History Of Psychology Research Articles

Religious Education as Conditioned by Modern Psychology and Pedagogy

Bu çalışma, modern psikoloji ve pedagojinin gerçekleri doğrultusunda bir din eğitimi ve öğretimini açıklamaktadır. Modern psikolojide büyüme ilkesi oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Bu ilkeye göre çocuk bir dizi farklı aşamadan geçer ve ancak kademeli olarak olgunluğa ulaşır. Çocuk ve yetişkin arasındaki farklar sadece niceliksel değil aynı zamanda nitelikseldir. Başka bir ifadeyle çocuk, yetişkinin küçültülmüş hali olmayıp ikisi arasında zihinsel, duygusal ve manevi açıdan birçok farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu nedenle çocuğun din eğitimi ve öğretiminde, yetişkinin yararına olan fikir ve inançları çocuğun seviyesine indirerek empoze etmek yerine, çocuğun kendi hayatının manevi yönlerini fark etmesine yardımcı olmak gerekir. Bu konuda dikkat edilmesi gereken bir diğer nokta da çocuğu hayatın dini yönleriyle erken tanıştırmamaktır çünkü erken yaşta aşırı aşinalık çok zarar verebilir. Birincisi, çocukta bıkkınlığa neden olabileceği gibi belli bir antipati uyandırabilir. İkincisi, çocukta manevi konulara saygısızlığı doğurabilir. Üçüncüsü de çocuk, duyuların ötesine dayanan her şeyin gerçekliği veya yaşamın değeri konusunda şüphe ve acıya kapılabilir. Bu zararlardan hiçbiri meydana gelmese bile, erken yaşlardaki gereğinden fazla aşinalık, çocuğun gelecekte yaşayabileceği derin dini deneyimlerinin zenginliğinden bir şeyler azaltır. Özetle, çocukların din eğitimi ve öğretiminde, dini bilgi ve deneyimin kademeli olarak gelişmesi ilkesini kabul etmek gerekir. Bunun için de çocukların büyüme sırasındaki içgüdüleri, istekleri ve ilgileriyle ilgili çalışmaların farklı bakış açılarıyla kapsamlı bir şekilde ve çok sayıda araştırmacı tarafından iş birliği içinde yürütülmesine ihtiyaç vardır.

Epidemiology of alopecia areata in Baqubah city/Diyala-Iraq

Background: Alopecia areata is a disease scalp and body hair leading to patches of non-scoring alopecia which is heterogeyous ,it is unown as autommutte disease, there is no prevention & hard cure.
 Objective: To determine the prevalence rate according to sex &age and the causative factors of alopecia areata in Baquba city.
 Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was in Baquba Teaching Hospital dermatological clinic from 1st of October 2020 to 31st of March 2022 at Baquabah teaching Hospital /outpatient Dermatology clinic. The study sample (100) patients with different clinical variants of Alopecia Areata, (71) males and (29) females of different age groups.
 Results: This study shows that high prevalence among males (71%) with age group (21-30) years old with single patchy alopecia areata with past history of recurrence and associated psychological history. (100) cases of AA were diagnosed. (25%). Single lesion of AA was the most common manifestation (68%). Recurrence history of AA Positive in (55%). Personal history of stress was associated with AA in (64 %). The most common site of alopecia areata was in head (55%).
 Conclusion: It was concluded that, alopecia areata was more common in male, age (21-30) years, most common single lesion, more in head, with psychological stress history.

Epidemiology of alopecia areata in Baqubah city/Diyala-Iraq

Background: Alopecia areata is a disease scalp and body hair leading to patches of non-scoring alopecia which is heterogeyous ,it is unown as autommutte disease, there is no prevention & hard cure. Objective: To determine the prevalence rate according to sex &age and the causative factors of alopecia areata in Baquba city. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was in Baquba Teaching Hospital dermatological clinic from 1st of October 2020 to 31st of March 2022 at Baquabah teaching Hospital /outpatient Dermatology clinic. The study sample (100) patients with different clinical variants of Alopecia Areata, (71) males and (29) females of different age groups. Results: This study shows that high prevalence among males (71%) with age group (21-30) years old with single patchy alopecia areata with past history of recurrence and associated psychological history. (100) cases of AA were diagnosed. (25%). Single lesion of AA was the most common manifestation (68%). Recurrence history of AA Positive in (55%). Personal history of stress was associated with AA in (64 %). The most common site of alopecia areata was in head (55%). Conclusion: It was concluded that, alopecia areata was more common in male, age (21-30) years, most common single lesion, more in head, with psychological stress history. Keywords: Alopecia areata, prevalence rate, Stress

