid skeleton in Gardenia jasminoides, a typical traditional Chinese medicine with a long history in Southeast Asia. Crocetin is being commonly consumed as spices, dyes, and food colorants. Recent pharmacological studies had implied that crocetin may possess potent anti-inflammatory properties; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully elucidated. In the present study, the regulatory effect of crocetin on redox balance was systematically investigated in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The results showed that crocetin dose-dependently inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW264.7 cells. Molecular data revealed that crocetin exerted its anti-inflammatory property by inhibiting the MEK1/JNK/NF-κB/iNOS pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. The shRNA-knockdown (KD) of MEK1 and ERK1 confirmed that the activation of MEK1 and inhibition of JNK mediated the anti-inflammatory effect of crocetin. Moreover, the pull-down assay and computational molecule docking showed that crocetin could directly bind to MEK1 and JNK1/2. It is noticed that both KD and knockout (KO) of HO-1 gene blocked this action. More detailed data have shown that HO-1-KO blocked the inhibition of p-IκB-α by crocetin. These data indicated that crocetin exerted its anti-inflammatory property via modulating the crosstalk between the MEK1/JNK/NF-κB/iNOS pathway and the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, highlighting HO-1 as a major player. Therefore, the present study reveals that crocetin can act as a potential candidate for redox-balancing modulation in charge of its anti-inflammatory and chemopreventive effect, which strengthens its potency in the subsequent clinic application in the near future.

(Mis)reading Chinese Texts in Southeast Asian History: “Moliu”, Duoluomo and the Lure of “Srivijayan” Conquests

(Mis)reading Chinese Texts in Southeast Asian History: “Moliu”, Duoluomo and the Lure of “Srivijayan” Conquests

The Greater West Bomberai Language Family

This paper demonstrates the existence of the Greater West Bomberai family, bringing the Timor-Alor-Pantar language family of the Lesser Sunda islands into a genealogical unit with the Papuan languages of the western part of the Bomberai peninsula in New Guinea. Applying the comparative method to the increasingly available data from these languages, we demonstrate their relatedness on the basis of 47 lexical cognate sets with largely regular sound correspondences. Grammatical evidence in the form of pronouns is further invoked to demonstrate the relatedness of these languages. Loans from Austronesian languages have been identified and eliminated from our comparisons. Establishing the family has repercussions for our view of Island Southeast Asian prehistory, entailing the existence of maritime Papuan-language speaking groups from an early time.

Re-thinking Region: U.S.-Southeast Asian Relations in the Twentieth Century

More than twenty years ago, historian Robert McMahon pointed out that studies of U.S.-Southeast Asian relations with a “broad, regional focus” remain “surprisingly rare.”1 His observation came in the bibliographic essay accompanying his own contribution to this sparse field, and his book remains one of precious few examples. As Kenton Clymer demonstrates in the opening essay in this Roundtable, it remains the case that few scholars study U.S. relations with countries in Southeast Asia other than Vietnam and the Philippines. The U.S. war in Vietnam, and the immediate and lingering effects of U.S. imperialism in the Philippines rightly attract significant attention. Scholars have produced compelling and sophisticated works about these topics, and continue to do so. However, contributors to this Roundtable demonstrate that the region as a whole, as well as individual countries and topics within it, deserve more study. It is easy to claim that under-studied topics deserve more attention as a way of providing representation, and presenting a fuller story. But these essays contribute far more than rounding out our knowledge—they speak directly to some of the liveliest discussions in the history of U.S. foreign relations, nudging us to think in new ways about those topics. It is fitting that U.S. relations with Southeast Asia should prompt such a rich set of essays. The authors of these essays all have intellectual commitments and training as both U.S. and Southeast Asian historians. The influence of Southeast Asian history shows. Southeast Asia is a region defined by diversity; by shifting and unstable borders; by imperialism and its intersection with race; by long-held ideas about how sovereignty and the right to rule are established, often rooted in deep religious faith; by the vibrancy and inequality of a thriving production for and trade with the global market. Historians of Southeast Asia remain constantly aware of the limits of their knowledge, too. Even the rare historian who can focus on a single country is unlikely to be able to master even half of the languages commonly spoken in that one space. Southeast Asianists are used to building a whole from the contributions of many.

The edible tide: How estuaries and migrants transformed the Straits of Melaka, 1870–1940

The Straits of Melaka have long played a central role in the history of Southeast Asia, from facilitating the movement of people, ideas, and commodities to marking the salty edge of states, empires, and sultanates. Networks, circulations, and mobilities have shaped our vision and understanding of this waterway. This article charts a different kind of story, one that explores the Straits not as a space of passage but rather as a place of production. It shows how and why these waters became an industrial fishing zone — an industrial estuary, as it were — in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through the case of Bagan Si Api Api, a Hokkien-built town at the mouth of Sumatra's Rokan River, it explains why estuaries and migrants were central to Southeast Asia's urban rise from 1870 to 1940. By looking at the Straits during this pivotal moment, the article reveals the ways in which ecologies, beliefs, technologies, and cultures all combined to shape not only the economic life of Southeast Asia's estuaries, but also, and more importantly, the place of these estuaries in the region's economic life.

