Professor Of History Research Articles

Of Popes & Unicorns: Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World

Of Popes & Unicorns: Science, Christianity, and How the Conflict Thesis Fooled the World

Southern Strategies: Why the Confederacy Failed ed. by Christian B. Keller

Reviewed by: Southern Strategies: Why the Confederacy Failed ed. by Christian B. Keller Earl J. Hess (bio) Southern Strategies: Why the Confederacy Failed. Edited by Christian B. Keller. ( Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2021. Pp. 271. Cloth, $39.95.) Christian B. Keller positions Southern Strategies as the only Civil War anthology written by people "affiliated with the Department of Defense." [End Page 126] Each author is "either … an active-duty Army officer who attended the U.S. Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, has served as a professor there, or both." The authors represent military science, the study of current military culture, operational theory, strategic concepts, and other issues connected with military systems in contemporary times. Based on the assertion that "the nature of war, as each of the authors knows, is immutable and unchanging, regardless of time or place, even as its character constantly evolves," these authors primarily write about the Civil War by using a concept called DIME, an acronym that refers to the diplomatic, informational, morale, and economic aspects of war making. The primary purpose of the volume is to "offer professional historians and students of the war unaffiliated with the U.S. military a window into how we at the Army War College interpret it" (1–2). Fortunately, none of the contributors is locked into the dogmatic idea that immutable laws have determined the history of war making. They recognize that chance and unique developments play important roles in military history. In a real sense this anthology compels a discussion of the relative value of science versus the humanities in understanding warfare. Military scientists use concepts that lend themselves to acronyms and often replace one with another after the former favorite has run its course. By using DIME, the contributors group the diplomatic, informational, morale, and economic aspects of war making together and assert that any government engaged in war not only has to succeed in each one, but also must coordinate all four to be successful. These are "instruments of power," in Keller's words. Confederate failure to succeed in them, and especially the southern failure to integrate them, is the key to explaining why the Confederacy lost the war according to the DIME model. Keller starts the anthology with an essay on the relationship between Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. Jackson in the spring of 1862. He speculates on what might have happened if Lee had allowed Jackson to raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania that spring instead of bringing his Shenandoah Valley troops to help the Army of Northern Virginia defend Richmond. Eric Johnson follows with a survey of Confederate economic and fiscal policies as an exercise in failure to make DIME work. Kevin E. McCall then discusses Confederate intelligence work in Lee's Maryland campaign. Erik Anderson surveys failed Confederate diplomacy, while Chris Compton writes about Lee's raid into Pennsylvania. The anthology ends with an essay by Michael J. Forsyth on Confederate woes in the trans-Mississippi. Unfortunately, three of the six essays deal only with aspects of Lee's operations. Two others deal with very broad swaths of strategic-level [End Page 127] war management, and the last deals with Confederate fortunes in half the Confederacy. No one can expect full coverage of any topic in an anthology, but this one is too heavily weighted toward developments in the Virginia theater while completely ignoring the vital area between the Appalachian Highlands and the Mississippi River. While Keller asserts that all his contributors use DIME, the truth is it tends to make a slim appearance in most of the essays. Although mentioned by everyone, the concept never really is subject to detailed examination beyond noting that it was important for the Confederacy to have done something it failed to do. I found McCall's essay to be the strongest, in part because it deals with a topic that is little covered by Civil War historians. While we have several good studies of Union intelligence operations, there is far too little on Confederate intelligence work in the literature. McCall does a good job of outlining modern ways of understanding military intelligence and comparing them to Confederate practices, and he tends to examine...