The problem of individualization of learning in the context of change of paradigm bases

Introduction. The problem of individualization of education is one of the leading problems of modern pedagogy and psychology. The article proposes a new perspective of its comprehension: in the subjective projection and in the context of changing the paradigm bases.Materials and Methods. In the process of scientific research, theoretical research methods were used: logical-subject and comparative analysis, interpretation, generalization, scientific theorization.Results. In the subjective projection, the individualization of learning manifests itself as an opportunity, assimilating the content being studied, to understand its connection with one's own «I», to know oneself, i.e. subjectivization of the content and procedural aspects of learning. The difference between subjectivization and the subjectivized form of the studied content is shown. The measure of individualization of training is defined: 1) a narrow horizon of subjectivation: subjective reality is represented in a non-subjective way as a rationally autonomous subjectivity; 2) the limiting horizon of subjectification: subjective reality is presented in a subjective way; 3) autonomous subjectification or zero horizon of subjectification: subjective phenomena exist autonomously, without expressing the meaning of the content being studied. It is shown that the measure of individualization as a systemic property is determined by the accepted method of structured knowledge, included the content of education (classical, post-non-classical structuring of knowledge). This method is predetermined by the paradigm foundations of the learning system. The measure of individualization of learning in the article is considered in the context of the classical, non-classical, post-non-classical paradigm.Discussion and Conclusions. The conclusions proposed in the article are aimed at solving practical issues related to the design of psychological and pedagogical tools for individualizing learning and evaluating their educational effectiveness.

Соматизована депресія: медико-психологічний супровід

Various disorders of the affective sphere of the psyche are one of the most frequently diagnosed forms of mental pathology. As medical practice shows, hidden depression occupies a significant share among somatized mental disorders. Despite the large number and volume of research, the problem of somatized depression is one of the most difficult in modern psychiatry and medical psychology. Often, primary care physicians do not detect mental disorders in their patients. According to research results, doctors "miss" patients' mental health problems 20-80% of the time. Most patients do not attach due importance to the symptoms they have, devalue them, do not realize the need for proper specialized diagnosis, or engage in self-medication. This is what precedes serious consequences, such as difficulty in diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and the appointment of inappropriate treatment in the form of symptomatic therapy instead of pathogenetic therapy. Currently, depressive disorders are diagnosed in people of working and creative age (20-40 years old), which strengthens the socio-economic significance of the problem of depression detection. The problem of somatized depression is that patients do not complain about any symptoms of depression, but also somatic complaints, which can be manifested, for example, by chronic pain in various organs and systems, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and cardiovascular system, or sleep disturbance, remain despite the presence of drug treatment in the form of analgesics, barbiturates, cardiac glycosides, etc. The purpose of the work: to investigate the features and essence of masked depression, its influence on the development of somatic symptoms, exhaustion depression, its prevention, and methods of combating it. Research methods: clinical material for the study was 35 respondents aged 18 to 50 years. In addition to the socio-demographic study, the following were used: the Beck Depression Scale, which makes it possible to determine the presence of depression in a person and the degree of its severity, and the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS). Examination results. During the work, according to the results of the survey, it was established that 16 people have no depressive symptoms, 10 people have a mild degree of depression (sub-depression), which corresponds to 10-15 points, 3 people have a moderate level of depression, which is expressed in 16-19 points, 6 interviewees have depression of moderate severity (pronounced depression corresponding to 20-29 points) and no persons with a severe level of depression were found.

Features of Constructing Representations Regarding Intractable Intergroup Conflicts in the Russian and Ukrainian Media Discourse

The phenomenon of intractable intergroup conflict is being actively studied in modern foreign psychology. The study of conflicts of this type is now becoming especially important due to the increase in their number in today’s reality. Of great importance are the works of the Israeli scientific school, which considers the phenomena of the ethos of the conflict, the collective memory of the conflict and the collective emotional orientation, which are the basis for interpreting information about the conflict situation. Despite the large number of models and approaches, there are still quite a few gaps in the research of intractable conflicts (for example, there is no generally accepted definition of an intractable conflict, and many research methods are poorly operationalized). The representations regarding an intractable conflict in the Russian and Ukrainian media discourse are analyzed. The ways of constructing such representations in the media discourse are considered through a reference to the socio-psychological infrastructure of the conflict. The main research method was critical discourse analysis in the interpretation of J. Potter and M. Weatherell. It was found that in both Russian and Ukrainian media discourse representations regarding the conflict were constructed through references to the ethos of the conflict: in particular, through the justification of group goals, the presentation of the opponent’s actions as illegitimate and unfair, the victimization of opposition groups, and the maintenance of positive image of the group. It was revealed that in both Russian and Ukrainian media there are references to collective memory, but the frequency of their occurrence does not allow to talk about a trend. The results can be used to develop measures to reduce bias in media coverage of conflicts. The prospects for further research are discussed, in particular, the analysis of intractable conflict representations in audiences of different media and their comparison with those repertoires that have been identified in the media discourse.