Editorial Foreword: Introduction: The greening of Southeast Asian history

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Rethinking Sovereignty and Stateness in Southeast Asia

Abstract This article reflects on the treatment of sovereignty and stateness in South Asia provided by other authors in this special section of the issue in terms of their implications for the study of Southeast Asian history. The article identifies a number of commonalities between the treatment of sovereignty and stateness in South Asia provided in the special section and that found in revisionist scholarship on Southeast Asia over the past few decades.

New Turning Points in Southeast Asian History: Re-writing Southeast Asian Chronologies from Within

New Turning Points in Southeast Asian History: Re-writing Southeast Asian Chronologies from Within

동남아시아] 동남아 역사 연구자의 존재 양태와 생산 논문의 연구 동향

The article examines the research trends of Southeast Asian history and the environment of Southeast Asian history researchers in Korea from 2016 to 2019 by analysis of 18 authors and 47 academic papers published in Korea from 2016 to 2019. First, it identifies the pattern of existence of Southeast Asian history researchers including the number, gender, affiliation and position, area of research activity and age distribution. Second, it examines the external features of 47 articles by reviewing the journals publishing corresponding articles, research funds, the countries and regions to be studied, and the distribution of key-words.<BR> Above all, the article summarizes the trends in Southeast Asian history research over the past four years into the following five points. (1) Interest in the system/institution and the transformation of regimes and laws by Southeast Asian history researchers was still high. (2) In the category of one-nation history, most Southeast Asian history researchers have had interests in the various aspects of Vietnam history (3) Not a few researches focused with a wide range on comparative history, relational history and exchange history (4) There have been active studies of Southeast Asian activities in the South China sea, the interchange of materials and cultures through the ocean and groups whose identity has been defined in relation to the sea. (5) The articles that have brought the whole of Southeast Asian into view were also important part of research trends.

Reconstructing eruptions from historical accounts: Makaturing c. 1765, Philippines

For some volcanoes, the only evidence for past eruption is provided by historical accounts. When interpreted carefully, these have the potential to be a rich source of information, and yet they have so far been under-utilised in reconstructing eruption histories. The navigator Thomas Forrest describes a large eruption at Makaturing volcano, southern Philippines, in approximately 1765 that he considers the catalyst for the local Iranun population transitioning from an agrarian society to long-distance piracy and slave raiding. Within the historical literature, the eruption is attributed to large scale physical impacts around the volcano and disruptions to trading routes and livelihoods that ultimately changed the course of southeast Asia's history. However, no such eruption (or impacts) are recognised in the scientific literature or in eruption databases, and fieldwork to the region remains difficult. Here, we reinterpret the account of Forrest from a multi-disciplinary perspective, with a historian and physical volcanologists working together to incorporate the greatly needed local context into identifying credible volcanic processes and impacts associated with the reported activity. We used a novel approach to eruption reconstruction by cross-referencing deposits and impacts inferred from the historical record with stochastic tephra dispersal modelling that considered multiple eruption sources and characteristics. We found that Forrest's account was best characterised by an eruption of ~VEI 4 between May and October, with plume heights in the range of 12 to 16 km. While at least one eruption of this size was required to reproduce the impacts described in the historical record, it may have formed part of a longer sequence of multiple, repeated eruptions. In this way, such an eruption could have acted as a ‘tipping point’ for a local population already on the verge of socio-political and economic collapse, disproportionately affecting regions on a much larger scale than the reported deposits suggest. There remains a disconnect between the eruption characteristics recorded in historical accounts and those reproduced by numerical modelling, for which we propose alternative interpretations of the historical record. Unfortunately, given the minimal details available about the eruption, this discordance is unlikely to be resolved, even when geological studies are possible. However, a valuable benefit of the probabilistic modelling approach presented here is that it highlights the likely direction of tephra dispersal and deposition during a future eruption of Makaturing, supporting rapid tephra hazard assessment in the event of future unrest.

Plant processing experiments and use-wear analysis of Tabon Cave artefacts question the intentional character of denticulates in prehistoric Southeast Asia

The presence of notches on European Palaeolithic flaked stone tools termed ‘denticulates’ has been variously ascribed to cultural, functional and taphonomic factors. In Southeast Asia prehistoric stone tool assemblages are dominated by unretouched flakes, so the rare retouched lithics, including denticulates, can be considered unique testimonies of the intention of the tool makers to control the shape and properties of tool edges. Here we report the results of plant processing experiments with modern unretouched flakes made of red jasper. Splitting plants with the help of a specific hand and arm movement (“twist-of-the-wrist”) resulted in a series of use-wear traces that included large crescent-break micro-scars. These are very similar in shape and appearance to the notches of prehistoric denticulated tools. These results suggest that some denticulated pieces in prehistoric Southeast Asia could be less intentional than previously thought, being instead the result of plant processing activities. We also report here the analysis of 41 denticulates from Tabon Cave, Philippines. While some are clearly intentionally retouch, others exhibit use-wear and nocth micro-morphology characteristic of plant splitting. The notches of others result from utilisation and taphonomy or trampling. Altogether, our observations raise the following question: should the term denticulates be restricted to the tools intentionally retouched or encompass all the tools with adjacent notches whatever the origin of the latter is?

Plant processing experiments and use-wear analysis of Tabon Cave artefacts question the intentional character of denticulates in prehistoric Southeast Asia

Plant processing experiments and use-wear analysis of Tabon Cave artefacts question the intentional character of denticulates in prehistoric Southeast Asia