The Formation of Christendom, 2nd ed. by Judith Herrin

Reviewed by: The Formation of Christendom, 2nd ed. by Judith Herrin Sam Ottewill-Soulsby The Formation of Christendom, 2nd ed Judith Herrin Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021. Pp. 568. ISBN: 9780691219219 It takes confidence to reissue, largely unchanged, a book more than thirty years old concerned with a scholarly field that has transformed itself over the intervening decades. But Judith Herrin's The Formation of Christendom was a bold enterprise from the beginning. The book investigated the changes wrought by the rise of Christianity on the Roman world over the course of Late Antiquity, starting in the fifth century and tracking the development of the three successors of Rome identified by the author as Latin Western Christendom, Byzantium, and the world of Islam, down to the middle of the ninth century. Nor was Herrin satisfied with a purely academic viewership for her vast canvas. The Formation was addressed to "the general reader" as much as to professional historians. This [End Page 240] audacity paid dividends, with the volume receiving positive reviews in both the scholarly and mainstream press. Alterations have been kept to a minimum in this reissue by Princeton University Press. The opening chapters of the book follow the collapse of Roman power in the West and the spread of Christian beliefs and institutions through the structure and culture of the empire. The second section examines the slow emergence of separate western and eastern Christendoms, with a particular focus on the seventh century and the impact of doctrinal controversy and the Arab conquests. These trends culminate in the last chapters, with the final sundering of the Roman world into three, marked by the consolidation of the Caliphate, war, and iconoclasm in Byzantium, and the alliance between the papacy and the rising power of the Franks. Changes to the text itself mostly take the form of minor corrections, allowing the book to retain the same pagination. Occasionally this results in non sequiturs, as on page 226, where the reader is informed, apropos of very little, that "Leovigild was not the first Gothic ruler to put his own name on the coinage," because the first edition said that he was, and removing the sentence entirely would have changed the page number. Somewhat more eccentric is the decision to systematically rename Eusebios as Eusebius in a volume where everyone else goes by the Greek spelling of their name (for example, Arios, Herakleios). Errors remain, ranging from spelling mistakes (page 4: both Eusebios and Eusebius wrote "one hunded years" after Sextus Julius Africanus) to more serious problems (page 301: Cyril and Methodius are no longer credited with bringing Christianity to the Bulgars but still organized it in "the independent kingdom of Moldavia," presumably meant to be Moravia.) A more substantial addition to the volume is the new preface provided by the author (pages ix–xvi), which provides interesting insights for rereading the book as a whole. Here, Herrin reflects upon some of the absences in the work as it stands. Some of these are a consequence of a planned companion volume concerning the economic structures of the church which never materialized, with the author instead shifting her attention to gender in the period, another topic that receives little attention in The Formation. Any survey of Late Antiquity written today would need to engage with considerable recent scholarship in both fields. As Herrin notes, such a work would also be far more concerned with those forms of belief labelled "heresy" and with non-elite religion more generally. More provocatively, the author regrets the term "Late Antiquity" for implying a world trapped by the past, preferring instead "Early Christendom" (page xiii) in order to look to the future. This raises difficulties when considering other faiths, most obviously Islam. Heavily influenced by Pirenne, Herrin insists upon the importance of the rise of Islam in shaping Byzantium and the west, but the third heir of Rome receives by far the least attention and is consistently approached from the outside and within a purely Mediterranean context. By contrast, recent decades have done much to examine and integrate the early Caliphate into the history of the period. Indeed, the geography of The Formation is perhaps one...

The Devil and the Dolce Vita: Catholic Attempts to Save Italy’s Soul, 1948-1974. By Roy Domenico

In the aftermath of World War II, secularizing forces emerged that challenged the Christian character and Catholic identity of Italy. Rapid economic growth led people to pursue worldly pleasures, while burgeoning communist and socialist parties pressed for church-state separation. Pope Pius XII responded to these threats with a far-reaching campaign to revive the influence of the Catholic Church in the republic. While the lay organization, Catholic Action (AC), helped the Church further its spiritual objectives, the religious body needed the assistance of a political party, the Christian Democrats (DC), to advance its temporal agenda. In the critical 1948 election, Pius XII backed DC, asserting that a vote for DC was a vote for Christ. DC won, giving the pope considerable power within the cleric-backed regime. In The Devil and the Dolce Vita: Catholic Attempts to Save Italy’s Soul, 1948–1974, Roy Domenico, Professor of History at the University of Scranton, captures the intensity of this cultural conflict, which Pius XII asserted was the greatest “spiritual battle of our time” (p. 63). In five thoroughly researched, well-written chapters, the historian details the efforts of the Church and its allies to restore Catholic morality and authority in Italy. Of particular interest is the author’s description of Pius XII’s strategies to re-engage his followers. In addition to canonizing new saints, promoting religious processions, and proclaiming 1950 a Holy Year of renewal, the pontiff dispatched preachers throughout the provinces to persuade lapsed Catholics to return to the Church. AC and DC endorsed and participated in this campaign.