Formation of Associative Thinking of Future Conductors in the Process of Processing Music of Theater Genres

The specifics of the conductor's work on works of music and theater genres were studied, the components of this process and the importance of associative thinking were determined. The specifics of the genre of operetta, musical comedy, which consists in the fact that the main role in the productions of plays is played by the director, who builds the dramaturgical concept of the play, and in most cases is also the author of the script, is considered. Attention is drawn to the obligatory implementation of the stage work of the director in close contact with the conductor, who is responsible for the musical component of the performance. It is noted that the foundations of a conductor's professional skill are laid in the process of professional training and are consolidated during artistic practice in musical theaters. Attention is focused on the role of theatrical performance in the education of associative thinking in future conductors. The specifics of the conductor's work in the operetta theater and the opera theater are characterized as a means of analyzing the creative experience of outstanding artists. The role of the conductor's associative thinking is defined not only in psychological (as thinking with the help of images and associations) and art history aspects (as a subfactor of the synthesis of arts), but also from a sociological point of view — as corporate thinking based on interpersonal interaction of participants in the creative process, joint activity which is aimed at achieving a specific result. The need for creative adaptation of the score for a specific composition of the musical theater orchestra is substantiated. The nature of the conductor's creative interaction with the director, soloists, choir and orchestra is highlighted. Problematic aspects of students' artistic practice in musical theater are outlined and ways to overcome them are proposed. Attention is focused on creative competitions as one of the means of professional formation of conductors. Four pedagogical conditions and basic principles of formation of associative thinking of students of the opera and symphonic specialty are defined. The importance of associative thinking as a professionally necessary quality of a musical theater conductor is proven. It was found that the work of a musical theater conductor requires the formation of a set of professional competencies (professional skills, musical abilities, personal qualities, individual and psychological characteristics)

Подземные коммуникации в теневой торговле Австрии, Венгрии и Чехословакии в эпоху холодной войны в 1950–1989 гг.: аспекты восприятия проблемы в слоях населения государств

The article outlines the peculiarities of the influence of underground communications in Austria, Hungary and Slovakia on the development of the shadow economy of the European sub-region, which determined the characteristics of the historical psychology of the ethnic groups of these states involved in the industry, with an assessment of the role of Western intelligence services, which had their own interests in concealing information about this communication channel and trade route during the Cold War.

Понимание идентичности в контексте культурно-исторической психологии

In the context of cultural historical psychology, it is proposed to view identity as an explication of a life project. A synergetic methodology is used, within which development is considered not only as a process determined by heredity and environment (internal and external), but also as a process of self-organization, leading to selfconstruction of the subject. In a constantly changing world, understanding identity as a stable structure of the subject’s representations, reflecting one’s actual state, is replaced by understanding the fundamental incompleteness of the “auto-project” text narrated by the subject of life, which implies the analysis of the (re)constructed author of this project. As it turned out, the growth of the complicated subject’s thinking leads to the organizational complication of the “auto-project” text. Three types of identity texts have been distinguished (personal, social, predictive), which differ by the methods of identity description. Personal identity is a collection of the descriptive characteristics of a subject. Social identity means the (re)construction of social space and the choice of social roles. The predictive identity as a representation of future vital roles provides an opportunity for the subject to plan the achievement of potential life goals. The expanded understanding of identity functions is revealed: starting as the knowledge about the self and the regulator of behavior in a social context, it becomes the instrument of self-organization, which allows making some adjustments into the life project of the subject. The depth of social identity (autonomous personality, representative of a group, citizen of society) will determine the scale of life tasks available to the subject. It is shown that as a result of the processes of circular causality, the increase in the complexity of thinking leads to the complication of the organization of any identity, which, being a tool for a self-development, provides some opportunities for the deployment of the existing human potential.