Histories of Everyday Life: The Making of Popular Social History in Britain, 1918-1979 (Past & Present Book Series). By Laura Carter

In Histories of Everyday Life, Laura Carter offers a fresh and compelling take on the origins and popularization of social history in Britain in the decades after the First World War. Carter argues that this was a story located firmly in schools and cultural institutions rather than universities, and that its pioneers were mostly amateur rather than professional historians. Her central argument is that liberal educationalists and writers saw the history of everyday life as a popular, broadly non-political vehicle for engaging with ‘the masses’ as Britain embraced full democracy after the First World War. The history of everyday life was thus, in Carter’s terms, a central component of Britain’s ‘educational century’, with its peculiar mix of liberal paternalism and popular democratization. With good reason, Carter frames her important study in the context of the pioneering work of Alison Light on inter-war conservatism, Claire Langhamer on mid-century domesticity, and Helen McCarthy on education for citizenship. Women are at the forefront of her story as educators, writers, and broadcasters, and she portrays the histories of everyday life they produced as part of a broader cultural shift inwards, away from the imperialist expansionism of the previous century towards Light’s ‘history from inside’. Carter also stresses the centrality of place to her story. Histories of everyday life fed on, and helped sustain, local and regional loyalties at a time when politics and culture were otherwise becoming increasingly centralized. Intriguingly, she is adamant that, down to the 1960s, this was no less true for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland than for England (pp. 58, 130, 154).

Expertise and the Public History of Sexuality ‘Second Opinion’ Submission for the Proposed Special Issue, ‘Sexpertise: Sexual Knowledge and the Public in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’, Edited by Hannah Charnock, Sarah L. Jones, Ben Mechen.

Summary How does the history of sexuality function as a form of ‘expertise’ when engaging with those outside of academia? What other types of expertise are at play in doing the public history of sexuality? This essay focuses on engagement with young people via museums and historical artefact collections within a UK context to explore the value of expertise from a range of sectors and from non-professional ‘publics’ and communities. It suggests that the context of UK Higher Education presents particular challenges and opportunities for professional historians doing the public history of sexuality and the way in which they can productively negotiate diverse forms of expertise.

Local Initiatives: A Historical Analysis of the Creation of Memorial Museums of the Gulag in (Post-)Soviet Russia

ABSTRACT This article examines the creation of memorial museums of the Gulag in (post-)Soviet Russia in ten regions: Moscow, the Solovetsky Islands, the Mari El Republic, Perm Region, Tomsk Region, the Tuva Republic, Kemerovo Region (Kuzbass), the Sakha Republic, Magadan Region, and the Komi Republic. Most of them were created between 1989 and 2015 as local initiatives, rather than as part of official government-sponsored efforts, although they were later supported (or not) by local authorities. The creation of memorial museums of the Gulag was initiated by museum workers and professional historians, immediately after the collapse of the USSR many of the founders of such museums were amateurs. Consequently, the exhibitions often presented Stalin’s repressions in specific ways that today seem ambiguous. This article takes a historical approach to analyze the process of the creation of memorial museums in (post-)Soviet Russia and their specificities.