Prediction and Formation of Creative Youth as a Class: Genetic-Modeling and Genetic-Creative Approaches

The article reveals the methodological problems of the study on the youth creative class formation.the purpose of the research is to carry out forecasting and formation of creative youth as a class in modern social and psychological conditions in line with the genetic­modeling and genetic­creative approaches.In accordance with the purpose, the main tasks are defined: the analysis of the demands made to young people in modern socio­psychological conditions; to find out the most adequate method of studying the personality of today and to determine its basic principles.research methods. A complex of scientific research methods was used to implement the key tasks: theoretical analysis, generalization, comparison, sys-tematization, theoretical modeling, and scientific interpretation.research results. It is established that the image of an ideal reference fi­gure, identification with which acts as an intermediate but important moment of life affirmation of a personality, constitutes a separate research problem in the modern psychology of life crises and the development of strategies for overcom-ing them. It is found out that the great potential of psychological science lies in its applied application for the purpose of overcoming the problems of the life crisis of a personality, in the disclosure of mechanisms of free internal dialogue of personal “Me” with different hypostases of self, in the disclosure of one’s own potential of subjectivity.It is shown that the genetic and creative method procedurally practically coincides with the process of counseling and therapy. This opens up the possibi­lity of scientific analysis of the data obtained in this process. It is established that this method helps to study the very process of psychological practice, making it the subject of scientific research. The main principles of the genetic and creative method were developed and defined, namely, the principle of development, the principle of experience, the principle of freedom, the principle of interaction, the principle of uncertainty and indeterminism, the principle of therapeutic effect.conlusions. The problem of scientific analysis of “grasping” the flow of a complexly structured entity, which is a personality, is analyzed, in particu-lar, the possibilities and limitations of nomothetic and ideographic methods, the problems of reductionism, the question of the constituting principle of the personality are highlighted. It is shown that the genetic­modeling method and the genetic­creative method are remained the most adequate methods of per-sonality research; the basic principles of use are explained. New aspects of re-search on personality development and self­affirmation in modern conditions are revealed

The Criticism of Utsman Najati to Modern Psychology

Psychology has provided a significant effect in describing human behavior in the modern era. However, despite the extensive development of theories in modern psychology, this field of science still needs to improve in terms of terminology, epistemology, and worldview. One of the Muslim psychologists who criticized this problem was Utsman Najati. This research was library research, and the data sources consisted of primary data sources from Utsman Najati's works related to Psychology, and secondary data sources, namely in the form of books, which were relevant to this research to strengthen arguments and to complement data from research results. The data analysis technique used by the authors in this study was content analysis. The findings obtained from this paper were as follows: First, Utsman Najati revealed the disparity between the terms of psychology and research objects which were limited to behavior; Second, Utsman Najati uncovered the problem of the epistemology of psychology, which limited itself to empirical things; Third, a materialistic and atheist perspective in several schools of modern psychology contradicted the Islamic view of life.

Analysis of trends in pedagogy and psychology: implementation of globalization solutions

The modern development of psychology and pedagogy, which are considered as closely interconnected sciences, is characterized by the trends affected by intensive globalization processes. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to analyze these trends in order to find the applicable solutions in the field and to implement them as appropriate mechanisms for improvement of scientific and educational activities. To analyze modern pedagogy and psychology and their trends, to study the practices of implementation of global solutions we used qualitative (review of scientific and methodical literature, scientific description, interviewing, holistic analysis, description, synthesis of research results and deduction) and quantitative approaches to research (analysis of statistical data and structural analysis). The research revealed that a great number of articles concern the problems of impact of globalization phenomenon upon the educational process and social sciences paying attention towards challenges in modern pedagogy and psychology. The current literature review is based upon the analysis of 38 recent works published between 2018-2023 in internationally indexed journals. The empirical research was conducted among 36 scientific and educational professionals in Ukrainian educational institutions in the first semester of 2022-2023 academic year. The findings showed that the trends in modern pedagogy and psychology exist in general and specific pattens where general trends are typical for both fields and influence upon their transformations equally but specific trends include pattens that characterize one of these sciences and consequently create peculiar approaches. On the basis of the results of the survey, there are specific groups of solutions that can be implemented in three levels: management, organizational, and individual. The analysis of respondents’ answers and the quantitative data proved that implementation of solutions may lead to the enhancement of psychological and pedagogical science and improve the efficiency of educational process within the Ukrainian institutions.