Recreating Colonial Mexican Fudge

Research Article| February 01 2023 Recreating Colonial Mexican Fudge: Panochita in the Culinaria Kitchen Laboratory Patrick Charbonneau, Patrick Charbonneau Patrick Charbonneau is professor of chemistry and physics at Duke University. He studies soft matter and statistical physics, and occasionally lectures on the science of cooking and on the history of chemistry. His investigation of historical North American confections stems from the interplay of these various pursuits. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Kelsey Kilgore, Kelsey Kilgore Kelsey Kilgore is the Administrative Assistant and Kitchen Coordinator at the Culinaria Research Centre, UTSC. She is an upper-year PhD Candidate in U.S. History, writing about multisensory infantry training. She professionally cooked for a decade in Ottawa and Toronto, and now bridges food theory and practice in the Culinaria Kitchen. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Jeffrey M. Pilcher Jeffrey M. Pilcher Jeffrey M. Pilcher is professor of history and food studies at the University of Toronto. His books include Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food (Oxford University Press, 2012) and Food in World History (2nd edition, Routledge, 2017). He is currently finishing a global history of beer. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Gastronomica (2023) 23 (1): 112–115. https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.112 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Guest Access Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Patrick Charbonneau, Kelsey Kilgore, Jeffrey M. Pilcher; Recreating Colonial Mexican Fudge: Panochita in the Culinaria Kitchen Laboratory. Gastronomica 1 February 2023; 23 (1): 112–115. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.112 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentGastronomica Search The kitchen laboratory has not yet replaced field work and the written archive as sites for Food Studies research, but recreating historical recipes has gained growing recognition for its value in understanding the materiality and taste of foods from the past. Already in the early twentieth century, the Vassar College historian Lucy Maynard Salmon brought cookbooks and kitchen utensils into her seminars—to sneers from her male colleagues. Barbara Ketcham Wheaton (1983) inspired a new generation of researchers with her work on early modern French cookbooks (see also Oliver 2006; Albala 2010). The approach has since found even more ancient applications, for which historical sources are sparse and ambiguous, in reconstructing stews from Babylonian tablets (Barjamovic et al. 2019). Likewise, in our attempt to discover the origins of a colonial Mexican fudge called panochita de leche (this issue), working in the kitchen to learn the physical properties... You do not currently have access to this content.

Contributors

Blake Allmendinger is a professor in the English Department at the University of California, Los Angeles. His most recent book is Geographic Personas: Self-Transformation and Performance in the American West (University of Nebraska Press, 2021).Jillian R. Cavanaugh is a linguistic and cultural anthropologist at Brooklyn College and The Graduate Center CUNY. She studies language and culture, and food production in northern Italy. She has written about language ideologies, the nature of materiality, gender, the value of heritage food, and the construction of food safety.Patrick Charbonneau is professor of chemistry and physics at Duke University. He studies soft matter and statistical physics, and occasionally lectures on the science of cooking and on the history of chemistry. His investigation of historical North American confections stems from the interplay of these various pursuits.Lauren Crossland-Marr is a postdoctoral researcher on the GEAP-3 project, which explores the application of CRISPR technology to agriculture. She received her PhD in anthropology from Washington University in St. Louis in 2020. Her research centers on foodways, agriculture, and technology.James Farrer is a professor of sociology at Sophia University in Tokyo. His research focuses on the contact zones of global cities, including ethnographic studies of sexuality, nightlife, expatriate communities, and urban food cultures. His current projects investigate community foodways in Tokyo and the global spread of Japanese restaurant cuisine.Cristina Grasseni is professor of cultural anthropology at the University of Leiden (the Netherlands). She is Principal Investigator of the ERC project “Food Citizens?” (www.foodcitizens.eu). Her latest book, The Heritage Arena: Reinventing Cheese in the Italian Alps (Berghahn Books, 2017) studies the politics of heritage cheese in Lombardy.Amanda Hilton is a research scientist at the Bureau of Applied Research in Anthropology (BARA) at the University of Arizona. She is an applied environmental anthropologist and political ecologist who works in Sicily, Italy and the US Southwest and Southeast.Alex Ketchum has been the Faculty Lecturer at the Institute for Gender, Sexuality, and Feminist Studies of McGill University since 2018. She is the director of the Just Feminist Tech and Scholarship Lab and co-founder of the Historical Cooking Project. She is the author of two books published by Concordia University Press: Engage in Public Scholarship!: A Guidebook on Feminist and Accessible Publication (2022) and Ingredients for Revolution: A History of American Feminist Restaurants, Cafes, and Coffeehouses (2022).Kelsey Kilgore is the Administrative Assistant and Kitchen Coordinator at the Culinaria Research Centre, UTSC. She is an upper-year PhD Candidate in U.S. History, writing about multisensory infantry training. She professionally cooked for a decade in Ottawa and Toronto, and now bridges food theory and practice in the Culinaria Kitchen.Elizabeth L. Krause is a professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, where she convenes the Ethnography Collective @ UMASS Amherst. She is the author of three books: A Crisis of Births: Population Politics and Family-Making in Italy (Wadsworth, 2005), Unraveled: A Weaver’s Tale of Life Gone Modern (University of California Press 2009), and Tight Knit: Global Families and the Social Life of Fast Fashion (University of Chicago Press, 2018).Jeffrey M. Pilcher is professor of history and food studies at the University of Toronto. His books include Planet Taco: A Global History of Mexican Food (Oxford University Press, 2012) and Food in World History (2nd edition, Routledge, 2017). He is currently finishing a global history of beer.Jess Stephens is a photographer based in Los Angeles. Pre-pandemic, she worked as a pastry chef in restaurants across the United States.Victor Valle, an emeritus Cal Poly San Luis Obispo professor and former Los Angeles Times Pulitzer Prize winner, writes from those places where food, urbanism, and literature overlap, even when it’s a story about white-collar crime (City of Industry: Genealogies of Power in Southern California, Rutgers University Press, 2009).Janita Van Dyk is a PhD candidate in anthropology with a collaborative specialization in food studies at the University of Toronto, and serves as the reviews editor for Gastronomica. Her work examines how people use time and temporality to reimagine their relationships to food, place, and value in Northern Italy. She also researches past and present social theories of fungi in anthropology, as well as changes to Italian Canadian food retailing in Toronto.