Подходы к осмыслению феномена фантазии: философия vs психология

The article is devoted to the problem of the autonomy of the studies of consciousness carried out by psychology and philosophy. The phenomenon of fantasy, fantasizing, is taken as a typological example. Based on the general picture of research on this phenomenon in modern psychology, the use of fantasizing in various techniques and practices, the asymmetry of theoretical and methodological efforts in this area is shown. On a number of examples from the field of the philosophical paradigm, a certain veil of the true role of fantasizing was noted. An assumption is made about the productivity of the concentration on the basis of Husserl's phenomenology of heuristic material of both psychology and philosophy for rethinking the significance of the phenomenon of fantasy in comprehending the depths of human consciousness.

The celluloid specimen: Moving images research into animal life By BenjamínSchultz‐Figueroa: University of California Press. 2023. pp. 270. $34.95 (paper). ISBN: 9780520342347

Journal of the History of the Behavioral SciencesEarly View BOOK REVIEW The celluloid specimen: Moving images research into animal life By Benjamín Schultz-Figueroa: University of California Press. 2023. pp. 270. $34.95 (paper). ISBN: 9780520342347 First published: 24 June 2023 https://doi.org/10.1002/jhbs.22275Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES Brown, E. (2005). The corporate eye. Photography and the rationalization of American commercial culture 1884-1929. Johns Hopkins University Press. Curtis, S. (2009). Images of efficiency: The films of Frank B. Gilbreth: Industrial film and the productivity of media. In V. Hediger & P. Vonderau (Eds.), Films that work: Industrial film and the productivity of media (pp. 85– 99). Amsterdam University Press. Pettit, M., & Davidson, I. (2014). Can the history of psychology have an impact? Theory & Psychology, 24, 709– 716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959354314534005 Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue ReferencesRelatedInformation

Racially profiled?: ‘Jewish’ vampirism in Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau’s Nosferatu (1922)

ABSTRACT Since 1947 and Siegfried Kracauer’s seminal From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film, Weimar Film Studies has been dominated by discussions on the representation of power, which has only recently begun to fall away. This article breaks away from this tradition and contributes to a new range of approaches to Weimar cinema, which centre upon figures belonging to a group that has largely been excluded from the existing narrative: ‘the Jew’ . Though Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau’s Nosferatu (1922) does not contain any characters explicitly identified as Jewish, I consider how the titular character is imbued with antisemitic tropes and thus steps into a similar role as enemy of mainstream German society. This article thus explores the notion of antisemitism as a socially generated projection formulated in response to the social experience of modernity, projected onto a representative of ‘Jewishness’ as the ultimate enemy of the national community.

Entheogens, Healing, and the Sacred

The quest for more holistic forms of treatment and healing in modern psychology has been provoked by its sole focus on the management of symptoms. This has led to an alarming rise in the use of psychedelic substances. Yet the true cause behind these maladies of the mind is the burgeoning ‘crisis of meaning’ that we find in the world today. This largely undiagnosed predicament has led to religion being supplanted by psychology, and to the realm of the psyche becoming confused with that of the spiritual. Modern societies have clearly lost a sense of the sacred. To the extent that we fail to see this, the use of entheogens will never be able to replace a true “science of the soul,” which offers a more satisfying conception of reality, and a fuller understanding of what it means to be human. In this way, we may discover a properly integrated approach to healing that is grounded in the deeper wisdom to be found in the world’s time-honored spiritual traditions.