Reaching into the Community to Interpret Labor History

Reaching into the Community to Interpret Labor History

Review: Mexican Americans with Moxie: A Transgenerational History of El Movimiento Chicano in Ventura County, California, 1945–1975, by Frank P. Barajas

Book Review| February 01 2023 Review: Mexican Americans with Moxie: A Transgenerational History of El Movimiento Chicano in Ventura County, California, 1945–1975, by Frank P. Barajas Frank P. Barajas. Mexican Americans with Moxie: A Transgenerational History of El Movimiento Chicano in Ventura County, California, 1945–1975. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2021. 288 pp. Photographs, illustrations, and map. Hardcover $60.00. Tomás F. Summers Sandoval, Jr. Tomás F. Summers Sandoval, Jr. TOMÁS F. SUMMERS SANDOVAL JR. is an associate professor of history and Chicanx-Latinx studies at Pomona College. He is the author of Latinos at the Golden Gate: Creating Community and Identity in San Francisco (2013) and is currently president of the Oral History Association. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California History (2023) 100 (1): 109–111. https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.1.109 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Tomás F. Summers Sandoval; Review: Mexican Americans with Moxie: A Transgenerational History of El Movimiento Chicano in Ventura County, California, 1945–1975, by Frank P. Barajas. California History 1 February 2023; 100 (1): 109–111. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2023.100.1.109 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCalifornia History Search How did a multigenerational population of ethnic Mexicans in Ventura County express a collective politics in the mid-twentieth century? This question lies at the heart of the new book by Frank P. Barajas (California State University, Channel Islands), a thorough local history of the Chicano movement that also makes significant interventions in the broader historical understanding of the era. In Mexican Americans with Moxie: A Transgenerational History of El Movimiento Chicano in Ventura County, California, 1945–1975, Barajas outlines the postwar political efforts of Mexican Americans in the region, from movements “with increased fervor for an equal education” to those “in defense of a largely migrant-Mexicanist population of workers” (82, 139). The ethnic Mexican population at the center of the story was more variegated than homogeneous. While they built from a common ground, sharing a “farmworker provenance” and a sense of purpose and action, differences of generation, nativity, and even... You do not currently have access to this content.

Policy Dialogue: Racial Segregation in America's Schools

AbstractAmerica's schools are more segregated today than they were three decades ago. After initial progress in the wake of the Supreme Court's 1954 ruling in Brown v. Board of Education—further bolstered by the 1964 Civil Rights Act, as well as by several other rulings by the court—the nation's schools began a process of resegregation in the early 1990s. White resistance, reversals by the court, and growing residential segregation have ensured that many young people attend school with classmates from similar racial and class backgrounds. As a recent report from the UCLA's Civil Rights Project found, the average White student attends a school in which 69 percent of students are White, the average Latinx student attends a school in which 55 percent of students are Latinx, and the average Black student attends a school in which 47 percent of students are Black. Segregation is a fact of life in both the North and the South, in urban and rural communities, in red states and in blue states.For this Policy Dialogue, HEQ's editors asked Cara McClellan and Matthew Delmont to discuss the segregation of K-12 schools by race. How, we wanted to know, has the past shaped the present and constrained the future? How are present-day efforts responding to that past and challenging the structures and cultures that reinforce racial segregation? What might the future hold? Cara McClellan is director of the Advocacy for Racial and Civil Justice Clinic at the University of Pennsylvania's Carey Law School, where she is also an associate professor of practice. Prior to this role, she served as assistant counsel at the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, where she represented students and families in cases such as Sheff v. O'Neill. Matthew Delmont is the Sherman Fairchild Distinguished Professor of History at Dartmouth College. His work focuses on African American history and the history of civil rights, and he is the author of several books including Why Busing Failed: Race, Media, and the National Resistance to School Desegregation and, most recently, Half American: The Epic Story of African Americans Fighting World War II at Home and Abroad.HEQ Policy Dialogues are, by design, intended to promote an informal, free exchange of ideas between scholars. At the end of the exchange, we offer a list of references for readers who wish to follow up on sources relevant to the discussion.

Riding against the Past

Riding against the Past

Considering the Revolution

Considering the Revolution

Citizens and Refugees: Stories from Afghanistan and Syria to Germany.

Joachim Häberlen’s Citizens and Refugees is a critique of Germany’s immigration regime and of its highly touted welcoming culture (Willkommenskultur). Häberlen, writing both as a professional historian and as a volunteer working with refugees since 2015, has produced an eminently readable book that utilizes an eclectic array of sources: interviews, text messaging and social media posts. A major problem that motivated the author is the pervasive humanitarian gaze of German officials and volunteers, which reduces refugees to mere objects of compassion. By recounting their lives before becoming refugees, their journeys and their struggles and successes in Germany, Häberlen demonstrates that refugees are subjects with agency. This book is a highly original and important contribution to the rapidly expanding field of German migration studies, and to the critical scholarship on human rights and humanitarianism. The book is organized in four parts, with an introduction and a brief epilogue. The first two parts, ‘Where Stories Begin’ and ‘Becoming Refugees’, are primarily a work of recovery. The road to becoming refugees for Sabrina, Zaki, Reza or Mariana did not start with their arrival in Europe. Häberlen takes the reader back to Afghanistan and Syria. He relates stories of persecution and privation, but also of self-empowerment: the young woman who became the head of a UN-sponsored women’s centre in Afghanistan or the young man who joined demonstrations to replace the Assad regime with a democratic alternative in Syria. They were citizens before becoming refugees. Their exile was the result of advocating for women’s rights, debating the prevalent legal system, or speaking up about government abuses. In short, acts of citizenship that most Germans take for granted turned Afghan and Syrian citizens into social pariahs and/or enemies of the state. At the same time, Häberlen is careful to explain that not everyone has political reasons for fleeing. Motivations ranging from self-realization, career opportunities and material well-being matter just as much. Dismantling the objectified ‘needy refugee’ entails paying attention to the kaleidoscopic and contingent path towards exile.

Investigating the Professional Adaptation of English Teachers in the First Years of their Profession to School Environment

This study investigates English teachers’ socialization to the school environment, their behaviour in the classroom, and their attitudes towards their profession in the first few years after graduation. An explanatory research design was used with a mixed-method methodology. We administered a survey to 800 novice English language teachers in 16 cities where there is high rates of governmental teacher placements in Turkey based on the data provided by the Ministry of National Education (MoNE). The questionnaire included five category components: professional competence, interpersonal relations, organizational history and language, organizational goals and values, and organizational policy. We then selected 9 English teachers using purposeful sampling from the three of the 16 cities in order to gain information about novice teachers’ experiences and to elaborate on the results of our quantitative data findings. After observing the classes of those English teachers, we conducted semi-structured interviews. The content analysis of the responses revealed important issues the teachers experienced during their socialization period. These included their relationships with the school administration, colleagues, parents, and the teachers’ own professional competence, particularly in the areas of the target language (TL) use and language teaching methodology. A discussion of the findings provides suggestions for teacher education programmes, thereby contributing to the development of educational curricula. Having postgraduate studies to sustain professional development has been suggested for teacher growth, which will also establish a link between the university-school partnership. The university-school partnership will only be possible with a willingness to collaborate, dedicated time and systematic feedback to share knowledge and experience.