СПЕЦИФІКА ВЗАЄМОЗВ’ЯЗКІВ ТРИВОЖНОСТІ ТА ПРОЯВУ АГРЕСИВНОСТІ В УКРАЇНСЬКИХ ЖІНОК В УМОВАХ ВІЙНИ

The issue of the relationships between anxiety and aggressiveness among Ukrainian women in war conditions has been dealt with in this article. The relevance of the chosen topic is beyond doubt, since social problems based on psychological factors are especially relevant during the war. It is substantiated that a change in the usual living conditions leads to a significant increase in anxiety and aggressiveness among women. In this paper, the attention is paid specifically to the study of anxiety and manifestation of aggressiveness by women who are in war conditions. It is worth noting that currently in the psychological and social literature, the number of publications about the problem of anxiety is increasing, since anxiety occupies a special place, as it often leads to a decrease in work capacity, productivity, difficulties in communication, etc. It has been found out that the level of anxiety can be manifested in the aggressive women’s behaviour in the war conditions. It is noted that the state of anxiety and aggressiveness is the most common phenomenon among women in war conditions. The results of the analysis and generalization of scientific sources are presented in this paper. It has been identified that the problem of anxiety and aggressiveness is one of the topical issues of modern psychology. The need for timely identification and work with the anxiety, anxious behaviour and aggressiveness of women in war conditions and after military aggression has been emphasized. The analysis of the questionnaire conducted among Ukrainian women in war conditions has been carried out, and the degree of their influence on women’s daily lives and life activities in war time has been determined. The purpose of this work is theoretical substantiation and empirical study of the specific of the relationships between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressive behaviour of Ukrainian women in war conditions. The object of this study is the anxiety of Ukrainian women in war conditions, whereas the subject of this study is the character of the relationship between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women in war conditions. The conceptual hypothesis of this research lies in the assumption of the presence of significant relationship between anxiety and the manifestation of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women in war conditions, and it has been fully confirmed. Considering the influence of war conditions on the anxiety and aggressiveness of Ukrainian women, the relationship between the mentioned psychological categories has been claimed. It has been revealed that the state of anxiety can be manifested in the aggressive behaviour of women in war conditions. It is noted that the state of anxiety and aggressiveness is the most common phenomenon among women in war conditions. According to the results of this study, there have been identified those significant relationships between indicators of anxiety and certain forms of aggressiveness among Ukrainian women in war conditions. It is substantiated that the high level of manifestation of anxiety is caused by certain psychological features. It has been found out that the increase in the level of anxiety, indicators of family anxiety and anxious behaviour is associated with an increase in the level of aggressiveness of Ukrainian women. The practical significance lies in the fact that the obtained results can be used by employees of psychological services, practical psychologists during counselling at various stages of psychotherapeutic work with women in war conditions.

Beyond the Modernist Project: A Decolonial Turn in the History of Psychology.

In this article, the authors argue for a decolonial history of psychology that will assist in the creation of psychologies (and their histories) that are true to place and time. We briefly place contemporary history of psychology as being of service to hegemonic psychology, which has continued to enforce a coloniality of being, knowing, and doing. We outline some of its limitations in regard to individualism, neoliberalism, and the ideologies of the market. In contrast, we articulate a way to begin to reconceptualize a psychology and its history that may serve to honor and respect multiple ways of knowing and being. We offer examples of emergent approaches that are being created that are non-dualistic, non-WEIRD, and focused on lived experiences in particular places and settings. The authors are mindful of the limitations of offering superabundant examples of each point due to the length constraints that accompanied the invitation to submit this manuscript. We encourage interested readers to explore the references for additional nuances and examples of the main points.

The religious aspect in the political activity of the main actors of the Civil War period in Kabarda and Balkaria (1918–1920)

The relevance of the research topic is due to the significant role of the religious factor in the political activity of the main opposing forces during the Civil War in Kabarda and Balkaria (1918–1920). The purpose of the work is to analyze the use of the religious factor by both pro-Bolshevik and anti-Bolshevik forces in the subregion to achieve their political aspirations. The study was carried out on the basis of an analysis of documents published and introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, memoirs of contemporaries of the events under consideration, the main scientific publications in which the object of research is touched upon. The following methods were used in the work: analysis, synthesis, microhistoric analysis, historical Psychology. Historicism is a cross-cutting principle of research. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the religious factor, due to its special significance for the peoples of the subregion under consideration, was widely used by all political actors during the Civil War. At the same time, the political success of the Bolsheviks was largely due to the conclusion of a kind of strategic alliance with the politically active part of the local clergy, which, in turn, fulfilled the role of a conductor of Bolshevism in the popular environment. The latter was especially important in view of the need to ethnize the revolution, without which it would be extremely difficult for the Bolsheviks to really strengthen their power in the region.

Music in an Emergent History of Psychology

From a historical perspective, ‘psychology’ can be studied from an abundance of angels. Thus, a selected perspective requires some historiographical reflections, but also a conscious awareness of the actual chosen terms that are at stake. In this study, the historiographical perspective follows an emergent understanding of the history, which implies that the actual chosen terms are dynamically contributing to a web of terms, in which all of them may change in more or less unpredictable directions. In line with this, the aspect of music is consciously chosen, as it probably is one of the most ignored aspects of psychology in historical research. Thus, the findings in this study reveal that music as the ’direct factor’ played an overarching role in the nineteenth centuries experimental psychology, but also that the changes in the understanding of music in the early sixteenth century is comparable with the changes the understanding of the soul underwent along with the introduction of the neologism ‘psychology’. In the understanding of both music and the soul the sensational aspects replaced the mathematical.