The Political Role of the Historian

Debates about history have never been strictly confined to the world of scholarship. They have also been at the centre of political controversies in society. ‘The problem for professional historians’, Eric Hobsbawm once observed, ‘is that their subject has important social and political functions’.1 ‘This duality’, he noted, ‘is the core of our subject’. This essay offers some reflections on the political role of historians, exploring the relationship between their scholarly work and their involvement in political debates. A closer look at the issue shows that it is not so much a problem as an opportunity for historians to engage with their subject on various levels, from the realm of scholarship to the realm of contemporary politics, which makes their position in society both more complex and more critical.

Hate Speech and the Gender Perspective: A Problem from the Teaching of Social Sciences in School

<p style="text-align: justify;">This study explores a socially relevant problem related to teachers' conceptions of hate speech from a gender perspective present in the discourse of teaching history and social science educational practices. The methodology was used within the paradigm with a case study design, as a generalization was not intended. The sample consisted of 80 professors of history and social sciences. A quantitative questionnaire was used to determine the conceptions of the participants. The main findings include the constraints placed by programs and curricula on the presence of hate speech, student interventions in classes, and strategies implemented by participating teachers to position counter-narratives to hate in their practice. The conclusions include the importance teachers place on analyzing the prevalence of hate speech in their practice, both by students and the media, and its impact on teaching. In addition, the results offer some educational insights and perspectives for positioning hate speech as a transformative social justice perspective.</p>

Hungarian Legal Ethnography in Light of the Oeuvre of Ernő Tárkány Szücs

AbstractErnő Tárkány Szücs (1921–1984) was a researcher who created a synthesis of Hungarian legal ethnography, a mediator of his results for European legal ethnographic research, and his scientific work is still an essential part of Hungarian research history. During the most intensive period (1939–1948) of Hungarian legal folklore research — which was delayed compared to European legal customs research — he became a lawyer and a researcher of Hungarian legal ethnography along with legal history professor György Bónis from Kolozsvár (nowdays Cluj-Napoca). Although in the next phase of his life (1950–1975), during the decades of socialism in Hungary, as a practicing lawyer, he could not professionally engage in legal ethnographic research, when he finally had the opportunity to do so in 1975 in the Ethnographic Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, he presented a series of results of Hungarian legal ethnography. One of the most important of these was the publication of a monograph (Tárkány Szücs 1981), which is still considered to be the fundamental work of Hungarian legal ethnography, the conceptual and methodological foundation of the research field, the summary of research findings and at the same time its legitimation. Although the institutionalization of legal ethnographic research had not yet taken place at that time, Hungarian ethnography recognized Ernő Tárkány Szücs's research on legal folk customs as a “one-man” research field. During his research career, Tárkány Szücs continued to take an active role in international scientific life. He always considered it his task to make the findings of European legal ethnography known throughout Hungary, as well as to publish the findings of Hungarian legal ethnographic research in international scientific forums. The 2021 jubilee professional programs and publications of the Tárkány Szücs Ernő Legal Cultural Historical and Legal Ethnographical Research Group — an interdisciplinary research workshop established in 2011 with the aim of processing and enriching his research legacy and publications — were an opportunity to publish new research findings and formulate the ongoing tasks of Hungarian legal ethnography, beyond the evaluation of his research career and Hungarian legal ethnography from the dogmatic and methodological perspective.

Who am i? Multicultural identities in the Roman Empire

Who am i? Multicultural identities in the Roman Empire In this second installment for Open Access Government, Prof Dr Felix K Maier, Professor for Ancient History at University of Zurich, explores multicultural identities in the Roman Empire. His history research project analyzes the dynamics of different identities in the Roman Empire from around 50-150 AD. My project aims to discern the often-paradoxical dynamics of identities in a multicultural empire and stimulate a discussion about hidden aspects of social interactions that still need to be properly understood. Although the Roman era is entirely different to our times, some critical questions from the past relate to today's world in which mechanisms of social and political distinction also lead to open or concealed conflicts.